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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit Mentah Menggunakan Katalis Padat Kalsium Karbonat yang Dipijarkan Awaluddin, Amir; ', Saryono; Nelvia, Sri; ', Wahyuni
Jurnal Natur Indonesia Vol 11, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (45.934 KB) | DOI: 10.31258/jnat.11.2.129-134

Abstract

The demand for petroleum has increased recently due to the increase of world population, industries andtransportation. Biodiesel (fatty acids methyl esters) has become attractive because of high price of petroleum,limited recourses of crude oil, and environmental concerns. Most biodiesel is produced by transesterification oftriglycerides of refined/edible type oils using methanol and homogeneous catalyst such NaOH and KOH. The useof heterogeneous calcined CaCO3 catalyst, has advantages such as the ease of phase separation betweencatalyst and biodiesel. This paper presents factors affecting the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm using thecalcined CaCO3 catalyst . The synthesis is carried out by two steps, the acid-catalyzed pre-esterification of free-fatty acid and followed by base-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides. A study of optimizing the reactioncondition of the esterification followed by transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) is performed to obtainmaximum production of biodiesel. Under conditions of catalyst calcination temperature of 9000C, reactor time of1.5 hours, catalyst dosage of 1,5%, reaction temperature of 700C and methanol/oil molar ratio of 9 : 1, the oilconversion is 74,6%. The as-synthesized biodiesel meets the requirements of Indonesian National Standard (SNI)for biodiesel.
KEJAHATAN GENOSIDA TERHADAP ETNIS ROHINGNYA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUMANITER DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN BERDASARKAN STATUTA ROMA (ICC) ', WAHYUNI; Effendi, Erdianto; Edorita, Widia
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 3, No 2 (2016): Wisuda Oktober 2016
Publisher : Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum

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Abstract

Inter-ethnic problems in Myanmar long time ago, since Myanmar's independence in 2012 until the spawning of heart-wrenching news. These problems with their deeds and cruelty received by Ethnic Rohingya Muslims, to their ethnic cleansing or genocide. The conflict in Myanmar is motivated by several things, namely: First Rohingya is this distinction is clear from the use of language, color, and religion. Both cases of violence in the Muslim Rohingya began in June 2012, which is deadly on the western Arakan State between ethnic Buddhists and Muslim Rohingya. Third konfilik procession by Muslim Rohingya communities began with the increase in human rights violations and violence. Fourth citizenship that is not owned Rohingya as well as accountability for crimes under the ICC applies to individuals and commanders on orders from superiors. The purpose of this thesis is; First, the view of humanitarian law related to the Genocide crimes and human rights violations against ethnic Rohingya set out in the Rome Statute (ICC). Second, accountability for the ethnic Rohingya in view of the Rome Statute (ICC). Research conducted by the researchers used a normative juridical approach, the research discusses the principles of law. If viewed from its nature, this research belong to the descriptive, meaning this study illustrates the fact that studied by researchers. From the research problems consists of two things can be concluded: First, gross human rights violations contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights regarding the rights that exist in humans, as well as some of the International Convention on Human Rights were also set up. International crimes in the ICC crimes include genocide and crimes against Rohingya Humanity under Article 6 and Article 7 of the Rome Statute. Second, accountability Genocide against the perpetrators carried out by individuals, command of superior orders and official positions of government by virtue of Article 25: Individuals responsible and can be punished for his actions, Article 27: All persons without distinction of official position, either as a Head of State or Government , parliamentarians, government officials can be held accountable, and Article 28: military command is criminally responsible for crimes by troops under his control / authority to know the troops had committed or was about to commit such crimes, or the failure to prevent, Tops it knows, or consciously disregarded information to indicate that; Crimes related to activities that are within the responsibility by the Rome Statute.Keywords: Genocide - Rohingya - Violation of human rights - Accountability - the Rome Statute (ICC)