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Malaria Risk Factors and Mapping in Amfoang Barat Daya-Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Dwita Anastasia Deo; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti; Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Amfoang District is one of malaria-endemic areas in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The areas are adjacent to the shore at the lowland and adjacent to the forest at the highland respectively. Residential areas are surrounded by forest, shrubs, field, streams and pools of water. Most population work as farmers, have low education levels and do not use mosquito bed netObjectives: This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the incidence of malaria risk and determine the pattern of clustering of cases in the Amfoang Barat Daya, District of Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur.Methods: Mass blood surveys were conducted to investigate malaria cases in three villages in October 2011, January 2012 and April 2012. The 3,515 blood samples were collected for thick blood film. Riskfactors were identified through questionares and OR were calculated. Significance was assumed at p <0.05. Coordinates were taken from residence of patients by GPS and analyzed with Purely Spatial Bernaullymodel to investigate any cluster of malaria cases. River with potentials breeding place was buffered 1km by ArcGis to determine whether malaria cases were in the mosquito fly distance areas.Results: Dry land farmer, education, malaria symptomatic, habitual of sleep outdoors, farming and fishing (06.00pm-06.00 am), outdoors gathering (06.00pm-06.00 am), wooden wall, mosquito wire, ventilation, plafond, animal shelter distance, breeding place and climate were insignificant for prevalence of malaria. Bed nets and breeding place were significant for prevalence of malaria. Potential of malaria vectors (An. barbirostris and An. sundaicus) were found in lowlands but was not found in highlands. Bed nets is protective factor from incidence of malaria. One primer most likely cluster and 3 secondary clusters were insignificant.Conclusion : Lowland has risk from malaria. The use of bed nets during 06.00pm – 06.00am is as protective factor for malaria OR 0.1.Keyword:Amfoang Barat Daya, risk factormalaria, thick blood smear, Anopheles sp., bed nets,mapping

In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Brucein A Semisynthetic Compounds Priska Ernestina Tenda; Eti Nurwening Solikhah; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Brucein A has been known to have antiplasmodial activity. Some new compounds were synthesized to increase their antiplasmodial activity, i.e 3-benzoylbruceinA, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A.However, their antiplasmodial activity have not studied yet.Objectives: To know the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 3-benzoyl brucein A, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A.Methods: Antiplasmodial activity was conducted by incubating FCR-3 strain of P. falciparum with 3- benzoyl brucein A, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A in various concentrations for 72 hours. Parasitemia after incubation period of each compound was calculated by making a thin smear stained with 5% Giemsa.Results: Semisynthetic compounds of bruceine A have antiplasmodial activity in vitro with IC50 value were 2.648 ± 1.30 ng/mL for 3-benzoyl bruceine A, 1.098 ± 0.510 ng/mL for 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 50.246 ± 0.207 ng/mL for 3-chloro benzoyl bruceine A and 67.951 ± 11.517 ng/mL for 3- chloro acetyl brucein A. The IC50 value of Bruceine A as the lead compound was 3.87 ± 2.530 ng/mLConclusion: The 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A showed the highest antiplasmodial activity among 4 semisynthetic compounds of Bruceine A.Keywords:bruceineA, semisynthetic compound, Plasmodiumfalciparum, invitroantiplasmodial activity.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infection in HIV/AIDS Patients in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta Ershandi Resnhaleksmana; Elizabeth Sutarti; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/tmj.4564

Introduction: Intestinal protozoa is one of the etiology of gastroenteritis in developing countries. The risk of intestinal protozoan infection increases among HIV/AIDS patients. HIV/AIDS patients with CD4+ T cell < 200 cells/μL are easily infected by intestinal protozoa causing broad clinical symptoms including diarrhea and even death. However, it can be prevented by understanding various risk factors which have role in thepathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infection.Objectives: To study the prevalence and risk factors which aff ect intestinal protozoan infection among HIV/AIDS patients in RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta.Methods: Data from 32 HIV/AIDS patients in RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta in December 2009-March 2010 were obtained by questionnaires, medical records, and macroscopic-microscopic examination of fecal samples with phormol-eter method and acid-fast staining. Data was analysed using Chi square test and multivariate analysis. A p value less than 0.05 is considered as a signifi cantly diff erent.Results: Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection in HIV/AIDS patients in RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta was 81.2%. Intestinal protozoa found in fecal examination were Cryptosporidium sp. (60.98%), Microsporidiumsp. (19.51%), Entamoeba histolytica (9.76%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (4.88%), Blastocystis hominis (2.44%), and Giardia lamblia (2.44%) (n = 26). Bivariate analysis showed that in female HIV/AIDS patients with clinical stadium 1 and 2, CD4+ T cell ≥ 200 cells/μL, had lower risk to be infected by intestinal protozoa (RR = 0.600, 0.065, and 0.026, respectively). Intestinal protozoa were easily found in feces of HIV/AIDS patients with diarrheal symptom. In multivariate analysis, clinical stadium was the most signifi cant factor (Exp(β) = 18.85).Conclusion: Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection in HIV/AIDS patients in RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta in December 2009-March 2010 was 81.2%. Clinical stadium with moderate and severe symptoms was the most dominant risk factor for intestinal protozoan infection in HIV/AIDS patients.Keywords: risk factor, intestinal protozoa, CD4+ T cell - HIV/AIDS patient

Study on Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (pfcrt) Gene Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum in Malaria Patients in Lampung Marlina Kamelia; Supargiyono -; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/tmj.4567

Introduction: The prevalence of malaria in Lampung Province was increased in the last few years. One of the factors contributes to the increased rate is the widespread of the Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs. Mutation on the gene encoding Pfcrt protein has been reported to be correlated with this resistance.Objectives: To fi nd out the frequency and distribution of the pfcrt gene polymorphism among Plasmodium falciparum in malaria patients in endemic area at Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan, LampungProvince.Methods: Blood samples were collected from malaria falciparum patients in Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan by active and passive case detections. Two to three mL of venous blood were collected in tubes with EDTA, and kept in the temperature of -200C before DNA extraction. DNA from each sample was extracted using Guanidine isothiocyanate and Chelex 100 methods. Genes encoding Pfcrt protein were amplifi ed by Nested PCR using TCRP and TCRD primers. The polymorphism of the pfcrt gene was identified by cutting the PCR product using Apo1 restriction enzymes to produce 100bp and 34bp fragments.Results: Forty six samples from P. falciparum-infected patients were collected from the two areas. The genes encoding the Pfcrt protein were succesfully amplifi ed, all 46 PCR products showed 100bp and 34bpfragments after incubation with Apo1 restriction enzyme. It indicated that pfcrt polymorphism was 100%.Conclusion: The frequency of pfcrt gene polymorphisms in patients with malaria falciparum in Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan was 100%.Keywords: malaria falciparum, pfcrt, chloroquine, polymorphism

The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on the Changes in Number and Functional Activities of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Malaria- infected Mice Model Supargiyono -; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti; Tri Ratnaningsih; Dian Nugraheni
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/tmj.4569

Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may have benefi cial eff ect on the survival of infant living in malaria endemic area as well as of malaria-infected mice model. However, the impact of injection of BCG vaccine on the changes in number and functional activities of Mononuclear Phagocytes during malaria-infection in animal model is still poorly understood.Objectives: To evaluate the eff ect of BCG on the changes in number and functional activities of Mononuclear Phagocytes (MPs) during Plasmodium berghei infection.Methods: Two groups of 18 Swiss mice were used. The fi rst group was given 0.1 ml of BCG injection subcutaneously and the second was the control non-BCG group. One week after BCG injection, all mice in both groups were inoculated with 107 Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes. The parasitaemia were monitored daily and the number and functional activity of splenic and peritoneal macrophages were tested.Results: The parasites were detected in the blood of both groups on the fi rst day after infection. The parasitaemia in the control group grew slowly until day 3, followed by rapid increased up to 38.96% on day 9. Parasitemia of mouse which still alive on day 12 was 59.6%. The parasitaemia of BCG-injected mice were also increased at lower rate after day 3, and the mice still survive until day 15 after infection. The number of peritoneal macrophages from BCG-injected mice increased to a higher degree compared to the non-BCG injected mice. Moreover, the phagocytic activities of peritoneal macrophages in BCG injected group were increased higher up to twice (200%) of normal levels compared to the non-BCG control group which increase only up to 1,5 times (150%) of the normal levels.Conclusion: The injection of BCG on Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice resulted in the extension of survival of the mice until day 15, accompanied by higher increased in number of circulating blood, splenic and peritoneal MPs, and the phagocytic activities of peritoneal MPs up to 137% of the increased in non-BCG mice.Keywords: BCG vaccine, malaria, Plasmodium berghei, macrophages, phagocytosis.

In vivo Antiplasmodial of the Most Active Fraction and Its Compound of Kapur Leaves (Harmsiopanax aculeatus Harms) Extract Against Plasmodium berghei Rachel Turalely; Ratna Asmah Susidarti; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 1, No 2 (2011): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction : The rising of Plasmodium resistance towards chloroquine and other antimalarial drugs have encouraged to discover and develop new drugs mainly derived from natural products. Harmsiopanax aculeatus (kapur plant) has traditionally used by people of in Maluku Province to treat malaria.Objectives: The aims of this study were to identify antiplasmodial activity and its chemical constituents of the most active fraction of kapur leaves.Methods: The dried powder of Kapur leaves (1.3 kg) were extracted successively by maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. After removal the solvents the hexane 15.6 g (1.2%), ethyl acetate 53.3 g (4.1%) and methanol 61.1 g (4.7%) extracts were obtained. Those extracts were assayed for their in vivo antiplasmodial activities by using 4-days suppressive test in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, HPIA and identified the compound by GC-MS.Results: The ED50 of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 467.58, 2074.02 and 16.16 mg/kgBW, respectively. Fractionation of the methanol extract gave 18 combined fractions (FG1 – FG18). FG8 was the most active fraction with the IC50 HPIA of 18.22 μg/ml. Phytochemical test of this fraction using spray reagent showed the existence of essential oils, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Separation of FG8using pressed chromatography gave 19 combined fractions (FG8.1-FG8.19). The fraction containing intense blue fluorescent spot (FG8.5) was further separated by PLC fourthly eluted with chloroform. Seven major components with the percentage of compotition more than 3.11% were identified as eugenol (tr = 12.692; 18.22%), isoprophyl myristate (tr = 16.333; 3.99%); bis(2-methylpropyl) phtalat (tr = 16.939; 7.15%); methyl palmitic (tr = 17.442; 3.11%); palmitic acid (tr = 17.883; 25.72%); butyl 2-methylpropyl phtalat (tr = 17.957; 9.37%) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phtalat (tr = 23.258; 23%).Conclusion: Methanol extract of H. aculeatus was the most potential in vivo antiplasmodial activity. Combined fraction 8 which contain 7 compounds was the most active fraction.Keywords: Harmsiopanax aculeatus Harms, in vivo antiplasmodial, HPIA, PLC, GC-MS

Seroprevalensi yang Tinggi dan Faktor-Faktor Risiko Toksoplasmosis pada Darah Donor dan Wanita di Bali (HIGH SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF TOKSOPLASMOSIS AMONG BLOOD DONORS AND WOMEN IN BALI) Dewa Ayu Agus Sri Laksemi; Wayan Tunas Artama; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 14 No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

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Toxoplasmosis is an important public health problem because of its worldwide distribution, economicand social impact due to high sequele that may cause such as mental retardation and blindness in children.The aims of this study were to asses serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis in donors and women in Baliand get an overview of association between risk factors and toxoplasmosis infection, i.e.: comprising catownership, food pattern, occupation related to contact with raw meat and activities related to contact withsoil. Serum samples were collected from donors consecutively, while simple cluster design was used forsampling woman. Data on demographics and risk factors for toxoplasmosis were obtained usingquestionnaire. Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis in donors was 35,9%, while in women was 63.9%.Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis in donors at District Badung was 29,2%, Tabanan 36.8%, Gianyar25.0%, Denpasar 41.1%, Klungkung 25.0%, and Bangli 8.3%. Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis inwomen at District Badung was 33.3%, Tabanan 66.5%, Gianyar 82.5%, Denpasar 71.1%, Klungkung 81.5%and Bangli 16.7%. Risk factor that play a role in toxoplasmosis infection were food pattern and occupationrelated to contact with soil. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in voluntary blood donors and child-bearing age is relatively high due to local habbit of Balinese society that consume raw meat called lawarand sate

Detection of Leptospira spp. in kidney tissues isolated from rats in the Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province Gunawan Gunawan; Tri Wibawa; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti; Hayani Anastasia
Jurnal Vektor Penyakit Vol 14 No 1 (2020): Edisi Juni
Publisher : Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Donggala, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Leptospirosis is still a global health problem because it affects human health in rural and urban areas, both in industrialized and developing countries. The aim of the study was to detect Leptospira spp. bacteria in kidney tissues isolated from rats in the Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province. Kidneys sample from 63 rats were collected from Napu and Bada Highlands of Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province in MayJune 2018. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect Leptospira. The molecular characterizations were conducted based on the 16SrRNA and LipL32 genes. Data were analyzed descriptively to describe the presence of pathogenic Leptospira DNA. Analysis phylogenetic was performed using MEGA 6.2 software. A total of 63 rats was successfullycaught during the study consisting of males and female for 36 (57.1%) and 27 (42.9%), respectively. The species of rats were R. exulans, R. tanezumi, R. argentiventer, R. norvegicus, M. Musculus, Paruromys dominator, Maxomys sp., and Rattus sp. The pathogenic of Leptospira DNA was detected in rats with R. argentiventer and Paruromys dominatorspecies using the 16S rRNA and LipL32 gene. Sample sequences using LipL32 target gene is a close similarity with L. interrogans serovar Hardjo, serovar Autumnalis, Lai, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Balico, Grippotyphosa, Mini, Canicola, Hebdomadis; L. noguchii serovar Pomona and L. kirschneri whereas the sample sequence using 16S rRNA targetgene showed similarity with L. interrogans serovar Canicola, Copenhagen, Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Javanica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Manilae, Bratislava, Linhae, Hebdomadis, and L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa. The PCR method with the target gene 16SrRNA and LipL32 are able to detect Leptospira spp. in rats R. argentiventer and P. dominator species Keywords: Leptospira, 16S rRNA, LipL32, PCR, Kidney’s Rat Leptospirosis masih merupakan masalah kesehatan global karena mempengaruhikesehatan manusia di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan, baik di negara industri maupun mnegara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeteksi bakteri Leptospira spp di jaringan ginjal dari tikus di Dataran Tingi Napu dan Bada Kabupaten Poso, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Ginjal tikus sebanyak 63 sampel dikoleksi dari Dataran Tinggi Napu dan Bada Kabupaten Poso, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah pada bulan Mei – Juni 2018. PCR digunakan untuk mendeteksi Leptospira. Karakterisasi molekuler dilakukan berdasarkan gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan keberadaaN Leptospira yang patogenik. Analisis filogenetik dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Mega 6.2. Sebanyak 63 tikus berhasil ditangkap selama penelitian yang terdiri dari jantan dan betina, masing masing 36 ekor (75,1%) dan 27 ekor (42,9%). Spesies tikus adalah R. exulans, R. tanezumi, R. argentiventer, R. norvegicus, M. Musculus, Paruromys dominator, Maxomys sp, dan Rattus sp. DNA Leptospira patogenik terdeteksi pada tikus dengan spesies R. argentiventer dan Paruromys dominator menggunakan gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32 Sekuen sampel dengan target gen LipL32 menunjukkan kesamaan dengan L. interrogans serovar Hardjo, serovar Autumnalis, Lai, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Balico, Grippotyphosa, Mini, Canicola, Hebdomadis; L. noguchii serovar Pomona dan L. kirschneri. Sedangkan sekuen sampel dengan target gen 16S rRNA menunjukkan kesamaan dengan L. interrogans serovar Canicola,Copenhagen, Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Javanica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Manilae, Bratislava, Linhae, Hebdomadis, dan L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa. Metode PCR dengan target gen 16SrRNA dan LipL32 mampu mendeteksi Leptospira spp. pada tikus dengan spesies R. argentiventer dan P. dominator. Kata kunci: Leptospira, 16S rRNA, LipL32, PCR, Ginjal Tikus

ANALISIS HKSA SENYAWA TURUNAN EURIKUMANON SEBAGAI ANTIMALARIA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN REGRESI LINIER BERGANDA Hanifah Yusuf; Mustofa; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti; Ratna Asmah Susidarti; Andrian Saputra; Iqmal Tahir
Media Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2013): Media Farmasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI YAYASAN PHARMASI SEMARANG

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Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (HKSA) study of eurycomanone derivatives as antimalarial compound was done using multiple linear regression approaches. HKSA equation was obtained from theoretical descriptors data which involved atomic net charges (q), partition coefficient (log P), molecular volume (VM), molecular surface area (LP), molecular weight (BM), and HOMO-LUMO energy differences (EHOMO-ELUMO) versus minimum concentration to inhibit 50% of parasite growth Plasmodium falciparum (log IC50) growth. Descriptors data were obtained by applying AM1 semiempirical quantum mechanics calculation using Hyperchem 7.5 software, while the regression data processes were runned using SPSS 17.0 program. Based on multiple linear regression approaches, there is a selected quantitative relationship between log IC50 to the descriptors that was shown by HKSA equation below: Log IC50 = – 3048.930 + 5137.957qC2 – 13799.126qC5 – 1537.764qC12 + 556.313qC16 – 817.654qO29 + 4.654log P – 0.146VM + 0.270BM with n =10, r = 0.982, SE = 1.262, Fcalc/Ftable = 17.805, and PRESS = 1.593

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