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A Review on Contamination of Heavy Metals, Linear Alkylbenzenes, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Phenolic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Organochlorine Compounds in Perna viridis from the Coastal Waters of Malaysia: A compilation of 1998 Data C. K. Yap
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 1: March 2014
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Since 1990s until today, the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch approach has been widely used for biomonitoring purpose in Malaysia by using the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis in particular. This paper reviewed the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn), Linear Alkylbenzenes (LABs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenolic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) [nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA)] and organochlorine (OC) compounds (PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs and HCB) in nine mussel populations collected in 1998 from the coastal waters of Malaysia. In fact, all of these data were published separately in five different research journals in the literature. Since they discussed only based on the group of contaminants which they focused upon, this review paper aimed to see a holistic picture and understanding of the impacts of the different chemical contaminants in relation to the description of the sampling sites. Based on seven mussel populations with complete 11 chemicals (ranging from heavy metals, LABs, PAHs, phenolic EDCs and OCs), a dendrogram was established using single linkage cluster analysis. The clustering pattern showed two major subclusters. The first one comprising Tanjung Rhu, Trayong, Kuala Penyu and Pasir Panjang populations, indicating relatively uncontaminated conditions while the other subcluster consists of Penang, Kg. Pasir Puteh and Anjung Batu which indicated contaminated conditions as it is well supported by the elevated levels of some chemicals. The subcluster combining Penang and Kg. Pasir Puteh populations were mainly due to the elevated levels of LABs and PAHs in both sites while Kg. Pasir Puteh also had elevated levels of Cu, Pb, PCBs and CHLs. Anjung Batu, which is also clustering together with Penang and Kg. Pasir Puteh population can be explained by its elevated levels of three OC compounds namely DDTs, CHLs and HCHs. This comprehensive review is the first to report in the literature.

Can the Number of Correlation Coefficient (R Value) as a Statistical Indicator of Metal-Polluted Ecosystem? A Comparison between Polluted and Unpolluted Ecosystems C. K. Yap
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 2, No 4: December 2013
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

The present paper is the first in the literature to present evidence that correlation coefficient (r value) can be used as a potential indicator of metal-polluted sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted ecosystems which were also supported by a few reported studies. Based on the correlation analysis on the heavy metals in the surface sediments, collected from two contrasting ecosystems, polluted and unpolluted areas, it was evidently found that the polluted ecosystems had higher numbers of significant correlation coefficients (P< 0.05) than the unpolluted ones. This could be due to the fact that the polluted ecosystems had wider ranges of values of heavy metal concentrations due to some elevated levels of metals recorded. Therefore, the correlation coefficients (r values) can be used as potential indicators for the polluted ecosystems. However, cautions should be exercised in which the monitoring studies should be able to truly reflect the overall environmental quality of the ecosystem, ranging from effluent-receiving point sources to the clean sites far away from the sources. However, further investigations are still necessary before number of significant r values can be confidently employed as indicator of metal-polluted ecosystem.

Shells of Telescopium Telescopium as Biomonitoring Materials of Ni Pollution in the Tropical Intertidal Area C. K. Yap
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 1: March 2014
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

The objective of this paper is to propose the use of the shells of Telescopium telescopium as good biomonitoring materials of Ni pollution. The snail and surface sediment samples were collected from 17 geographical sites in Peninsular Malaysia and they were dissected into six different soft tissues, namely foot, cephalic tentacle (CT), mantle, muscle, gill and remaining soft tissues (REST). The total shells, pooled and dissected soft tissues and sediments were determined for Ni using an air-acetylene flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The present findings based on 1) ratios of shell/soft tissues (ratios> 1.0), 2) bioaccumulation factor values (shell as microconcentrator), 3) statistical outcomes of correlation analysis [significant correlations between shells and geochemical fractions (acid-reducible, non-resistant, resistant and total Ni concentrations) in the environmental sediments] and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis [significantly influenced by total Ni concentrations in the sediment], and 4) lowest value of coefficient of variation [thus higher precision], do indicate the very potential of shells of T. telescopium as good biomonitoring material of Ni pollution in the tropical intertidal area.

Biomonitoring of Zn pollution by using Leaves, Stems and Roots of a Medicinal Plant Centella Asiatica C. K. Yap; Ong G. H.
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 3, No 3: September 2014
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

In this study, three parts (leaves, stems and roots) of Centella asiatica and surface soils were collected from 11 geographical sampling sites in Peninsular Malaysia. Ranges of Zn concentrations (µg/g dw) in soil was 102.70-826.11 while 81.16-198.56 for leaves, 56.27-146.93 for stems and 95.72-285.00 for roots. In C. asiatica, Zn accumulation was found the highest in roots followed by leaves and stems. Correlation analysis based on Zn concentrations between the three parts of plants and soils were found to be significantly (P< 0.05) correlated (root-soil, R= 0.973; leaves-soils, R= 0.955; stem-soils, R= 0.952). For the transplantation study, three sites were selected as unpolluted (UPM), semi-polluted (Balakong) and polluted sites (Sg. Juru). Based on transplantation study under experimental field and laboratory conditions, Zn concentrations in the leaves, stems and roots of C. asiatica were significantly (P< 0.05) higher after three weeks. The Zn accumulation was the highest in Sg. Juru, followed by Balakong and UPM which were in accordance with the Zn contamination levels in the soils. Thus, these experimental findings confirmed that leaves, stems and roots can reflect the Zn levels in the soils where C. asiatica were found. After three weeks of back transplantation to clean soils, the Zn levels in the three parts were still higher than the initial Zn level even though elimination occurred. In conclusion, all the above findings indicated that the leaves, stems and roots of asiatica are good biomonitors of Zn pollution.

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