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The Character of Influenza Virus the H7 Subtype and Alert to Novel Influenza Virus H7N9 Subtype Virus Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; S, Bahri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Influenza virus subtype H7 influenza viruses as well as other influenza virus geographically divided into two distinct genetic lineages, North American (H7N2, H7N3) or Eurasian (H7N7 and H7N3). Unlike the AI virus subtypes H5, since 1997 until now, all the infections caused by the H5 virus has Neuraminidase subtype 1 but H7 subtype of AI virus that transmitted successfully to humans have variety of Neuraminidase, so it seems compatible with H7 subtype. In poultry, the H7 subtype of AI virus typically causes mild symptoms, although there are also several outbreaks caused by this subtype virus, so it did not cause panic and active surveillance activities to identify this virus. It is very different from the H5N1 virus which caused many deaths and losses in poultry that infected with H5N1 virus so that it can be identified quickly. In April 2013, China reported a new AI virus is novel H7N9 which resulted in several people died. The world became aware of the H7N9 virus spreading to outside from China, it takes vigilance to be able to anticipate the disease, including Indonesia. Analysis of novel H7N9 virus showed that all genes of the virus is of avian origin, and the three other genes of the virus are reassorment from six internal genes of the AI virus A (H9N2) A/brambling/Beijing/16/2012, HA gene derived from A/duck/Zhejiang/12/2011 (H7N3), and NA genes thought to have come from A/wildbird/Korea/A14/2011 (H7N9). Epidemiological studies show that 77% of people infected by H7N9 have direct or indirect contact with animals including poultry when visiting or working in live poultry markets. Novel H7N9 virus was also found in pigeons, chickens, and environmental that have high genetic similarities with the novel H7N9 virus that infects humans. Until now (May 2013), a novel H7N9 virus has not been identified in Indonesia, so as a precaution and because the symptoms caused by the H7N9 virus is not visible (mild symptom) in poultry so that the necessary actions as follows: 1) Active surveillance (market traditionally, backyard chicken including pigeons), 2) Updating method of diagnosis, and 3) The study of human-animal interface, and 4) the study of AI complete virus genome to detect novel influenza viruses, including influenza H7N9 novel virus. Â Key words: Subtype H7 of Avian Influenza virus, China, novel H7N9, virus reassortant

Fenotipe Virus Avian Influenza (AI) Subtipe H5N1 Berbeda Karakter Genetik di Indonesia Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Indriani, Risa; Hartawan, Risza; Ratnawati, Atik
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 10, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Biologi Indonesia
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jbi.v10i2.3031

In Indonesia, data on the phenotype of AI virus subtype H5N1 is very limited, due to the facilities for such testingshould be performed in a laboratory Biosafety level III. Additionally influenza virus has a high error rate duringtranscription of their genome has low RNA polymerase. High error rates generate quasispecies. In this study, wedid some H5N1 viruses infection with different genetic variations and conducted DNA sequencing in severalorgans. To determine the possible emergence detection of quasispecies in different organs and until the virus wasexcreted. We tested the hypothesis that the quasispecies might arise from virus that was infected to theexperimental animals. The results of this study showed that the AI virus subtype H5N1 had different phenotypes inanimal depending on their genetic character. AI virus subtype H5N1 killed chickens within 48-72 hoursdepending on the genetic character of the virus. New AI viruses of subtype H5N1 caused more severe organdamage severe than the character of the old AI viruses. Adaptation of virus in each organ also proved that the viruslikely create variations/quasispecies, which was different from the viral origin.Keywords: Phenotypes, avian influenza, H5N1, genetic character, quasispecies

Efikasi Vaksin Inaktif Bivalen Avian Influenza Virus Subtipe H5N1 (Clade 2.1.3. dan Clade 2.3.2) di Indonesia Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Indriani, Risa
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 11, No 2 (2015): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTStatus of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Indonesia until 2014 is still endemic in poultry and recorded, there were two types clade of circulating H5N1 namely clade 2.1.3 and the new introduction of lade 2.3.2 since the end of 2012. Both of the clade of avian influenza viruses subtype H5N1 (clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2) caused the theÂ AI vaccination program to control of AI in poultry needs to be evaluated.Â In this study, we developed a bivalent AI vaccine (which contains clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 viruses as a seed vaccine) thatÂ Â adapted withÂ the circulation of AI viruses in the field. Result of the study showed that the bivalent vaccine which developed in this study has good efficacy that was challanged with both of AI clade AI and proven to reduce shedding / viral contamination to the environment. It is expected thatÂ the development of bivalent H5N1 vaccine will increase the effectiveness and efficacy of vaccination programs to control highly pathogenic avian influenza disease in Indonesia.Â Keywords : avian influenza virus, clade, vaccine, bivalentÂ

Studi Efikasi Vaksin Bivalen AI Isolat Lokal terhadap Beberapa Karakter Genetik Virus AI subtipe H5N1 Indriani, Risa; Dharmayanti, NLP Indi
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 9, No 1 (2013): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

Studi vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolat lokal subtipe H5N1 terhadap beberapa karakter genetik virus AI H5N1 padaayam layer dan broiler. Vaksin inaktif bivalen dari isolat lokal AI A/Ck/west java/Smi-M6/2008 and A/Ck/westjava/Pwt-D10-39/2010. Ayam layer dan broiler komersial divaksinasi dengan vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolat lokal,setelah 3 minggu vaksinasi ditantang dengan virus AI A/Ck/west java/Smi-Part/2006, A/Ck/west java/Subang-JAPFA-29/2007 and A /Ck/west java/Smi-Rahm2/2011. Ayam layer vaksinasi mendapat perlindungan dari morbiditas,mortalitas dan penurunan ekskresi virus tantang dengan tingkat proteksi 90-100% sedangkan ayam layerkontrol mati dalam waktu 2-3 hari, sementara broiler yang divaksinasi tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari morbiditasdan mortalitas setelah terinfeksi virus AI tantang. Hasil studi memperlihatkan vaksin inaktif bivalen AI isolatlokal subtipe H5N1 mampu memberikan perlindungan pada ayam layer dari infeksi beberapa karakter genetikvirus AI subtipe H5N1 .Kata kunci: Vaksin bivalen, subtipe H5N1, tantang dan proteksi

Pemetaan Genetik Virus Avian Influenza di Indonesia 2007 Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Indriani, R.; Hartawan, R.; Hewajuli, D.A.; Ratnawati, A.; Darminto, Darminto
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 5, No 2 (2008): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTGenetic Mapping of Indonesian Avian Influenza Viruses 2007.Department of agricultureimplements vaccination as one a tool to control of avian influenza disease. The vaccinationprogram use virus seed such as H5N1, H5N2 and H5N9. Such as vaccination program for otherdiseases, avian influenza vaccine program have lack implementation in the field. In 2007,department of agriculture evaluated the AI vaccination program such as the master seedvaccine that can be used. Result of the evaluation showed that 11 of AI vaccines that weredistributed in Indonesia did not give protection more than 60% to Indonesian isolates in 2006(A/Ck/Pwt-Wij/06). From this point and many AI cases in the field in 2007, the aim of thisstudy was to conduct genetic diversity of avian influenza viruses which have circulated inIndonesia region. We used virus isolation for propagate the viruses, RT-PCR for identificationand DNA sequencing on HA1 region to analysis genetic diversity for genetic mapping anduseful for master seed candidate. The result of the study showed that there were 6 group ofgenetic diversity in 2007; Isolates from group 1, 5 and 6 can be used for AI vaccine candidate.Key words: genetic mapping, genetic diversity and avian influenza viruses

Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 7, No 2 (2011): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTNovel H1N1 influenza virus in Swine in Indonesia. Novel H1N1 influenza virus occurred sinceApril 2009 has caused mortality in human population. In Indonesia, this situation requireintensive surveillance to prevent reassortant probability between the H5N1 virus and novelH1N1 virus. This study conduct preliminary surveillance of novel H1N1 virus circulation byusing Real Time-Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), that validatedby CDC to detect novel H1N1 virus. Result of this study revealed that the influenza novelH1N1 virus was detected in swine/pigs in Indonesia especially in Bulan island and two individualsample from Kapok slaughter house in Jakarta. These findings showed that in Indonesia thenovel H1N1 virus is not only found in human but also has circulated in swine in Indonesia.Key words: pig/swine, influenza novel H1N1 virus

Respon Titer Antibodi dan Proteksi Virus Newcastle Disease Genotype I, II, VI dan VII Sebagai Vaksin Terhadap Infeksi Isolat Virus Newcastle Disease Chicken/Indonesia/GTT/11. Indriani, Risa; Dharmayanti, NLP Indi
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 12, No 2 (2016): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe Newcastle Disease (ND) virus causes the most important disease in chicken, and very contagiuos in poultry in many countries. In Indonesia the Newcastle Disease or is called tetelo became endemic in chicken currently, the ND virus of genotype VII caused morbidity 100% and mortality 80% in chicken. The fusion and haemaglutinin-neuraminidase protein are involved in adhesion to the surface of hert cells to antibodies. HN and F protein induced by the ND vaccines have neutralizing effects. The aim of this study was to compare the antibody level and protection of several ND vaccine genotypes (genotype I, II, VI and VII) in chicken against ND virus chicken / Indonesia/GTT/11 genotype VII. Our result showed that all genotype ND vaccines (I, II, VI dan VII) produce 100% protection in chicken from clinical and mortality, but the challenge virus excretion in chickens vaccinated with ND vaccine VII genotypes were significantly different (p <0.05) to other groups. Response of antibody in chicken vaccinated ND genotype VII show highest mean titer (GMT 122) compered other ND vaccine. In onclusion, the ND virus chicken/Indonesia/ GTT/11 genotype VII is good to be used as inactive vaccine seed, which appropriate to the field virus circulating at this time.Keywords: virus, Newcastle Disease, genotype, vaccine

Sirkulasi virus Avian influenza H5N1 Tahun 2010 : Virus genetic drift mirip A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 ditemukan di beberapa kabupaten di Sumatra dan Jawa Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik; Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Indriani, Risa
JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Vol 8, No 1 (2012): JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA
Publisher : Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia

The avian influenza H5N1 virus circulation in 2010 : Genetic Drift Like Virus A/Chicken/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 was found in several districts of Sumatra and Java. Until 2011, theÂ H5N1 subtype of AI virus is still circulating in many parts of Indonesia. The discovery of theÂ AI viruses which have undergone genetic drift since 2006 until now requires serious attentionÂ from the government in terms of AI disease control, the surveillance and monitoring of virusÂ circulation and execution of genetic mapping to determine the genetic character of the AIÂ virus at the molecular level, especially on the surface of glycoproteins (HA and NA protein).This information is needed to determine the diversity and character of the AI virus in Indonesia.Â Genetic data are used to evaluate the strategy to control AI in Indonesia, such as vaccinationÂ and the vaccine seed used and determine the extent of AI virus mutation in Indonesia has beenmutated. This study conducted by monitoring of the AI virus circulation throughout 2010.Â The methods used were AI virus isolation, RT-PCR, sequencing of genes coding for viralÂ surface and the prediction of three-dimensional analysis to determine the location of virusmutation. The results of this study showed that most of the AI virus subtype H5N1, which wasÂ isolated during the year 2010, showed similar mutations to the genetic drift virus in 2006, A /Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006. The viruses were characterized by the presence of 18-19 amino acidÂ substitutions at the level of the HA protein. On the NA protein level, there is a single mutationÂ which was buried in the NA molecule. This mutation probably did not influence for NAÂ activity. Genetic mapping of AI virus subtype H5N1 in 2010 showed that the viral genetic driftas the mutan virus A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 have circulated not only in West Jawa aloneÂ but has been found on the island of Sumatra, Banten, West Jawa and East Jawa.Keywords: Circulation, avian influenza H5N1 virus, genetic drift

POTENSI TRANSMISI VIRUS AVIAN INFLUENZA DARI BABI DAN UNGGAS PADA PETERNAKAN BABI DI WILAYAH TANGERANG, PROVINSI BANTEN [The potential of Transmission of aAvian Influenza Virus from Pig and Bird at the Pig Farm in Tangerang District, Banten Province] Dharmayanti, NLP Indi; Ratnawati, Atik
BERITA BIOLOGI Vol 11, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Research Center for Biology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Pigs have an important role in the ecology of influenza virus since they are sensitive to influenza viruses from human and avian origin. Influenza A virus has a host specificity, although not absolute, so most of the AI virus circulating in various species is only limited to the species, but sometimes there are interactions between different AI virus species or strain. Farming systems that combine a variety of animal species together in the same or around the sites have an important role in the spread of disease and transmission between species. This study is aimed to investigate the cycle of AI virus in order to determine the potential occurrence of viral transmission among species pig and bird at the pig farm that also raising poultry. Influenza virus was identified by methods of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. The results showed that the novel H1N1 pandemic virus was detected in one pig farm in Tangerang (Banten Province). The AI/H5 virus is also detected in the pig farm that also raises poultry or poultry/pig farmers and located adjacent each other. The AI virus / influence A is also detected in most of the pigs. Detection of AI viruses that infected in pig farm which kept birds or poultry farm around the pigs farm had potential of AI virus transmission from birds species to pig or vise versa. The pigs could serve as a mixing vessel, thus providing opportunities likelihood of reassortant viruses.

SIRKULASI VIRUS AVIAN INFLUENZA SUBTIPE H5N1 DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2012 [Circulation of the Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N1 at Traditional Markets of East Java in 2012] Hartawan, Risza; Dharmayanti, NLP Indi
BERITA BIOLOGI Vol 13, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Research Center for Biology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 outbreak has become endemic in Indonesia since 2003. The disease does not only cause immense economic losses but it also leads to significant fatality of human being. The existence of traditional markets including live bird trading is suspected to play important role in the spreading and evolution of the virus. The objective of this study was to identify the circulation of H5N1 virus at traditional markets of East Java in 2012 by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and virus isolation. As results, this study detected the presence of the H5N1 virus circulating in Gresik, Mojokerto, Lamongan and Surabaya in both of live birds and environmental samples. The successfulness of virus isolation indicated a potential transmission to other hosts, including to human. This study suggests that the improvement of the poultry trading system at traditional markets by implementing sanitation, hygiene and biosecurity is necessary to reduce the burden of virus contamination at the market environment.

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