Reni Kustiari
Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian Jalan A. Yani No. 70, Bogor 16161

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IMPACT OF PAKISTAN-MALAYSIA FTA ON INDONESIAN EXPORT OF REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED (RBD) OLEIN Kustiari, Reni; Rumagit, Grace
Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business Vol 24, No 3 (2009): September
Publisher : Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business

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Abstract

Indonesia needs to increase its export products in order to maintain surplus balance of payment. However, Pakistan-Malaysia FTA could make Indonesian RBD Olein in adifficult situation. This paper aims to examine the impact of a decrease in import tariff of Malaysian RBD olein in Pakistan on Indonesian export of RBD Olein using Trade analysisemploying Armington model that distinguishes the product by the country of origin. RBD olein trade model consists of four endogenous countries and one exogenous rest of theworld (ROW). The endogenous countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, the United State of America and Pakistan. The results indicate that the reduction in import tariff of Malaysian RBD Olein by 10 percent will cause the price to decrease by around 7.3 percent. The decline in Malaysian RBD olein price will increase its demand in Pakistan by around 4.4 percent. While import demand of Indonesian RBD Olein in Pakistan estimated to increase by only 0.35 percent, this is because the price of Indonesian RBD Olein rises by 0.17percent. In other word, calculated based on the average of export volume and implicit price in the period 2005-2007, import of Indonesian RBD Olein in Pakistan will only increase by around 2.1 thousand tones, or US$ 1.03 million,.Keywords: tariff, import, export, Armington model.
Prospek Penawaran dan Permintaaan Pangan Nasional Menghadapi Tantangan (Global Prospects of National Food Supply and Demand Facing Global Challenges) Saliem, Handewi Purwanti; Kustiari, Reni
JURNAL PANGAN Vol 21, No 1 (2012): PANGAN
Publisher : Perum BULOG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1873.692 KB) | DOI: 10.33964/jp.v21i1.88

Abstract

Penyediaan pangan ke depan dihadapkan pada tantangan global berikut: populasi dunia tumbuh sekitar 3,4 persen dan berjumlah 9,1 miliar pada 2050, urbanisasi meningkat dengan laju yang semakin tinggi dan sekitar 70 persen dari populasi dunia akan berada di urban area, dan tingkat pendapatan penduduk yang beberapa kali lipat dari saat ini. Menghadapi tantangan global tersebut produksi pangan (termasuk untuk bahan baku energi) harus meningkat sekitar 70 persen. Produksi serealia harus meningkat sekitar 3 miliar ton dari 2,1 miliar pada 2009 dan produksi daging per tahun harus meningkat sebesar 200 juta ton agar mencapai 470 juta ton. Jumlah penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2025 diproyeksikan sekitar 294,3 juta orang. Pada kondisi tersebut, permintaan beras, jagung, kedelai dan ubi kayu diproyeksikan meningkat masing-masing menjadi 46,9 juta ton, 13,8 juta ton, 1,7 juta ton dan 13,3 juta ton. Sementara itu, produksi diproyeksikan meningkat menjadi 58,1 juta ton, 32,7 juta ton, 1,1 juta ton dan 39,4 juta ton masing-masing untuk beras, jagung, kedelai dan ubi kayu. Dengan demikian akan terjadi defisit pada beberapa komoditas pertanian terutama untuk kedelai. Perubahan iklim dan peningkatan produksi biofuel merepresentasikan resiko utama ketahanan pangan pada jangka panjang. Pertanian harus beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim, tetapi pertanian dapat juga digunakan untuk mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Peningkatan penggunaan tanaman pangan untuk produksi biofuel akan mempunyai implikasi yang serius untuk ketahanan pangan. Oleh karenanya diperlukan upaya keras untuk menjaga keseimbangan permintaan dan penawaran di pasar domestik. Hal ini karena Indonesia tidak dapat sepenuhnya bergantung kepada pasar internasional mengingat dampak perubahan iklim telah melanda seluruh negara di dunia yang berarti ketersediaan pangan di pasar internasional akan terbatas.In the future, provision of food for all face global challenging issues, such as theworld's population is growing at about 34 percent and is predicted to be 9.1 billion by 2050, urbanization is increasing at a higher rate, and income levels are several times higher than today. Challenges facing the global food production (including for energy raw materials) must be increased by around 70 percent. Production of cereals should be increased by approximately 3 billion tons from 2.1 billion in 2009 and production of meat per year should be increased by 200 million tons to reach 470 million tons. Indonesia's population in 2025 isprojected around 294.3 million people. In such conditions,demand for rice, corn, soybeans and cassava is projected to increase each to 29.1 million tons, 8.6 million tons, 1.7 million tons and 13.3 million tons. Meanwhile, production is projected to increase to 58.1 million tons, 20.3 million tons, 1.1 million tons and 24.5 million tons for rice, corn, soybeans and cassava. Thus there will be a deficit on a few agricultural commodities especially for soybeans. Climate change and increased production of bio-fuels represents major food security risk in the long run. Agriculture must adapt to climate change, but agriculture can also be used to reduce the impacts of climate change. An increase in the use of food crops for the production of bio-fuels will have serious implications for food security. Therefore, it is required hard efforts to maintain the balance of supply and demand in the domestic market. This is because Indonesia cannot entirely depend on international food market given the impacts of climate change has hit the whole country in the world which means the availability of food in the international market will be limited.