Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas
Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Semarang

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SINTESIS BIODISEL DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI KOH UNTUK TAHAPAN TRANSESTERIFIKASI Bachtiar, Achmad; Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2544

Abstract

Bahan bakar yang paling banyak digunakan adalah bahan bakar diesel atau fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel berasal dari minyak nabati yang dapat diperbaharui, dapat dihasilkan secara periodik, dan mudah diperoleh. Pada penelitian ini digunakan minyak biji karet untuk sintesis FAME. Proses utama dalam pembuatan FAME adalah transesterifikasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji hasil optimum dari variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH dan suhu reaksi pada reaksi transesterifikasi. Preparasi minyak biji karet dengan menggunakan arang aktif granular diikuti dengan degumming. Reaksi esterifikasi dilaksanakan pada kondisi operasi 500 C selama 1 jam, katalis asam sulfat (98%) sebesar 0,5% volume minyak, dan metanol sebesar 20% volume minyak. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilaksanakan selama 1 jam, serta perbandingan volume minyak dan metanol sebesar 4:1. Analisis kadar metil ester yang terbentuk, jumlah komponen, dan komposisinya yang terdapat pada senyawa hasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat GC. Kondisi operasi terbaik pada transesterifikasi minyak biji karet menjadi metil ester adalah pada katalis KOH 1% dan suhu 60 0C. Berdasarkan uji sifat-sifat fisis, metil ester yang dihasilkan belum semua memenuhi mutu sifat fisis biodiesel yang disyaratkan. The most widely used fuel is diesel fuel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oil that can be renewed, can be produced periodically, and easy to obtain. In this research, the rubber seed was used for synthesizing the FAME. The main process in the production of FAME is transesterification. This study examined the optimum result from variations of the concentration of KOH catalyst and the reaction temperature on the transesterification reaction. Preparation of the rubber seed oil using granular activated charcoal was followed by degumming. Esterification reaction was carried out at 50 oC for 1 h with the sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5% by volume of oil and methanol of 20% by the volume of oil. Transesterification reaction was carried out for 1 hour with the oil and methanol volume ratio of 4:1. The concentration of methyl ester, the number of components, and the composition of the contained compounds in the resulted products were analyzed using a GC. The best operating conditions on the transesterification of rubber seed oil into methyl ester was by using 1% KOH catalyst at temperature of 60 0C. Based on the analysis of the physical properties, the resulted methyl esters need to be improved further to meet the quality requirements of the physical properties of biodiesel.
SINTESIS ADITIF OCTANE BOOSTER DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN PROSES PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK Nasikin, M; Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Pita Rangga, Wara Dyah; Trisnani, Dewi
Sainteknol : Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Vol 8, No 2 (2010): December 2010
Publisher : Unnes Journal

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/sainteknol.v8i2.320

Abstract

Proses sintesis aditif octane booster dari minyak biji karet melalui prosesperengkahan katalitik fasa cair yaitu H2SO4. Kondisi reaksi pada reactor batchtekanan atmosfer berpengaduk, waktu reaksi 0,5-2 jam dan suhu reaksi 160-250oC.Selama proses perengkahan katalitik menggunakan kadar katalis 1%. Kondidioptimum pada waktu 1 jam dan suhu 220oC. Karakterisasi aditif octane booster yangdihasilkan adalah densitas 0,734 g/mL, viskositas 0,027 poise, dan angka oktana101,01. Penurunan densitas dan viskositas terjadi setelah proses perengkahankatalistik dan destilasi Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa trigliserida minyak biji karetdirengkahkan menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil yang terdiri dari senyawa denganrantai C lebih pendek. Analisis FTIR sebelum dan sesudah reaksi menunjukkan reaksiperengkahan dengan produk alkena, alkana, asam alkanoat. Pada analisis GC-MSdihasilkan aditif octane booster pada C5-C12 konversi 38,67 dan yield 35,61.Kata kunci: aditif, octane booster, perengkahan katalitik, fasa cair
PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER (OMF) PADAT DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI BIOETANOL (VINASSE) Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti; Muhammad, Dimas Rahadian Aji; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Semarang State University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4189

Abstract

Organo-mineral fertilizer solid was generated from liquid-waste vinasse with the addition of other materials as variations such as filter cake, boiler ash, urea, and NPK through the evaporation of water content in the material. Each solid OMF has a different mixture. OMF A made of evaporated vinasse or sticky vinasse, OMF B made of vinasse and urea, OMF C made from vinasse and filter cake, omf D made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 2, OMF E made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 4, OMF F made of vinasse, filter cake, and boiler ash, OMF A3 made of vinasse and 3% NPK, OMF made of A6 vinasse and 6% NPK, OMF A9 made of vinasse and 9% NPK. OMF analysis includes NPK and C/N ratio. Solid OMF which meet the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) are OMF A3, OMF A6, OMF A9 based on the quantity of NPK and C/N ratio where NPK is a source of primer macro nutrients on the plant while the C/N ratio equilibrium will determine the equilibrium of the vegetative and generative stage. NPK content and C/N ratio of OMF A3 are 0,63%, 0,45% ,0,38%, and 10,30, respectively.OMF A6 was 0,59%, 0,52% ,0,41%, and 13,66, respectively as well as OMF A9 are 0,68%, 0,52% ,0,45% and 14,16, respectively. OMF that meet SNI applied to the watermelon plants. OMF that gives the best results in plants is OMF A9 compossed from vinasse and NPK 9% because the plants growth faster shown based on plant height and stem diameter, leaf shape, flower and fruit appearance time. 
The Processing of Industrial Tofu Dreg Waste into Animal Feed in Sumurrejo Village, Semarang Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Hartanto, Dhoni; Prasetiawan, Haniif; Triwibowo, Bayu; Maksiola, Masni; Kusuma, Andre Dianata Hogi; Fidyawati, F; Mezaki, Naufal Mudrik; Mutaqin, Afrizal Mai; Loveyanto, Rendy Okta
Rekayasa : Jurnal Penerapan Teknologi dan Pembelajaran Vol 18, No 2 (2020): December 2020
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rekayasa.v18i2.27278

Abstract

Tofu is famous as a favorite, healthy, nutritious and cheap food in Indonesia. The tofu industry has been growing rapidly in this country in the form of household scale businesses or MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises). Among the tofu MSME centers in Semarang is the one in Sumurrejo Village, Gunungpati District. Sumurrejo village has various business potentials that are capable of driving the community’s economy, especially the entrepreneurship of tofu and tempeh MSMEs, as well as dairy and beef cattle farming. The MSMEs in this area are growing rapidly and able to improve the economy of the local community. In spite of this positive impact, the existence of tofu industry also has a negative effect since its waste causes environmental pollution problems. One of them is tofu dreg waste which can cause pollution to the environment due to its bad smell, organic matters content, and putrefaction potential. One effort to overcome this problem is to process the tofu dreg waste into animal feed. Tofu waste has high nutritions which consist of 8.66% protein, 3.79% fat, 51.63% water and 1.21% ash. Therefore, in order to resolve the environmental problems caused by the disposal of tofu waste and the problem of the high price of commercial animal feed, it is necessary to conduct community service activities to increase the added value of tofu waste by processing it into animal feed through fermentation process. Tofu pulp fodder produced in this activity was also tested on chickens. Chickens that were feed with tofu waste shown a better weight gain than those given regular fodder (pur). Training on tofu waste processing into fodder was very useful for the community within the area of the tofu industry in Sumurrejo Village because it could overcome the environmental problems caused by tofu dreg waste and could provide cheap, nutritious, safe animal feed and support the livestock growth. Community service activities were conducted by providing knowledge and skills through lecturing, practice and skills training, as well as monitoring activities.
SINTESIS FATTY ACID METHYL ESTHER DARI MINYAK BIJI MAHONI (SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA, KING) DAN UJI PERFORMANCE-NYA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF PADA MESIN DIESEL Mursiti, Sri; Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Matsjeh, Sabirin; Mustofa, Mustofa
Sainteknol : Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Vol 12, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Unnes Journal

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/sainteknol.v12i1.5425

Abstract

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) merupakan bahan bakar alternatif pada mesin diesel yang terbarukan. Penelitian ini mensintesis FAME melalui transesterifikasi minyak biji mahoni dengan metanol menggunakan katalis KOH. Tujuannya (1) mendapatkan kondisi optimal sintesis FAME, (2) mengetahui sifat fisis FAME, dan (3) mengetahui performancenya. Minyak biji mahoni memiliki bilangan asam yang tinggi (29,86 mg KOH/ g minyak) sehingga dilakukan esterifikasi. Esterifikasi dilakukan pada suhu 35°C menggunakan katalis H . Transesterifikasi dilakukan dengan perbandingan minyak: metanol= 4:1. Variasinya suhu (30°C - 60°C) dan konsentrasi KOH (0,5% - 1% berat minyak). Didapatkan kondisi optimum reaksi transesterifikasi pada suhu 60°C, konsentrasi KOH 0,75%, waktu reaksi 60 menit, serta rasio volume minyak:metanol= 4:1, dan didapatkan yield sebesar 83,9742%. FAME diuji sifat fisisnya dengan variasi perbandingan FAME:solar: butanol sebesar 1:0:0, 1:1:1, dan 1:2:2. Pengujian meliputi densitas, korosi lempeng tembaga, color ASTM, viskositas kinematis, flash point, pour point, kandungan air, serta CCR. Hasilnya dibandingkan dengan standar kualitas biodiesel (SNI). Data menunjukkan bahwa semua komposisi campuran FAME:solar belum memenuhi persyaratan standar. Uji performance secara lengkap belum dapat dilaksanakan karena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan mesin, tetapi performance konsumsi FAME pada mesin diesel tidak jauh berbeda dengan konsumsi solar pada mesin diesel, tetapi emisinya lebih rendah.
SINTESIS BIODISEL DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI KOH UNTUK TAHAPAN TRANSESTERIFIKASI Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Bachtiar, Achmad
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2544

Abstract

Bahan bakar yang paling banyak digunakan adalah bahan bakar diesel atau fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel berasal dari minyak nabati yang dapat diperbaharui, dapat dihasilkan secara periodik, dan mudah diperoleh. Pada penelitian ini digunakan minyak biji karet untuk sintesis FAME. Proses utama dalam pembuatan FAME adalah transesterifikasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji hasil optimum dari variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH dan suhu reaksi pada reaksi transesterifikasi. Preparasi minyak biji karet dengan menggunakan arang aktif granular diikuti dengan degumming. Reaksi esterifikasi dilaksanakan pada kondisi operasi 500 C selama 1 jam, katalis asam sulfat (98%) sebesar 0,5% volume minyak, dan metanol sebesar 20% volume minyak. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilaksanakan selama 1 jam, serta perbandingan volume minyak dan metanol sebesar 4:1. Analisis kadar metil ester yang terbentuk, jumlah komponen, dan komposisinya yang terdapat pada senyawa hasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat GC. Kondisi operasi terbaik pada transesterifikasi minyak biji karet menjadi metil ester adalah pada katalis KOH 1% dan suhu 60 0C. Berdasarkan uji sifat-sifat fisis, metil ester yang dihasilkan belum semua memenuhi mutu sifat fisis biodiesel yang disyaratkan. The most widely used fuel is diesel fuel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oil that can be renewed, can be produced periodically, and easy to obtain. In this research, the rubber seed was used for synthesizing the FAME. The main process in the production of FAME is transesterification. This study examined the optimum result from variations of the concentration of KOH catalyst and the reaction temperature on the transesterification reaction. Preparation of the rubber seed oil using granular activated charcoal was followed by degumming. Esterification reaction was carried out at 50 oC for 1 h with the sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5% by volume of oil and methanol of 20% by the volume of oil. Transesterification reaction was carried out for 1 hour with the oil and methanol volume ratio of 4:1. The concentration of methyl ester, the number of components, and the composition of the contained compounds in the resulted products were analyzed using a GC. The best operating conditions on the transesterification of rubber seed oil into methyl ester was by using 1% KOH catalyst at temperature of 60 0C. Based on the analysis of the physical properties, the resulted methyl esters need to be improved further to meet the quality requirements of the physical properties of biodiesel.
EFFECTS OF SOLID VINASSE-BASED ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON SOME GROWTH INDICES OF TOMATO PLANT Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12507

Abstract

Vinasse, which is commonly referred to as stillage, is a aqueous by-product of bioethanol processing. This side-product is yielded in a very large quantity in bioethanol industry since the production of 1 L of ethanol will generate 13 L of vinasse. Hence it is become a problem of bioethanol industry since vinasse waste doesn’t have economic value and it is harmful to the environment. This industrial waste has high COD and BOD, high acidity, and high temperature when it is discharged from the bottom of distillation unit. To overwhelmed this drawbacks, it is crucial to attempt reduction of the negative characteristic of vinasse as well as creation of added value of vinasse. In fact, vinasse contains a considerable amount of potassium and organic matter which is beneficial for plant growth and improving the soil fertility. Thus, in this work, vinasse was utilized as raw material for organic fertilizer. Vinasse waste was formulated with other sugarcane industrial waste (filter cake and boiler ash), and NPK fertilizer in various composition to yield solid Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (OMF). Among all the composition of OMF, It was demonstrated that vinasse formulated with 3, 6, and 9% of NPK fulfilled the Indonesian National Standar (SNI) of solid fertilizer. Thus these types of OMF were used to fertilize tomato plant. The effects of vinasse-based OMF on some growth indices of tomato plant were examined. It was revealed that vinasse fertilizer formulated with 9% of NPK exhibited the best impact to the tomato plant growth.
PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER (OMF) PADAT DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI BIOETANOL (VINASSE) Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Oktafiani, Oktafiani; Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti; Muhammad, Dimas Rahadian Aji
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4189

Abstract

Organo-mineral fertilizer solid was generated from liquid-waste vinasse with the addition of other materials as variations such as filter cake, boiler ash, urea, and NPK through the evaporation of water content in the material. Each solid OMF has a different mixture. OMF A made of evaporated vinasse or sticky vinasse, OMF B made of vinasse and urea, OMF C made from vinasse and filter cake, omf D made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 2, OMF E made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 4, OMF F made of vinasse, filter cake, and boiler ash, OMF A3 made of vinasse and 3% NPK, OMF made of A6 vinasse and 6% NPK, OMF A9 made of vinasse and 9% NPK. OMF analysis includes NPK and C/N ratio. Solid OMF which meet the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) are OMF A3, OMF A6, OMF A9 based on the quantity of NPK and C/N ratio where NPK is a source of primer macro nutrients on the plant while the C/N ratio equilibrium will determine the equilibrium of the vegetative and generative stage. NPK content and C/N ratio of OMF A3 are 0,63%, 0,45% ,0,38%, and 10,30, respectively.OMF A6 was 0,59%, 0,52% ,0,41%, and 13,66, respectively as well as OMF A9 are 0,68%, 0,52% ,0,45% and 14,16, respectively. OMF that meet SNI applied to the watermelon plants. OMF that gives the best results in plants is OMF A9 compossed from vinasse and NPK 9% because the plants growth faster shown based on plant height and stem diameter, leaf shape, flower and fruit appearance time. 
Pembuatan Telur Asin Omega-3 Tinggi dengan Ekstrak Daun Kelor Menggunakan ESEM Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Sunyoto, Sunyoto; Putri, Radenrara Dewi Artanti; Sutrisno, Akhmad; Anugrahani, Viona Widya
Rekayasa : Jurnal Penerapan Teknologi dan Pembelajaran Vol 17, No 1 (2019): July 2019
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rekayasa.v17i1.21191

Abstract

Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan teknologi pangan kepada masyarakat RT 04/RW 01, Kelurahan Sekaran, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang dengan memanfaatkan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) untuk meningkatkan kandungan Omega-3 pada telur asin. Target luaran yang diharapkan antara lain masyarakat dapat memiliki ketrampilan mengenai pembuatan telur asin yang memiliki kandungan Omega-3 tinggi sehingga dapat menghasilkan telur asin yang berkualitas dan memiliki nilai gizi tinggi, serta masyarakat dapat menggunakan alat ESEM (Express Salted Egg Maker) untuk mempercepat waktu produksi dengan kapasitas yang lebih besar. Hasil dari program pengabdian masyarakat yang telah dilakukan ini adalah aspek penerapan iptek produk pangan dipandang sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan potensi daun kelor sebagai bahan tambahan pada pembuatan telur asin, meningkatnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam pembuatan telur asin dari ekstrak daun kelor serta menumbuhkan motivasi berwirausaha masyarakat RT04/RW01, Kelurahan Sekaran, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang. The purpose of this activity is to introduce food technology to the people of RT 04 / RW 01, Kelurahan Sekaran, Gunungpati District, Semarang by utilizing Moringa oleifera leaves to increase Omega-3 content in salted eggs. Expected output targets are among others the community can have skills regarding making salted eggs that have high Omega-3 content so that they can produce high quality salted eggs with high nutritional value, and the public can use the ESEM (Express Salted Egg Maker) tool to speed up production time. with greater capacity. The results of the community service program that have been carried out are aspects of the application of the science and technology of food products considered to be very effective in increasing public awareness in utilizing the potential of Moringa leaves as an ingredient in salted egg making, increasing the knowledge and skills of the community in making salted eggs from Moringa leaf extract and growing community entrepreneurship motivation RT04 / RW01, Kelurahan Sekaran, Gunungpati District, Semarang.
Reduction of FFA in Kapok Randu (Ceiba pentandra) Seed Oil via Esterification Reaction Using Sulfuric Acid Catalyst: Experimental and Kinetics Study Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Akbar, Muhammad Hafizt; Widjanarko, Dwi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.23886

Abstract

The rapid growth of the population and economy has boosted up the necessity of fuel and  energy source. Until now, the world’s dependency on fossil fuel as the primary energy supply is still high. On the other hand, it has been known that the fossil-based oil and gas reserves are shrunk. Hence, it is urgent to develop alternative energy sources, which are renewable and environmentally friendly, to anticipate the energy insufficiency. Biodiesel is among the prospective renewable energy due to its advantages. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) is a type of biofuel which is derived from vegetable oil or animal fat. There are various vegetable oils that can be used as raw material for biodiesel production. However, non-edible oils are usually preferred to be selected as a biodiesel feedstock to evade the conflict between food and energy needs. Kapok Randu (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil is a type of non-edible oil which is cheap and can be employed as biodiesel feedstock. However, this oil has high free fatty acid (FFA) content (8.89%). Thus, it cannot directly undergo transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel since the FFA will react with alkaline catalyst to produce soap. The FFA content in Kapok Randu seed oil needs to be decreased until it is lower than 2%. Hence, prior to transesterification reaction, esterification of Kapok Randu seed oil with methanol in the presence of acid catalyst should be conducted to decrease the FFA content. In this work, esterification reaction was performed in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. The reactions were conducted at the molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:12 at the temperature of 40, 50, and 60 ℃ for 120 minutes. The optimum reaction conversion was 95.14%, achieved at the reaction temperature of 60 ℃. Kinetics study using homogeneous models was also performed. It was revealed that the reaction was appropriate with the irreversible second order reaction model. The reaction rate constant (k), activation energy (Ea), and  frequency factor (A) were 4.95 L / mole.min, 30,799.21 J/ mole and 338.744 / min, respectively.