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The Effect of Mixing and Dissipation on A Lock-Exchange Flow Producedin A Channel of Constant Cross-Section Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Vol 6, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, LPPM-ITS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (160.287 KB) | DOI: 10.12962/j24604682.v6i2.922

Abstract

Laboratory lock-exchanges of two fluids of different densities are used to examine the effects of mixing and dissipation on a dense current produced in a simple channel of constant width and height. Turbulent, small-scale mixing, induced by the flow instability at the interfacial layer, was observed above the current head. The mixing is found to affect the flow dynamics, in that the depth of the current is measured to be 0.36-0.47 H, less than a half of the full water depth H, defined as a theoretically predicted depth, and that the non-dimensional current speed is constant at 0.48 0.02, independent of all the external parameters. From these finding, we conclude that there is a loss of energy associated with turbulent dissipation and irreversible mixing and that bottom frictionplays a minor role in the propagation speed of the current.
The Overall Efficiency of Mixing in Exchange Flows through Lateral Contractions Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Vol 5, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, LPPM-ITS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (197.829 KB) | DOI: 10.12962/j24604682.v5i2.936

Abstract

Laboratory experiments are used to determine the overall (bulk) mixing efficiency in controlled exchange flows past a constriction. The flow generated in the laboratory channel is relevant to natural density-driven exchange flows commonly found in the oceans, where ocean straits control the exchange of waters of different density between adjacent ocean basins, between marginal seas and the open oceans, and within estuaries. The development of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows at the strongly sheared interface generates vertical mixing betweenthe two opposing layers within the constriction. The amount of turbulent mixing is measured and converted to a mixing efficiency, defined as the fraction of the available energy released to kinetic energy of the flow that is converted into an irreversible increase in potential energy of the density field. For simple lateral contractions used in the experiments, the overall mixing efficiency is found to be constant at 11% for large Reynolds numbers, independent of all the external parameters and flow conditions. We conclude from the results that the average efficiency in the oceans is only half of that commonly used in ocean modeling.
ANALISIS RELASI ANTARA MAGNITUDO MOMEN GEMPA DAN LUAS BIDANG PATAHAN SUMBER GEMPA Gandhis Putri Ayudia; Tjipto Prastowo
Inovasi Fisika Indonesia Vol 9 No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (590.591 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v9n3.p7-16

Abstract

Abstrak Upaya mitigasi bencana geologi khususnya gempa tektonik di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan mempelajari relasi antara parameter gempa dan sumber gempa. Parameter ukuran kekuatan gempa adalah magnitudo sedangkan parameter sumber gempa adalah dimensi patahan yang meliputi luas dan kedalaman bidang patahan. Dalam hal ini, magnitudo gempa diukur dalam skala magnitudo momen dan dimensi patahan direpresentasikan rupture area (merupakan perkalian antara rupture length dan rupture width ) dan rupture depth . Fokus penelitian ini adalah relasi antara dan serta mempelajari kemungkinan peran rasio dan . Data penelitian adalah 53 data gempa sebagai data utama dan data tambahan dari kasus gempa di luar negeri dan di Indonesia yang diakses bebas melalui laman http://eida.gfz-potsdam.de/webdc3 atau https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/. Mayoritas data utama merupakan gempa tipe strike-slip atau normal dengan kekuatan 4,5 ≤ ≤ 7,6 yang relevan dengan tektonik Indonesia. Hasil-hasil penelitian berupa persamaan empiris = 0,50 ln + 3,56 dan terapan persamaan empiris tersebut untuk estimasi magnitudo gempa di dalam dan luar Indonesia. Untuk seluruh kasus, penyimpangan estimasi magnitudo relatif terhadap magnitudo referensi adalah ≤ 0,1 dengan standar deviasi pengukuran 0,2 (dianggap tidak signifikan). Meskipun penelitian ini belum berhasil mengungkap korelasi antara dan dua parameter patahan dan , namun persamaan empiris temuan penelitian menunjukkan ada korelasi kuat antara magnitudo momen dan luas bidang patahan berupa sebagai fungsi logaritmik yang konsisten dengan temuan penelitian terdahulu. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bisa meningkatkan pemahaman tentang karakteristik gempa tektonik di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: magnitudo momen, luas bidang patahan, dimensi patahan Abstract Efforts in mitigation study for geohazards risk reduction in particularly Indonesian earthquakes were examined using scaling relationship between source and earthquake parameters. Magnitude was a measure of earthquake size and fault dimensions was used as source parameter including rupture area and depth. In this context, earthquake size scaled with moment magnitude and fault dimensions were represented by rupture area (the product of rupture length and width ) and depth . The focus of this study is to develop scaling relationship of and as well as to examine possible roles of ratio and the depth . The data were 53 earthquakes as the primary data and addditional cases obtained from occurences both in overseas and Indonesian territories, accessed at http://eida.gfz-potsdam.de/webdc3 or https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/. The majority of the main data was associated with normal or strike-slip events ranging 4.5 ≤ ≤ 7.5, relevant to Indonesian settings. The results are empirical equation = 0.50 ln + 3.56 and its application to estimate magnitudes for cases in and outside Indonesia. For all cases considered in this study, magnitude estimates were ≤ 0.1 relatively compared with references with standard deviation of the measurements of only 0.2, considered unimportant. Although this study has not unrevealed correlation of and parameters and , the equation shows that the magnitude and the area are strongly correlated, namely is a logarithmic function of , consistent with previous work. The results contribute better understanding of characteristics of Indonesian earthquakes. Keywords: moment magnitude, rupture area, fault dimensions
ESTIMASI PARAMETER a-VALUE DAN b-VALUE UNTUK ANALISIS STUDI SEISMISITAS DAN POTENSI BAHAYA BENCANA GEMPA TEKTONIK DI WILAYAH MALUKU UTARA Hilda Risanti; Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Inovasi Fisika Indonesia (IFI) Vol 10 No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (873.849 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v10n1.p1-10

Abstract

Abstrak Studi seismisitas dan analisis potensi bahaya bencana seismik di wilayah Maluku Utara dapat dilakukan dengan menentukan parameter a-value dan b-value di wilayah tersebut. Kedua parameter mendiskripsikan level seismisitas dan akumulasi stres mekanik yang disimpan oleh batuan geologi bawah permukaan di wilayah tersebut. Secara prinsip, parameter a-value dan b-value ditentukan dari distribusi frekuensi-magnitudo gempa melalui hukum Gutenberg-Richter. Dalam penelitian ini, hukum Gutenberg-Richter diterapkan pada sumber gempa tektonik dari katalog gempa USGS (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/) selama 2009-2019 dengan kedalaman mencapai 551 km dan variasi magnitudo . Kedua parameter dihitung dengan metode least-squares dan maximum likelihood, di mana perbedaan signifikan a-value dan b-value menurut kedua metode tersebut merefleksikan level akurasi kedua metode tersebut. Metode maximum likelihood memberikan a-value dan b-value yang lebih akurat karena melibatkan penapisan data sebelum proses pengolahan data. Persamaan empiris Gutenberg-Richter yang diperoleh dari metode maximum likelihood adalah , di mana a = 9,73 dan b = 1,39 dengan adalah jumlah kejadian gempa dan adalah gempa dengan magnitudo lebih besar dari (batas bawah magnitudo di mana hukum Gutenberg-Richter berlaku valid). Analisis variasi spasial dan temporal b-value serta variasi spasial a-value berhasil merekonstruksi 3 kejadian gempa relatif besar antara 2009-2019. Kombinasi temuan b-value ≈ 1,4, a-value ≈ 9,7 dan a-value (annual) ≈ 8,7 dengan bantuan ZMAP6,0 menunjukkan bahwa seluruh wilayah Maluku Utara merupakan wilayah yang rentan terhadap bencana gempa dengan frekuensi gempa tinggi yang dipicu seismisitas relatif tinggi di wilayah tersebut. Temuan ini memicu peningkatan kesadaran dan kesiagaan terhadap potensi bahaya bencana gempa tektonik di Maluku Utara. Kata Kunci: seismisitas, bencana seismik, a-value, b-value, hukum Gutenberg-Richter Abstract Seismic studies and corresponding seismic hazard analysis in North Maluku can be performed using determination of a-value and b-value parameters. These parameters describe seismicity level and mechanical stress accumulated in subsurface structure in the region of interest. In principle, a-value and b-value were obtained from frequency-magnitude distribution provided by Gutenberg-Richter law. In this study, this law was generated using earthquake datasets from USGS at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/, where events occurred between 2009-2019 with varying magnitudes and depths to 551 km. The methods included the least-squares and maximum likelihood, where significant differences in the parameters acquired reflect levels of accuracy. The maximum likelihood method yielded accurate results for a-value and b-value due to data declustering prior to data processing. The Gutenberg-Richter law in a log-linear expression was obtained, where a = 9.73 and b = 1.39 with is the cumulative number of occurence and denotes events with magnitudes greater than (defined as the magnitude at which the lower end of the distribution starts to deviate from the Gutenberg-Richter law). Analysis of spatial and temporal variations of b-value and spatial variation of a-value successfully reconstructed 3 occurrences of large magnitudes during 2009-2019. A combined finding of b-value ≈ 1,4, a-value ≈ 9,7 dan a-value (annual) ≈ 8,7 by ZMAP6.0 found for North Maluku reveals that the whole parts of the region are vulnerable to tectonic earthquakes with high frequency owing to relatively high seismicity. This calls for increased awareness of and preparedness for possible seismic threats in North Maluku. Keywords: seismicity, seismic hazard, a-value, b-value, Gutenberg-Richter law
PENENTUAN PARAMETER SEISMIK a-VALUE DAN b-VALUE UNTUK ANALISIS POTENSI BENCANA GEMPA DI WILAYAH MALUKU Teti Apriliani; Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Inovasi Fisika Indonesia (IFI) Vol 10 No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (636.473 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v10n1.p11-20

Abstract

Abstrak Kerentanan wilayah Maluku terhadap bencana gempa dipelajari melalui analisis potensi bahaya bencana gempa dengan menentukan parameter seismik a-value dan b-value yang diperoleh dari data statistik gempa tektonik yang terjadi di wilayah tersebut selama kurun waktu tertentu. Kedua parameter seismik mendiskripsikan level seismisitas dan stress mekanik yang disimpan dalam lipatan batuan bawah permukaan. Secara prinsip, kedua parameter ditentukan dari distribusi frekuensi-magnitudo gempa dengan bantuan hukum Gutenberg-Richter. Pada penelitian ini, data sekunder distribusi frekuensi-magnitudo gempa diperoleh dari katalog USGS (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/) dengan variasi kedalaman sumber sampai 625 km di bawah permukaan dan variasi magnitudo gempa selama kurun waktu 2009-2019. Perhitungan parameter a-value dan b-value dilakukan dengan metode kuadrat terkecil dan maximum likelihood untuk uji konsistensi dan reliabilitas estimasi kedua parameter tersebut. Estimasi berdasarkan metode maximum likelihood memberikan hasil yang lebih akurat dan stabil karena melibatkan penapisan data sebelum proses pengolahan data dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh persamaan empiris Gutenberg-Richter dengan metode maximum likelihood adalah , di mana dan dengan adalah frekuensi kejadian gempa dan adalah magnitudo yang lebih besar dari , batas bawah magnitudo di mana hukum Gutenberg-Richter masih berlaku. Akurasi hasil estimasi a-value dan b-value dijamin melalui penentuan yang akurat, di mana = 5,0 diperoleh dari plot distribusi frekuensi-magnitudo gempa. Berdasarkan nilai parameter a-value dan b-value, dapat disimpulkan bahwa wilayah Maluku memiliki level seismisitas yang relatif tinggi dan rentan terhadap potensi bencana gempa tektonik yang dipicu oleh aktivitas seismo-tektonik patahan lokal Sorong dan dua zona mikro-subduksi Busur Sangihe dan Busur Halmahera. Kata Kunci: seismisitas Maluku, gempa tektonik, a-value, b-value, hukum Gutenberg-Richter Abstract The vulnerability of Molucca to seismic hazards can be examined through analysis of earthquake-event potential in the region. This analysis can be performed by determining parameters a-value and b-value acquired from datasets of events during a time period, describing seismicity rate and mechanical stress accumulated within local crustal rocks. These parameters were estimated using the Gutenberg-Richter law in this study using frequency-magnitude distribution obtained from the USGS catalog at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/ with varying depths to 625 km below the surface and earthquake sizes during 2009-2019. The calculations were carried out using two separate methods, the least squares and the maximum likelihood to search for consistency and reliability of the results. Estimates using the maximum likelihood method provides results that are more accurate and stable due to data filtering prior to data processing. Using the maximum likelihood method selected, the Gutenberg-Richter empirical equation was found to be , where and with denotes the event frequency and represent magnitudes greater than , defined as the lower end of magnitudes above which the Gutenberg-Richter law applies. The accuracy in a-value and b-value estimates was provided by accurate determination of = 5,0 directly obtained from the plot of the frequency-magnitude distribution. Based on the calculated parameters, it can be concluded that Molucca is in the relatively high level of seismicity and prone to seismic threats owing to a combined effect of seismo-tectonic activities from both a local active Sorong fault and subduction processes of Sangihe arc and Halmahera arc. Keywords: Molucca seismicity, tectonic earthquake, a-value, b-value, Gutenberg-Richter law
ANALISIS PREDIKSI DEBIT ALIRAN AIR LAUT MELALUI SELAT UNTUK KASUS DI LUAR INDONESIA DAN DI INDONESIA DENGAN BANTUAN TEORI HIDROLIK INTERNAL Firda Rulifiangga; Tjipto Prastowo
Inovasi Fisika Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (501.654 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v10n2.p9-16

Abstract

Abstrak Posisi Indonesia adalah strategis karena berada di jalur aliran air laut dari Samudera Pasifik ke Samudera Hindia melalui beberapa selat di wilayah perairan Indonesia bagian timur yang dikenal sebagai Arus Lintas Indonesia (Arlindo). Transportasi air laut melewati selat penghubung kedua samudera tersebut bisa memengaruhi sirkulasi air laut dan iklim dalam skala lokal, regional, dan global. Dalam penelitian ini, Arlindo dipelajari melalui model oceanic exchange flow dengan bantuan teori hidrolik internal yang diterapkan untuk two-layer exchange flow through a strait or over a sill. Besaran fisis yang akan ditentukan adalah volume transport melalui selat sempit dengan penyempitan lateral atau vertikal dalam bentuk normalised volume exchange (bilangan tak berdimensi sebagai hasil bagi antara observed volume dan maximal volume exchange sebagai batas atas volume transport), di mana volume transport melewati selat dihitung dengan mempertimbangkan efek mixing. Data penelitian ini diambil dari laman https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/ dan https://salinity.oceansciences.org/. Kasus yang dibahas adalah beberapa selat terkenal di dunia dan selat Arlindo. Untuk seluruh kategori selat baik selat dengan kontrol hidrolik berupa contraction atau sill, normalised volume exchange ditemukan selalu kurang dari 0,87 (batas atas volume exchange with mixing). Reduksi volume transport juga diberikan oleh friksi sepanjang dasar selat dengan topografi kasar dan batimetri tak beraturan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa normalised transport melalui Selat Gibraltar adalah 0,86 (tipikal exchange flow with a small contribution of friction), serupa dengan kasus selat Arlindo di Indonesia, di mana rata-rata normalised transport adalah 0,83. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa teori hidrolik internal bisa digunakan untuk prediksi volume transport. Kata Kunci: Arlindo, teori hidrolik internal, exchange flow, mixing, volume transport Abstract Indonesia is strategic for its geographic position in water circulation pathway from Pacific to Indian Oceans through relatively narrow straits in eastern Indonesian provinces widely known as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Water transport past the straits connecting the Oceans can modify ocean circulation and climate in local, regional and global scales. In this study, the ITF was examined using oceanic exchange flow in the light of internal hydraulic theory applied to two-layer exchange flow through a strait or over a sill. The study is aimed to determine volume transport past a strait with a simple topography, where the transport was calculated as normalised volume exchange (a non-dimensional number representing the ratio of observed volume transport and maximal volume exchange in the presence of mixing). The data included ocean depth from https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/ and ocean salinity and/or density acquired from https://salinity.oceansciences.org/. Cases discussed were the exchanges in ocean straits worldwide and in Indonesian waters. For all straits examined with hydraulic control either a contraction or a sill, the normalised exchange was found to be less than 0.87 (the upper bound for the exchange with mixing). Further transport reduction was due to friction along bottom boundary with rough topography and irregular bathymetry. The results showed that the exchange in the Gibraltar was found to be 0.86 (typical exchange flow with a small contribution of friction), similar to ITF where the mean transport was 0.83. These suggest that internal hydraulic theory is effective to predict volume transport. Keywords: ITF, internal hydraulic theory, exchange flow, mixing, volume transport
ANALISIS RELASI ANTARA MAGNITUDO TSUNAMI DAN AMPLITUDO MAKSIMUM TSUNAMI Ivo Nur Kholifah; Tjipto Prastowo
Inovasi Fisika Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (557.959 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v10n2.p17-24

Abstract

Abstrak Gempa tektonik dan tsunami adalah dua bencana geologi yang saling berhubungan dalam konteks gempa tektonik bisa memicu tsunami. Upaya mitigasi perlu dilakukan dengan mempelajari relasi antara parameter gempa tektonik dan parameter tsunami. Parameter gempa tektonik dikaji melalui magnitudo gempa bernilai tunggal yang tidak bergantung pada jarak pengamatan dari sumber dan dinyatakan dalam skala . Parameter tsunami dikaji melalui magnitudo tsunami dan elevasi muka laut atau dikenal sebagai amplitudo maksimum tsunami . Fokus penelitian ini adalah relasi antara dan di laut lepas serta kesesuaian estimasi terhadap . Data penelitian ini meliputi tsunami lintas samudera, yaitu 18 kasus trans-Pasifik dan 7 kasus tsunami Indonesia yang diakses bebas melalui laman http://ngdc.noaa.gov dan https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html. Semua kasus tsunami adalah yang dipicu oleh gempa tektonik besar dengan magnitudo > 7,5, di mana epicentral distance ditentukan oleh 3000 km (far-field tsunami observations). Hasil-hasil penelitian ini berupa persamaan empiris relasi antara dan untuk kasus tsunami lintas Samudera Pasifik, sedangkan untuk kasus tsunami Indonesia, . Perbedaan persamaan empiris untuk kasus trans-Pasifik dan tsunami Indonesia karena perbedaan batimetri dan topografi antara Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera Hindia selain faktor tsunami directivity dan keterbatasan instrumen pemantau tsunami untuk kawasan Samudera Hindia. Untuk seluruh kasus, penyimpangan estimasi terhadap adalah . Berdasarkan kedua persamaan empiris tersebut, magnitudo tsunami merupakan fungsi logaritmik amplitudo maksimum tsunami sesuai dengan temuan terdahulu. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pemahaman tentang karakteristik gelombang tsunami di Indonesia dalam konteks upaya mitigasi bencana. Kata Kunci: magnitudo tsunami, amplitudo maksimum tsunami, magnitudo momen gempa Abstract Tectonic earthquake and tsunami are geological disasters that are linked, where the earthquake can possibly induce a tsunami. Efforts in mitigation study are necessary to carry out by studying the relationship of earthquake and tsunami parameters. Earthquake parameter was examined using scale, independent of observational distance from the source. Tsunami parameter was evaluated by tsunami magnitude and associated tsunami maximum amplitude η. This study focused on the relationship of and η in the open ocean and compared estimates with the corresponding values referenced. The data included trans-oceanic tsunamis containing 18 trans-Pacific tsunamis and 7 Indonesian cases, accessed from http://ngdc.noaa.gov and https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html. The tsunamis discussed were generated by large earthquakes with , where the distance was limited to 3000 km (far-field observations). The results are given in empirical relationships of and η for the trans-Pacific, and for the Indonesian tsunamis, . The difference in the equations is owing to differences in complex topography and bathymetri between the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as tsunami directivity and limited monitoring instrument in the Indian Ocean tsunami case. For all cases, the estimates deviated from the reference values, measured to be . Based on the equations, tsunami magnitude is a function of the logarithmic scale of maximum tsunami amplitude , consistent with previous work. The results are expected to increase understanding of the characteristics of Indonesian tsunamis in the context of hazard mitigation study. Keywords: tsunami magnitude, tsunami maximum amplitude, earthquake moment magnitude
STUDI SEISMISITAS MELALUI PENENTUAN PARAMETER a-VALUE DAN b-VALUE DI WILAYAH SUMATERA BARAT Erlin Andayani Dewi; Tjipto Prastowo
Inovasi Fisika Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (690.237 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v10n2.p48-58

Abstract

Abstrak Studi kegempaan dan analisis potensi bahaya bencana seismik di Sumatera Barat dilaksanakan dengan menentukan parameter a-value dan b-value di wilayah tersebut. Kedua parameter ini mendiskripsikan seismisitas dan akumulasi stres pada batuan bawah permukaan. Penentuan kedua parameter ini melalui hukum Gutenberg-Richter dalam bentuk relasi frekuensi-magnitudo adalah penting untuk analisis pemetaan wilayah rawan bencana gempa. Kedua parameter ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode least square dan maximum likelihood dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder dari USGS (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/). Data penelitian ini adalah 1374 kejadian dengan kedalaman sampai 270,1 km dan variasi magnitudo antara selama kurun waktu 2007-2019. Penentuan a-value dan b-value dengan metode maximum likelihood ditemukan lebih reliabel dan akurat daripada least square. Hal ini karena data filtering dilakukan sebelum proses pengolahan data. Hasil pemrosesan data dengan metode maximum likelihood adalah persamaan empiris, di mana a-value = 5,28 dan b-value = 0,65 dengan adalah frekuensi kumulatif gempa, adalah magnitudo yang lebih besar dari yaitu ‘magnitude of completeness’ (magnitudo terkecil untuk keberlakuan hukum Gutenberg-Richter). Variasi spasial b-value dan a-value berhasil merekonstruksi 2 gempa besar di Sumatera Barat dengan pada tahun 2007 dan 2010. Dengan bantuan aplikasi ZMAP6,0 hasil perhitungan b-value = 0,65±0,01, a-value = 5,28 dan a-value (annual) = 4,17 menunjukkan bahwa Propinsi Sumatera Barat merupakan wilayah yang rentan mengalami gempa besar karena tingkat stres mekanik batuan yang relatif tinggi, terutama wilayah barat daya. Hal ini dipicu aktivitas sesar Sumatra dan zona subduksi yang mendominasi seismisitas wilayah Sumatera Barat. Temuan lain adalah mayoritas kedalaman sumber gempa kurang dari km. Kata Kunci: seismisitas, Sumatera Barat, bencana seismik, a-value, b-value, hukum Gutenberg-Richter Abstract Earthquake studies in West Sumatera, were carried out by determining seismic parameters a-value and b-value. These parameters describe seismicity rate and stress accumulated in subsurface rocks. Determination of these parameters by the Gutenberg-Richter law using frequency-magnitude distribution is important for mapping vulnerable areas to seismic threats. The parameters were calculated by the least square and maximum likelihood methods using secondary data from USGS at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/. The datasets included 1374 events with depths varying to 270.1 km and sizes of during 2007-2019. Estimation of a-value and b-value using maximum likelihood was found more reliable and accurate because data filtering before processing. The result is given in the empirical equation , where a-value = 5.28 and b-value = 0.65 and is the frequency, is magnitudes greater than ‘magnitude of completeness’ (the lower end of magnitudes where the equation remains valid). The spatial variations of b-value and a-value demonstrated 2 large past events with in Sumatera Barat in 2007 and 2010. Using ZMAP6,0 it was found that b-value is 0,65±0,01, a-value is 5,28 and a-value (annual) is 4,17 describing vulnerabilities of Sumatera Barat to large earthquake threats due to a high level of stress accumulated in subsurface rocks, in particular in the south-west region. This is caused by the dominance of subduction-zone processes over the Great Sumatran fault activity in characterising seismicity in the region of interest. In addition, the majority of events were sourced at shallow depths of 70 km below the surface. Keywords: seismicity, West Sumatera, seismic hazard, a-value, b-value, Gutenberg-Richter law
ANALISIS RELASI MOMEN SEISMIK DAN MAGNITUDO MOMEN UNTUK VARIASI KEDALAMAN SUMBER GEMPA TEKTONIK (SHALLOW, INTERMEDIATE, AND DEEP SOURCES) Qonitah Salsabillah; Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Inovasi Fisika Indonesia (IFI) Vol 11 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (665.034 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v11n1.p8-16

Abstract

Abstrak Karakteristik gempa dapat dipelajari melalui relasi antara parameter-parameter sumber. Dua parameter sumber yang berfungsi sebagai ukuran kekuatan gempa adalah magnitudo momen dan momen seismik . Penelitian ini fokus pada analisis relasi empiris untuk variasi kedalaman: shallow (0-100 km), intermediate (100-300 km), dan deep ( 300 km) sources. Data penelitian adalah 242 gempa tektonik yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber reliabel (publikasi internasional) baik intraplate maupun interplate events yang terjadi di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia antara 1905-2016 dengan magnitudo antara 4,45 9,20. Hasil penelitian berupa persamaan empiris untuk setiap kedalaman sumber, = 0,287 ln + 5,952 (shallow sources), = 0,290 ln + 6,047 (intermediate sources) dan = 0,285 ln + 5,816 (deep sources). Ketiga persamaan tersebut bersifat self-consistent karena merepresentasikan relasi empiris dengan bentuk grafik yang sama. Nilai koefisien ln untuk ketiga persamaan tidak berbeda sampai dengan desimal kedua sedangkan variasi kecil nilai konstanta tidak memberikan informasi yang jelas tentang perbedaan antara ketiga sumber gempa. Relasi empiris yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini konsisten dengan temuan penelitian terdahulu, yaitu merupakan fungsi logaritmik . Selain temuan tersebut, penelitian ini juga menemukan distribusi mayor kedalaman sumber adalah kurang dari 20 km (shallow sources), antara 100-200 km (intermediate sources), dan 550-600 km (deep sources). Temuan ini konsisten dengan karakteristik seismisitas global. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman tentang relasi yang bersifat universal (tidak bergantung pada kedalaman sumber gempa) dan global (tidak bergantung pada lokasi kejadian gempa). Kata Kunci: magnitudo momen, momen seismik, relasi empiris , variasi kedalaman sumber Abstract Characteristics of earthquakes can be examined using analysis of source parameters. Two source parameters used as a measure of earthquake strength are momen magnitude and seismic moment . This study focuses on analysis of a empirical relation for varying depths: shallow (0-100 km), intermediate (100-300 km), dan deep ( 300 km). The data were 242 occurrences (intraplate and interplate events worldwide between 1905-2016) obtained from reliable published studies with varying magnitudes of 4.45 9.20. The results were in the form of an empirical equation for each source depth, = 0.287 ln + 5.952 (shallow sources), = 0.290 ln + 6.047 (intermediate sources) dan = 0.285 ln + 5.816 (deep sources). These equations are self-consistent as they represent the relation in the same form of graphs. Coefficients of ln are similar for all the three equations to two decimal places while small variations of constants give no clear information on differences in the source depth. The relation obtained is consistent with previous work in the sense that is a logarithmic function of . In addition, the current study found major earthquakes were distributed at depths below 20 km for shallow sources, between 100-200 km for intermediate sources, 550-600 km for deep sources, in good agreement with characteristics of global seismicity. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the relation, which is universal and global, independent of source depth and location. Keywords: moment magnitude, seismic moment, empirical relation, varying depths
SEISMISITAS JAWA TIMUR DAN POTENSI BAHAYA BENCANA SEISMIK TERKAIT Muslimatul Fitria; Tjipto Prastowo
Jurnal Inovasi Fisika Indonesia (IFI) Vol 11 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (844.206 KB) | DOI: 10.26740/ifi.v11n1.p17-27

Abstract

Abstrak Seismisitas Jawa Timur dan potensi bencana gempa tektonik terkait dapat dipelajari melalui analisis parameter seismik: -value, -value, dan anomali -value. Nilai merefleksikan level seismisitas, nilai menunjukkan level stres batuan bawah permukaan, dan anomali nilai menjadi prekursor gempa besar. Ketiga parameter tersebut secara akurat diperoleh dengan memanfaatkan data frekuensi-magnitudo (FMD) dari katalog USGS antara 1973-2020. Kurva FMD menjadi basis penerapan hukum Gutenberg-Richter melalui pendekatan maximum likelihood untuk data gempa tektonik dengan magnitudo antara 3,1 7,8 dan kedalaman mencapai 574 km di bawah permukaan. Perhitungan ketiga parameter dilakukan dengan membagi wilayah Jawa Timur menjadi Zona Utara, Zona Selatan, dan Zona Utuh dengan hasil-hasil untuk Zona Utara: = 5,77 dan = 0,96; Zona Selatan: = 6,49 dan = 0,81; dan Zona Utuh: = 6,80 dan = 0,87. Berbeda dengan nilai dan , anomali nilai tidak dinyatakan dalam bentuk angka melainkan dalam bentuk peta variasi spasio-temporal -value. Analisis hasil-hasil perhitungan dan untuk ketiga zona seismik menunjukkan bahwa seismisitas wilayah selatan Jawa Timur lebih tinggi daripada seismisitas wilayah utara karena stres tinggi batuan yang dipicu aktivitas seismo-tektonik sepanjang zona subduksi dekat Palung Jawa. Dengan demikian, wilayah selatan Jawa Timur lebih rentan terhadap potensi bencana gempa seismik. Analisis variasi spasio-temporal -value menemukan wilayah selatan Jawa Timur dengan nilai yang rendah, bertepatan dengan saat gempa besar (tsunami earthquake) terjadi pada bulan Juni 1994. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini sama dengan temuan penelitian terdahulu yang relevan dengan studi seismisitas Pulau Jawa. Kata Kunci: seismisitas Jawa Timur, -value, -value, anomali -value, hukum Gutenberg-Richter Abstract Seismicity in East Java and its potency for earthquakes can be examined using parameters: -value, -value, and -value anomaly. Parameter -value reflects seismicity level, -value indicates stress level of subsurface structure, and -value anomaly is a precursor for a large event. The parameters were accurately obtained from frequency-magnitude distribution (FMD) in the region of interest between 1973-2020 based on USGS catalogue. The FMD serves as a basis for the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law through maximum likelihood for data with varying magnitudes of 3.1 7.8 and depths reaching 574 km below the surface. Determination of the parameters was performed by dividing East Java into Northern Zone, Southern Zone, the whole Zone. The results were for Northern Zone: = 5,77 and = 0,96; Southern Zone: = 6,49 and = 0,81; and the whole Zone: = 6,80 and = 0,87, respectively. Different from -value and -value, the anomaly in -value was not represented in numbers but it was given in the spasio-temporal -value. Analysis of the results for each zone showed that seismicity in the southern region of East Java is relatively higher than in the north, due to a high-stress region induced by tectonic activities along the subduction zone near the Java Trench. Therefore, the southern region is vulnerable to geohazards. Analysis of spasio-temporal -value found a low -value off the south coast, associated with a location of tsunami earthquake in June 1994. The current results are consistent with previous findings for Java seismicity. Keywords: East Java seismicity, -value, -value, -value anomaly, Gutenberg-Richter law