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PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PADAT TAPIOKA MENJADI ETANOL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus niger, Bacillus licheniformis DAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nugroho, Astri; Effendi, Edison; Novaria, Tika
TEKNOLOGI LINGKUNGAN Vol 7, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

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Limbah padat tapioka merupakan hasil samping dari pengolahan tepung tapioka berupa ampas dan banyak mengandung karbohidrat yang dapat dikembangkan manfaatnya dengan cara mengolah limbah tersebut melalui proses hidrolisis asam dan fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui nilai C/N sebagai cara untuk mengetahui laju dekomposisi bahan organik dan mengetahui kadar etanol yang dihasilkan dari proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi pada limbah padat tapioka. Hidrolisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan 1.5% 1M H2SO4. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan variasi mikroorganisme 10% dan 20% secara mixed culture menggunakan Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae pada limbah padat tapioka 50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr dan 200 gr. Kadar etanol tertinggi pada variasi mikroorganisme 10% terjadi pada substrat 50 gr jam ke-120 yaitu 4.40% dengan jumlah mikroorganisme 2.29x1017 koloni/ml, pH = 4.60, nilai C/N = 36.43 Pada variasi mikroorganisme 20%, kadar etanol tertinggi terjadi pada substrat 50 gr jam ke-120 yaitu 3.26%, jumlah mikroorganisme 1.82x1017 koloni/ml,             pH = 3.70,  nilai C/N= 49.33. Nilai kinetika pada limbah padat tapioka 50 gr, µ = 0.003206 – 0.009712 1/jam,       µm = 0.00006120 /jam, Ks = 1036.78 mg/1, Y = 23.79, q = 0.000135 – 0.000408 1/jam, YT = 23.79 /jam,               Yobs = 1.8147 – 5.4977 /jam dan Kd = 0.0323 – 0.0388 /jam. Nilai kinetika pada mixed culture 20% pada limbah padat tapioka 50 gr, µ = 0.001818 – 0.008016 1/jam, µm=0.00004288/jam, Ks= 965.94 mg/1, Y = 7.27, q = 0.000250 – 0.001103 1/jam,  YT = 7.27 /jam, Yobs = 0.0961 – 0.4235  /jam dan Kd = 0.1296 – 0.1358 /jam.Kata kunci: Limbah padat tapioka, Bioethanol, Fermentasi, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus licheniformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
PRODUKSI ETANOL DARI LIMBAH PADAT TAPIOKA DENGAN Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nugroho, Astri; Effendi, Edison; Wongso, Lydia
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Universitas Trisakti Vol 4, No 4 (2008): DESEMBER 2008
Publisher : Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Universitas Trisakti

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Ethanol Production from Solid Waste of Tapioca Using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Solid waste of tapioca flour production could be converted into ethanol through fermentation. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the capacity of microorganism and the C/N ratio resulted by the fermentation of the solid waste from the tapioca production. A 10% and 20% fungus mix culture of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were added to 50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr, and 250 gr of tapioca solid waste. The 50 gr sample with 10 % microorganism could results 2.485 % ethanol, biomass amount of 6,14E+17 colony/gr with pH 4,36; C/N ratio 3,4. The adding of 20% microorganism results biomass of 6,26E+17 colony/gr, pH 3,54, C/N ratio of 2,08 and 2,123% ethanol. The waste was fermented for 5 days and before the destilation. The kinetic of 10% microorganism for 50 gr tapioca solid waste is μ = 0,000996-0.006423 l/hr, μm = 0,00826/hr, Ks = 7,55E-11 mg/l. Y = 0,0287, q = 0,034–0,22 l/hr, Yt = 0,0287/hr, Yobs = 0,00099-0,0064/hr, Kd = 0,022-0,0277/hr and the kinetic of 20% mikroorganism for 50 gr is μ = 0,00079-0,007 l/hr, μm = 0,007/hr, Ks = 1,7E-10 mg/l, Y = 0,0287, q = 0,0275–0,245 l/hr, Yt = 0,0287/hr, Yobs = 0,00217-0,0279/hr, Kd = 0,00079-0,007/hr.   Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia:  Limbah padat tapioka berupa ampas hasil ekstraksi dari pengolahan tepung tapioka dapat dikembangkan manfaatnya dengan cara mengolah limbah tersebut secara fermentasi menjadi glukosa, dan diteruskan menjadi etanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase etanol yang terbentuk dari hasil dekomposisi mikroorganisme terhadap limbah padat tapioka dan mengetahui nilai rasio C/N pada proses fermentasi. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan 10% dan 20% fungi Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae secara mix culture pada limbah padat tapioka seberat 50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr, dan 250 gr. Persentase etanol terbanyak yang terbentuk sebanyak 2,485% diperoleh dengan penambahan 10% mikroorganisme mix culture terhadap 50 gr limbah padat. Pada perlakuan itu diperoleh biomassa sebanyak 6,14E+17 koloni/gram, pada pH 4,36; dengan nilai rasio C/N 3,4; sedangkan pada penambahan konsentrasi mikroorganisme mix culture 20%, diperoleh jumlah biomassa 6,26E+17 koloni/gram, pH 3,54; nilai rasio C/N 2,08; dan etanol yang terbentuk sebanyak 2,123%. Fermentasi dilakukan 5 hari, dan hasilnya didestilasi. Nilai kinetika pada konsentrasi 10% mikroorganisme mix culture terhadap 50 gr limbah padat tapioka yaitu laju pertumbuhan (μ) adalah 0,000996-0.006423 l/jam, laju pertumbuhan maksimum (μm) adalah 0,00826/jam, konstanta kejenuhan (Ks) adalah 7,55E-11 mg/l, hasil pertumbuhan (Y) adalah 0,0287, laju utilisasi substrat spesifik (q) adalah 0,034–0,22 l/jam, hasil pertumbuhan yang nyata (Yt) adalah 0,0287/jam, koefisien kematian (Kd) adalah 0,022-0,0277/jam sedangkan nilai kinetikadengan penambahan 20% mix culture mikroorganisme pada limbah padat tapioka 50 gr, μ = 0,00079-0,007 l/jam, μm = 0,007/jam, Ks = 1,7E-10 mg/l, Y = 0,0287, q = 0,0275–0,245 l/jam, Yt 0,0287/jam, Kd = 0,00079-0,007/jam.
Crude Oil Sludge Degradation in Microcosmic Scale: Simple Simulation as Preliminary Study on Land Treatment Bioremediation. Nugroho, Astri
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 10, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Crude Oil Sludge Degradation in Microcosmic Scale: Simple Simulation as Preliminary Study on Land Treatment Bioremediation. A study in microcosmic condition has been carried out to evaluate the bacterial hydrocarbonoclastic capability in increasing the oil sludge degradation being mixed with NPK fertilizer as nitrogen resources. Aerobic test was carried out by putting erlenmeyers in a shaker incubator, 120 rpm shaking speed, at 50°C temperature. While 150 days in microcosmic one observation showed that the consortium has the potential to grow up to 50% (v/v) sludge oil load. Maximum growth and maximum growth rate of the consortium occurred in the III C treatment (by adding 50% (v/v) sludge oil and by mixing nitrogen in the form of NPK fertilizer amounting 30% (w/v) of added substrat. The observation showed that at the day 150, all the treatments were degradated above 64%. Highest degradation accured in the III A treatment followed by the III C treatment amounting 88.72% and 87.19% respectively. The gas chromatography analysis showed that at t15 and t30, hydrocarbon C8 and C9 turned up and then vanished after t30. Hydrocarbon do increased at t30 while the relative abundance of C11 up to C17 was decreasing gradually. The biggest decreasing of that was in C14, as 85.28% before and 43.11% after. At the end of the study 7 species of bacteria were identified, 5 of them are of Bacillus sp, which are aerobical.
Isolation of Methyl Laurate from Coconut Oil as Raw Material for Fatty Alcohol Sulfate Arbianti, Rita; Utami, Tania Surya; Nugroho, Astri
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 12, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Isolation of Methyl Laurate from Coconut Oil as Raw Material for Fatty Alcohol Sulfate. Methyl laurate is a raw or base material for many industries, including surfactant industries. In this research, coconut oil (VCO) is transesterified with methanol to produce methyl ester, using NaOH as the catalyst. Methyl laurate is then separated by method based on the difference in melting point. This research focuses at determining the effects of some variables in transesterification on the concentration of produced methyl laurate. The variables are temperature (40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 80 oC), time of transesterification reaction (0,5 hour, 1 hour, 1,5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours), and the percent weight of the catalyst NaOH (0,5 %, 1 %, 1,5 %, 2 %, 3 %). Research showed the concentration of methyl laurate increased, following the increased temperature, time, and percent weight of catalysts. Optimal conditions were acquired at reaction temperature of 60oC, reaction time of 2 hours, and percent weight of the catalyst NaOH of 2 %. Laurate acid conversion to methyl laurate that yielded from optimal conditions, after the separation based on melting point, was 55,61 %.
Petroleum Degradation in Soil by Thermophilic Bacteria with Biopile Reactor Nugroho, Astri; Effendi, Edison; Karonta, Yulius
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 14, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Crude oil degradation has been carried out using biopile reactor in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%. The thermophilic microorganisms used from isolation result and identification are Aeromonas salmonicida, Bacillus pantothenticus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The biodegradation of biopile reactor is done by various concentrations of TPH, total plate count (TPC), and volatile suspended solid (VSS) per day for 30 days. The biodegradation of kinetic parameter calculated consists of μ, μm, Y, Yt, Yobs, Kd, Ks from TPH concentration decision, and TPC and VSS in every microorganism with t (observation time) of 0 hour to 168 hours. The crude oil separation efficiency in a biople reactor shows that the largest separation occurs in a starting TPH concentration of 15%, which becomes 61.8% later on, followed by a starting TPH concentration of 10% and 5%, which is as much as 61% and 48.4%.