Rikardo Simarmata
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Kedudukan dan Peran Peradilan Adat Pasca-Unifikasi Sistem Peradilan Formal Rikardo Simarmata
Undang: Jurnal Hukum Vol 4 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/ujh.4.2.281-308

Abstract

After the implementation of state policy on the unification of the national justice system in 1951, the customary courts are still functioning and are part of the existing customary law system. In fact, this policy abolished the position of customary court as part of the formal justice system. Customary courts continue to function after that period because the said policies did not aim to abolish the existence of customary courts, yet to negate the binding force of its decisions. Moreover, afterwards the state implemented legislation which recognizes informal forums for dispute resolution, including customary courts. The state even enacted laws and regulations whose provisions to eliminate criminal charges against someone who has been decided and given customary sanctions by the customary court. However, such legislative policies and politics do not aim to provide a strong formal position for customary courts so that they can play an important role as a dispute resolution forum favored by justice-seeking communities. This paper uses two methods to discuss the position and role of customary justice in the national justice system. The first method is by discussing two legal ideas, namely Law and Development and Access to Justice. The second method is to compare the legal politics of customary justice in two countries, namely Eritrea and Papua New Guinea. The discussion through these two methods leads this paper to a proposal regarding the need to reconsider giving binding force to customary court decisions. Abstrak Pasca-pemberlakuan kebijakan unifikasi sistem peradilan nasional pada 1951, peradilan adat tetap hidup dan menjadi bagian dari eksistensi sistem hukum adat. Padahal, kebijakan ini menghapus kedudukan peradilan adat sebagai bagian dari sistem peradilan formal. Peradilan adat tetap berfungsi setelah periode tersebut karena kebijakan unifikasi tidak bermaksud untuk mengakhiri eksistensi peradilan adat, melainkan meniadakan kekuatan mengikat dari putusannya (binding force). Apalagi, setelah itu negara memberlakukan politik legislasi yang mengakui forum-forum informal penyelesaian sengketa, termasuk peradilan adat. Bahkan, dalam perkembangannya, bermunculan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mempunyai ketentuan menghilangkan tuntutan pidana pada seseorang yang sudah diputuskan dan diberikan sanksi adat oleh peradilan adat. Kebijakan dan politik legislasi mengenai peradilan adat yang seperti itu memunculkan pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana sebenarnya kedudukan peradilan adat dalam sistem peradilan nasional. Tulisan ini menggunakan dua metode untuk mendiskusikan bagaimana kedudukan peradilan adat dalam sistem peradilan nasional. Metode pertama dengan mendiskursuskan dua pemikiran hukum yaitu Law and Development dan Access to Justice. Kedua pemikiran ini memiliki tesis-tesis yang diametral mengenai kedudukan peradilan adat. Metode kedua yaitu membandingkan dengan politik hukum terhadap peradilan adat di dua negara yaitu Eritrea dan Papua Nugini. Pembahasan lewat dua metode tersebut membawa tulisan ini pada suatu usulan mengenai perlunya mengembalikan kedudukan peradilan adat sebagai hanya forum perdamaian menjadi pengadilan yang putusannya bersifat mengikat.
TUMPANG TINDIH PENGUASAAN TANAH DI WILAYAH IBU KOTA NEGARA “NUSANTARA” Rikardo Simarmata
Veritas et Justitia Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): Veritas et Justitia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25123/vej.v9i1.6504

Abstract

In August 2019, the Central Government of Indonesia made an important decision to choose East Kalimantan province to be the location of the new state capital (Nusantara). East Kalimantan was chosen due to its large available state or government-owned land. Some of the large available lands are designated state forest while some others are unregistered land, for which the Government applies formal land tenure system. This article examines the extent to which formal land tenure system has been exercised in land control, land transaction, and land acquisition in the Nusantara through the inquiries on how local individual and group landowners responded to the application of the formal land tenure system. Data collection was conducted through library research and field interview. This research finds that there have been multiple overlapping claims over land rights taking place in the new capital. State, adat law communities, and sultanate are making claims to similar land plots. The overlapping claims arose after the bureaucrats developed a formalistic view or interpretation on state land. This view suggested any unregistered land is state land regardless of actual control and use that are existing. This form of interpretation will most probably influence the way the bureaucrat implements current regulations concerning the new capital where some stipulations respect customary land rights.