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Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Transplan Karang Lunak Menggunakan Metode Gantung Pada Lokasi Budidaya yang Berbeda I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Sukertha Diputra; I Wayan Nuarsa; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 1 (2021): FEBRUARI 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i01.p08

Besides the second largest community in the coral reef ecosystem, the attractive shapes and colors of soft corals establish it an export commodity for the marine ornamental aquarium. The transplantation methods in soft coral are limited. Commonly method for soft coral transplantation is attached to the artificial substrate followed by placed at table frame. However, this method is easily covered by algae and costly. One of the alternative methods is vertically hanging that this method commonly applied in hard corals transplantation. This study aimed to examine the average differences of growth rates among different transplanted soft coral species, different location, and the presence of interaction between soft coral species and location towards the difference of growth rates. Moreover, it determined the average survival rates among different transplanted soft coral species at different location. There were three soft coral species, Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata. They were fragmented at initial size ± 25 cm2, hanging vertically in 1.5 m length, and 0.03 m diameter followed by located inside and outside the Pegametan bay, Sumberkima village, Buleleng Regency. The increased size of each transplanted soft coral species and the number of survivals and environmental parameters were observed every two weeks for 12 weeks. The average in growth rates among species, location, and interaction was analysed using two ways Anova, whereas the survival rates were tested using Log-Rank. Results showed that the average growth rates of transplanted soft coral inside the bay were significantly higher (4.53 cm2) than outside the bay (1.64 cm2). Moreover, the average growth rates of transplanted S. polydactyla were significantly higher than others (5.22 cm2), (respectively; 2.35 cm2 and 1.7 cm2). It was also indicated that different location and species did not differentiate the transplanted soft corals' average growth rate. The survival rates of the transplanted soft corals in different location were not significantly different as well.

Rasio Jumlah Mikroplastik dan Plankton di Kawasan Perairan Teluk Benoa, Bali Felixita Abigael Raintung; I Gede Hendrawan; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 2 (2021): AGUSTUS 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i02.p02

Plastic waste will degrade in the water and will break down into small particles called microplastics. Microplastics have a shape similar to food sources for marine organisms such as plankton, where if these microplastics are accidentally ingested by marine organisms it will enter the food chain and end up in humans through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Plankton are divided into two types, namely phytoplankton as the main water producer and zooplankton as the second energy level that connects major producers with consumers at a higher level of food. This research was conducted to determine the type and ratio of the amount of microplastic and plankton as a source of food for marine organisms. This research was conducted in the waters of Benoa Bay, which is a semi-closed water area and has a variety of activities and there are also two large rivers that can contribute to pollution waste in the waters of Benoa Bay, this can lead to competition between the amount of plastic and plankton as the main producer in food chain. This research was conducted from February to July 2020 and sample analysis was carried out at the Marine Science Laboratory, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Udayana University. Sampling is done by pulling the trawl horizontally with a distance of 500 meters and a constant boat speed of 5 km/hour. The composition of the types of microplastics found were film, fragment, foam and fiber. The highest composition of phytoplankton comes from the Bacillariophyceae class, while the highest composition of zooplankton comes from the Malacostraca class. The average total abundance of microplastics is 1.69 particles/m3, while the average total abundance of plankton is 2851 Ind/m3 and a ratio of 1:1687. This result shows that until now the abundance of plankton is still much greater than the abundance of microplastics in the waters. However, considering the high amount of plastic use from household and tourism activities, it can also increase the inclusion of plastic waste that will enter the ocean.

Tutupan Terumbu Karang pada Kedalaman Berbeda di Perairan Pantai Batu Sungu, Desa Les, Kabupaten Buleleng I Putu Dede Charles Dharma Saputra; IGB Sila Dharma; Yulianto Suteja; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 2 (2021): AGUSTUS 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i02.p07

Bali island has many magnificent underwater coral reef gardens that attract tourists. Besides Pemuteran and Menjangan island waters, Batu Sungu water has also potential to be a new tourist destination. Thus, to determine the potency and management plan in Batu Sungu waters, this research aimed to examine the overall coral cover, coral growth forms, other benthic forms, and each of their components in 5 and 10 m depths. The overall coral cover, coral growth forms, other benthic forms, and each of their components were counted by using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. Before collecting data, study sites were observed by using the Manta Tow method. Data were collected in 2 depths (5 dan 10 m) with 5 sites each (replicates) that separates within 50 to 150 m. A 25 m LIT was spread parallel to the coastline above the reefs. Live coral colonies, other benthic forms below the transects were measured for the number, length, and growth forms. Water quality was measured in situ (temperature, current, and clarity) and ex situ (pH). Results showed that the category of coral coverage in Batu Sungu water is "good” in 5 m and "moderate” in 10 m whereas there was no significant difference among each component of the overall coral cover. The most dominant coral growth form among the 2 depths was Coral Massive whereas significantly abundant in 5 m. Moreover, the number of Coral Foliose was found significantly high in the same depth. Other coral growth forms were relatively similar in numbers in two depths. As likewise, the cover of other benthic forms and its component were not significantly different among two depths, except Dead Coral with Algae which significantly plentiful in 5 m. Sand was dominantly found in two depths with no significant difference. Furthermore, Coraline Alga was only observed in 5 m, however, there were no Macroalga and Alga Assemblages found at this depth. It is assumed that the similarity number of the overall coral cover, coral growth forms, other benthic forms, and each of their components is related to the alikeness of water quality among the two depths.

Hubungan Klorofil-a dan Suhu Permukaan Laut (SPL) Terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Lemuru Sardinella lemuru di Selat Bali Menggunakan Citra Aqua MODIS Tahun 2009-2018 Rony Clinton; I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 5 No 1 (2022): FEBRUARI 2022
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2022.v05.i01.p08

Oceanographic parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a in the water can influence the productivity of pelagic fish such as Lemuru. Many studies have been conducted on the relationship between SST and chlorophyll-a and the fluctuations in the catch of Lemuru fish, especially using satellite databased sensing technology. Most of the research using satellite data is done in a short-term period (not climatology), so there are still a lot of unanswered questions. One of them is: how the correlation between the fluctuation in the number of Lemuru fish catches is related to SST and chlorophyll-a in the ENSO and IOD periods. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of SST and chlorophyll-a concentrations and their relationship with the yield of Lemuru fish catches in the Bali Strait from 2009 to 2018. Aqua Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data level 2 from Oceancolor and data on the number of fish caught in the Bali Strait from the National Fisheries Port (PPN) Pengambengan and UPT PPP Muncar. The method is used with correlation analysis between SST and chlorophyll-a to the number of Lemuru fish caught. The monthly average SST in Bali Strait waters from 2009 to 2018 was approximately 24,76 0C-30, 11 0C, with an estimated monthly chlorophyll-a concentration of 0,10 mg/m3-3,68 mg/m3. The spatial distribution of SST tends to be low in the southern Bali Strait and tends to be high in the northern Bali Strait. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a appears to have a high value in the near land area. The cross-correlation test between chlorophyll-a and the number of Lemuru catches showed a positive correlation yield at the 4th month lag. While the correlation of SST to the number of Lemuru fish catches shows a positive correlation at lag (-1).

Strategi Pengurangan Sampah Plastik di Laut Pada Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida : Studi Kasus Pulau Nusa Lembongan I Kadek Yogi Wiantara; I Gede Hendrawan; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 2 (2021): AGUSTUS 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i02.p08

Coastal and marine areas on small islands have a higher vulnerability to the impact of plastic waste, where plastic is a material that is difficult to decompose. Nusa Lembongan Island is one of the small islands that is included in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) and is one of the world's marine tourism destinations with various tourism activities in it. Tourism activities have a large enough opportunity for plastic waste pollution in the environment. This study aims to develop a priority strategy for reducing plastic waste based on the approach of internal and external factors on the island of Nusa Lembongan using the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Data were collected by observation, literature study, interviews, and questionnaires. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The results of the data obtained were analyzed using the SWOT method which resulted in alternative strategies which were then analyzed using the AHP method. The results of the study indicate that the priority strategy is to maximize environmental facilities and add segregated waste bins to create mutually beneficial relationships with groups of self-management services and to realize the prevention of the use of single-use plastic waste as stated in Pergub Bali no. 97 of 2018 take advantage of the support of local NGOs to carry out synergistic and sustainable socialization.

Identifikasi jenis penyakit dan prevalensi penyakit karang pada terumbu karang diperairan pemuteran Putu Hernanda Krishna Ariszandy; I Dewa Nyoman Nurweda Putra; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2020): FEBRUARI 2020
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Coral reef ecosystems play an important role in many aspects of human beings as one third of Indonesian population are living in coastal areas and depend their lives on this ecosystem. However, this ecosystem is threatened by various factors, one of them is coral disease. Increased sea water temperature, sedimentation, and pollutants can increase the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that cause coral disease. The data of coral diseases was collected byqpurposive samplingpmethod which was chosen based on the presence of coral reefs and coastal conditions at each station in a belt transect of 20 x 2 m. Furthermore, coral diseases and coral species were identified based on identification books. The prevalence of coral disease was calculated by divided the total number of coral colonies with the total number of diseased coral then multiplied by 100%. Results showed that the highest coral disease prevalence were at site 3 and 4. Meanwhile, site 1 and 2 were lower than those sites. It was suggested that the coral disease prevalence is related to the domestic input from the coastal. As site 1 and 2 were relatively low populated than site 3 and 4.

Laju Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Transplan Karang Lunak Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla dan S. asterolobata Pada Lokasi Budidaya Berbeda Putu Agus Arisudana; I Wayan Arthana; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 1 (2021): FEBRUARI 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i01.p01

Soft corals are the second-largest group of biotas that consist of coral reef ecosystem other than hard corals. The ecology function of soft coral such as a place to live and shelter various types of fish, soft coral also has a high economic value as an export commodity for the ornamental aquarium and the potency in pharmacology. The great economy potency can urge to uncontrolled natural taken. One of the alternatives is by culturing with transplantation method. Environment and different growth responses among soft coral species are the factors that shows the success method research used. The aims of this research were to examine the average growth rates of different transplanted soft coral species, culturing location, and the presence of interaction between different species of transplanted soft coral and culturing location towards growth rates. The average survival rates of different species of transplanted soft corals that cultured in a different location. Culturing location was located inside and outside of Pegametan bay, Buleleng regency. There were three soft coral species Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata with five replicates each. The soft corals were fragmented with initial size ± 25 cm2 then sewed to the cement substrate. It was placed randomly to the transplant table at different culturing locations. The increased size of each transplanted soft coral species, the number of survivals and environmental parameters were observed in every two weeks for 12 weeks. Results showed that the average growth rates of soft corals significantly differed among species (P<0.05), whereas the average growth rates of transplanted L. strictum were the lowest among others. In contrast, the average growth rates of transplanted S. polydactyla, and S. asterolobata were not significantly different (P = 0.100) at all locations. The average growth rates of all transplanted soft corals were significantly lower when cultured inside the bay (P<0.05). It is found that the different average growth rates of transplanted soft corals were due to the interaction between soft coral species and location. The results also demonstrated that the average survival rates were significantly varied among transplanted soft coral species (P<0.05). All transplanted soft corals cultured outside of the bay reached 100% survival rates. It is suggested that the morphology and anatomy of each soft coral species and environmental conditions contribute to the success of soft corals transplantation.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Konsentrasi Klorofil–a pada Kultur Mikroalga Chaetoceros gracilis terhadap Perbedaan Suhu Kultur Ni Luh Putu Citra Adriyanti; I Wayan Arthana; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 1 (2021): FEBRUARI 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i01.p06

Microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis is widely used in aquaculture. Its culture highly depends on environmental factors, particularly temperature. This study aimed to examine the growth rate and its growth trend of C. gracilis, also chlorophyll-a concentration at different temperature. cultures were incubated at 25, 30 dan 340C for seven days using Na media with three replicates. Cell density was counted every day using a hemocytometer, whereas the concentration of chlorophyll-a was measured in spectrophotometry method. The differences in growth rates and chlorophyll-a concentration at different temperatures were statistically analyzed with One-Way ANOVA. The difference variables were further tested with the Tukey HSD test. The trend of the growth and duration of C. gracilis at 25 and 30 0C were similar, with the lag phase (three days), logarithmic (two days), stationary (one day), and declination (one day), in contrast at 34 0C that had lower duration and missed the stationary phase. The growth rates of microalgae C. gracilis was insignificantly differences at the temperature of 25 and 30 0C (0.7±0.05 cell/ml/day), but significantly lower at 340C (0.28±0.03 cell/ml/day). The chlorophyll-a concentrations at the temperature of 25 and 30 0C were not significantly different (0.37±0.05 and 0.39±0.03 mg/l), while the chlorophyll-a concentration at 34 0C was significantly lower (0.26±0.04 mg/l). This result indicates the high temperature (34 0C) inhibited the metabolism of C. gracilis as shown by doubling times that slower (2.5 day) than the temperature at 25 and 30 0C. It is concluded that the optimum temperatures for the C. gracilis were 25 and 30 0C, where as 340C was the inhibited temperature.

Pertumbuhan Transplan Karang Lunak Sinularia polydactyla dan S. asterolobata Berdasarkan Metode Tebar Dasar dan Penempelan Substrat Pada Lokasi yang Berbeda I Dewa Anom Agung Dwi Putra Jayantika; IGB Sila Dharma; Widiastuti Widiastuti
Journal of Marine Research and Technology Vol 4 No 1 (2021): FEBRUARI 2021
Publisher : Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMRT.2021.v04.i01.p07

Soft coral transplantations are widely used for rehabilitation of coral reef ecosystems and commercial needs with common method are substrated-attached and placed on the metal table frame. These methods are considered as costly. This study aimed to examine the difference in the average growth of transplanted soft corals Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata, spreading on the seabed and substrate-attached methods at different location. Transplantation was conducted inside and outside Pegametan Bay, Buleleng. Soft coral fragments were spread on the seabed and attached with cement. The increased sizes and survival rates of the transplanted soft corals were observed every two weeks. The differences in the average growth rates among soft coral species, transplantation methods and locations were analyzed by three-factor ANOVA and survival rates were analyzed by using the Log-Rank test. The results showed no significant difference in the average growth rates between S. polydactyla and S. asterolobata (P =0,104) and transplantation methods (P=0,141). The average growth rate of transplanted soft corals outside was significantly higher (P=0,025) than those inside the bay. This study indicated that the interaction between soft coral species, methods, and location significantly differed the average growth rates of the transplanted soft corals. The average survival rates demonstrated that there was no significant difference among transplanted soft coral species within similar locations in both methods. In contrast, the average survival rates of transplanted soft coral outside were significantly higher than those inside the bay in both methods that reached >80%.

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