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EFEKTIFITAS POLA KEMITRAAN INTI-PLASMA DAN PRODUKTIFITAS, USAHA TERNAK AYAM BROILER PETERNAK PLASMA DAN MANDIRI SERTA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN Suwarta, Suwarta; Irham, Irham; Hartono, Slamet
Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Vol 4, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (274.318 KB)

Abstract

This research aims to recognize : (a) effective of partnership Inti-Plasma pattern, (b)productivity business livestock broiler chicken partnership Inti-Plasma pattern and independent, and the factors influence. This research is done in Sleman, DIY. The like of analysis unit primary data is resulted of direct interview with one whose work is to rear cattle broiler chicken sample at 2008 – 2009 year. To recognize effective of partnership inti-plasma pattern, with the method deference of evenly test of : (1) evenly percent of production broiler chicken is sold to company with 100 percents, (2)on the average of production’s price and weft’s price, doc’s price is to be paid by company and plasma with production’s price and weft’s price, doc’s price in contract, and (3) on the average of percent of debt with is to be paid by plasma commensurate with contract. To count of the productivity, with the method to divide of the total production with the wide of stable. To calculation productivity function of business livestock broiler chicken, is used OLS method of natural equalization.The result of research show that : (a) performance of partnership ”inti-plasma” business broiler chicken livestock was effective. The condition mentioned is showed by : (1) all of production is sold to company, (2) the production price and weft price, doc price compatible with contract, and (3)evenly percent of debt is to be paid compatible with contract; (b) productivity business livestock broiler chicken for respectively one whose work is to rear cattle group are : (1) one whose work is to rear cattle plasma 15.75 kg/m2, (2) one whose work is to rear cattle independent 13.78 kg/m2,(3) one whose work is to rear cattle “plasma-inti mandiri” 15.43 kg/m2, and (4) one whose work is to rear cattle ”plasma-inti pabrikan” 16.93 kg/m2. That except, according to part, productivity business livestock broiler chicken is influenced by : (1) amount of doc (0.47458);(2) amount of weft (0.45074); (3) amount of “ovk” (0.03527); (4) age (-0.074361),(5) experience (0.0395); and wide of stable (-0.9803).Keyword : Effective, Partnership Inti-Plasma pattern, Productivity
THE TESTING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS THE ATTEMPT TO REMODEL THE FACTOR OF PRODUCTION IN THE RICE FARMING Darmadji, Darmadji; Suwarta, Suwarta
JOURNAL OF SOCIOECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Vol 1, No 1 (2018): Journal of Socioeconomics and Development
Publisher : Widyagama University of Malang (UWG Press)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (33.557 KB) | DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i1.513

Abstract

The objective of this study was to test whether entrepreneurship can be included as a new production factor in farming business management. This study was intended to make improvement of classic economic factors of production. To achieve the purpose, the research was conducted on the rice farming at Pakis and Karangploso districts of Malang Regency, East Java. Methods analysis used were Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with PLS smart program. Primary data was collected from the farmers by interviews based on a list of prepared questions. The analysis result showed that entrepreneurship had direct effect to increase on the performance of paddy farming. This result makes more reinforced to incorporate entrepreneurship as new factor of production in farm management. The classic theory of factor of production was important to be updated because there are many empirical facts that conceptually had influence to the farming production. One of empirical facts was internal potential that owned by every farmer which is called as entrepreneurship spirit.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ON INCOME AND THE RISK OF INCOME IN THE BROILER CHICKEN FARMING Suwarta, Suwarta; Hanafie, Rita
JOURNAL OF SOCIOECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Vol 1, No 1 (2018): Journal of Socioeconomics and Development
Publisher : Widyagama University of Malang (UWG Press)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (33.557 KB) | DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i1.514

Abstract

Broiler meat is an important commodity to support national meat production and increase farmer's income. However, the broiler farmers are generally in a weak position in terms of poultry management. They require best management practices for increasing the business volume and income as well. This study aims to study the achievement of broiler farming business management, and the influence of the business management on income and its income in their broiler farms. This research was conducted in Lamongan regency. It used the primary data from selected the broiler farmers. The analysis method used was descriptive approach and multiple regression. The result shows that the achievement of broiler business management comprises planning 67.6%, organizing 65.68%, directing 84.18%, coordination 75.43%, and control 77.58%. The management of broiler business has a positive effect on income but negatively affects the income risk. In addition, the income of broilers is positively influenced by the cage size, experience, and business volume, and conversely, this is negatively affected by seed prices and feed prices. Meanwhile, the income risk of broiler business is positively influenced by seed price and feed price, and contrarily it is negatively influenced by the size of cage and the business volume
THE TESTING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS THE ATTEMPT TO REMODEL THE FACTOR OF PRODUCTION IN THE RICE FARMING Darmadji, Darmadji; Suwarta, Suwarta
JOURNAL OF SOCIOECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Vol 1, No 1 (2018): Journal of Socioeconomics and Development
Publisher : Widyagama University of Malang (UWG Press)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (33.557 KB) | DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i1.518

Abstract

The objective of this study was to test whether entrepreneurship can be included as a new production factor in farming business management. This study was intended to make improvement of classic economic factors of production. To achieve the purpose, the research was conducted on the rice farming at Pakis and Karangploso districts of Malang Regency, East Java. Methods analysis used were Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with PLS smart program. Primary data was collected from the farmers by interviews based on a list of prepared questions. The analysis result showed that entrepreneurship had direct effect to increase on the performance of paddy farming. This result makes more reinforced to incorporate entrepreneurship as new factor of production in farm management. The classic theory of factor of production was important to be updated because there are many empirical facts that conceptually had influence to the farming production. One of empirical facts was internal potential that owned by every farmer which is called as entrepreneurship spirit.
PERSEPSI TERHADAP OBYEK WISATA: UPAYA EDUKASI DAN PROMOSI UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA COBAN TALUN, KOTA BATU Nugroho, Iwan; Yuniar, Hefifa Rhesa; Negara, Purnawan D; Hanafie, Rita; Suwarta, Suwarta; Sudiyono, Sudiyono; Paramita, Niken
Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH) CIASTECH 2021 "Kesiapan Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Krisis Energi Global"
Publisher : Universitas Widyagama Malang

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Abstract

Edukasi konservasi lingkungan dan budaya dalam pengembangan jasa ekowisata menarik untuk diteliti.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin menggali persepsi mahasiswa terhadap obyek wisata, lingkungan dan penggunaan media sosial untuk mempromosikan dan edukasi konservasi lingkungan.  Survei dan wawancara dilakukan terhadap mahasiswa yang melakukan studi lapang di obyek wisata Coban Talun (kota Batu).  Variabel yang diteliti adalah persepsi terhadap obyek wisata, interaksi berkelompok, permasalahan, dan pemanfaatan media sosial.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa memberikan persepsi yang positif dan signifikan terhadap keindahan, khususnya  air terjun dan obyek wisata buatan.  Berkelompok memberi manfaat untuk melindungi atau menjaga keselamatan, dan menjadi wadah untuk berdiskusi tentang konservasi alam.  Aspek lingkungan menjadi potensi permasalahan yang berasal dari menurunnya keanekaragaman hayati, dan terganggunya sumber mata air atau suplai air bersih. Sementara itu, media sosial untuk mempromosikan wisata adalah Whatsapp, Instagram, dan Facebook.
ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH PRODUK CABE AKIBAT OVER SUPPLY DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI DI KECAMATAN KARANGPLOSO KABUPATEN MALANG) Julitasari, Evi Nurifah; Suwarta, Suwarta
Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH) CIASTECH 2020 "Peranan Strategis Teknologi Dalam Kehidupan di Era New Normal"
Publisher : Universitas Widyagama Malang

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Abstract

Akibat pandemi Covid-19, masyarakat tidak hanya mengalami krisis kesehatan tetapi juga krisis ekonomi. Perusahaan, bisnis hotel,dan restoran tutup sehingga permintaan produk pertanian turun akibatnya harga turun. Petani cabe di desa Bocek kecamatan Karangploso, mengalami penurunan harga yang drastis sehingga mengalami kerugian. Pengolahan cabe menjadi Cabe Kering diharapkan akan meningkatkan nilai tambah (value added), oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian : 1) menghitung keuntungan petani. 2) menghitung nilai tambah produk cabe kering. Analisis usahatani dan nilai tambah digunakan untuk menganalisis permasalahan yang ada. Rata-rata pendapatan kotor petani cabe adalah Rp. 40.000.000/ha, biaya produksi sebesar 24.295.000/ha dan  penerimaan bersih rata-rata sebesar Rp. 15.705.000/hektar/tahun. Jika dibagi dalam setahun rata-rata penerimaan bersih petani cabe sebesar Rp.1.308.000,-/bulan. Hasil analisis nilai tambah dari cabe basah ke cabe kering glondongan adalah Rp. 10.040, artinya setiap kilogram harga cabe basah akan ditambahkan Rp. 10.040,/kg apabila diolah menjadi cabe kering dan ini akan sangat mensejahterakan petani cabe. Perlu upaya untuk mengajak petani mengolah hasil panennya menjadi produk olahan.
EFEKTIFITAS POLA KEMITRAAN INTI-PLASMA DAN PRODUKTIFITAS, USAHA TERNAK AYAM BROILER PETERNAK PLASMA DAN MANDIRI SERTA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN Suwarta Suwarta; Irham Irham; Slamet Hartono
Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (J-SEP) Vol 4 No 1 (2010)
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This research aims to recognize : (a) effective of partnership Inti-Plasma pattern, (b)productivity business livestock broiler chicken partnership Inti-Plasma pattern and independent, and the factors influence. This research is done in Sleman, DIY. The like of analysis unit primary data is resulted of direct interview with one whose work is to rear cattle broiler chicken sample at 2008 – 2009 year. To recognize effective of partnership inti-plasma pattern, with the method deference of evenly test of : (1) evenly percent of production broiler chicken is sold to company with 100 percents, (2)on the average of production’s price and weft’s price, doc’s price is to be paid by company and plasma with production’s price and weft’s price, doc’s price in contract, and (3) on the average of percent of debt with is to be paid by plasma commensurate with contract. To count of the productivity, with the method to divide of the total production with the wide of stable. To calculation productivity function of business livestock broiler chicken, is used OLS method of natural equalization.The result of research show that : (a) performance of partnership ”inti-plasma” business broiler chicken livestock was effective. The condition mentioned is showed by : (1) all of production is sold to company, (2) the production price and weft price, doc price compatible with contract, and (3)evenly percent of debt is to be paid compatible with contract; (b) productivity business livestock broiler chicken for respectively one whose work is to rear cattle group are : (1) one whose work is to rear cattle plasma 15.75 kg/m2, (2) one whose work is to rear cattle independent 13.78 kg/m2,(3) one whose work is to rear cattle “plasma-inti mandiri” 15.43 kg/m2, and (4) one whose work is to rear cattle ”plasma-inti pabrikan” 16.93 kg/m2. That except, according to part, productivity business livestock broiler chicken is influenced by : (1) amount of doc (0.47458);(2) amount of weft (0.45074); (3) amount of “ovk” (0.03527); (4) age (-0.074361),(5) experience (0.0395); and wide of stable (-0.9803).Keyword : Effective, Partnership Inti-Plasma pattern, Productivity
PENGARUH FAKTOR KOMUNIKASI, SUMBER-DAYA, DISPOSISI DAN STRUKTUR BIROKRASI DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN SISTEM INFORMASI ADMINISTRASI KEPENDUDUKAN (SIAK) TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PEMBUATAN KARTU TANDA PENDUDUK (KTP) DI KECAMATAN KESAMBI KOTA CIREBON suwarta suwarta
Jurnal Ilmiah Publika Vol 1, No 2 (2013): JURNAL PUBLIKA
Publisher : Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33603/publika.v1i2.23

Abstract

Masalah dalam penelitian ini dirumuskan dalam bentuk pernyataan masalah (problem statement) yaitu Efektivitas pembuatan KTP di Kecamatan Kesambi Kota Cirebon belum efektif, hal ini diduga berkaitan erat  dengan faktor-faktor : komunikasi, sumberdaya, disposisi dan struktur birokrasi dalam implementasi kebijakan SIAK yang tidak optimal.            Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, maka identifikasi masalah dalam bentuk pertanyaan yaitu (1) Seberapa besar pengaruh komunikasi terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP di ? (2) Seberapa besar pengaruh sumber daya terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP ? (3) Seberapa besar pengaruh disposisi terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP ? (4) Seberapa besar pengaruh struktur birokrasi terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP ? (5) Seberapa besar pengaruh komunikasi, sumber daya, disposisi dan struktur birokrasi dalam kebijakan SIAK terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP?            Hipotesis penelitian ini yaitu (1) Komunikasi kebijakan berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP (2) Sumberdaya kebijakan berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (3) Disposisi kebijakan berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (4) Struktur birokrasi kebijakan berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (5) Komunikasi, sumberdaya, disposisi, dan struktur birokrasi dalam kebijakan SIAK berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP.Pengumpulan data dalam Penelitian ini dengan teknik studi literatur, dan studi lapangan, yaitu untuk mengumpulkan data dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan angket.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey dengan tipa deskriptif, dan sampel yang diambil dari seluruh anggota populasi dengan menggunakan teknik sensus. Metode dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis statistik seperti ; uji validitas dan reliabilitas, dan analisis regresi linear berganda dengan bantuan SPSS versi 16,0 for windows.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas pembuatan KTP dipengaruhi oleh (1) faktor komunikasi secara langsung sebesar 10,76 % dan tidak langsung sebesar 7,13 % dan untuk regresi berganda menggunakan koefisien determinasi yang disesuaikan (Adjusted R-Square) pengaruh positif antara faktor komunikasi sebesar 29,7 % terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (2) faktor sumberdaya secara langsung sebesar 9,06 % dan tidak langsung sebesar 8,74 % dan untuk regresi berganda menggunakan koefisien determinasi yang disesuaikan (Adjusted R-Square) pengaruh positif antara faktor sumberdaya sebesar 35 % terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (3) faktor disposisi secara langsung sebesar 7,51 % dan tidak langsung sebesar 6,82 % dan untuk regresi berganda menggunakan koefisien determinasi yang disesuaikan (Adjusted R-Square) pengaruh positif antara faktor disposisi sebesar 27,4 % terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (4) faktor struktur birokrasi secara langsung sebesar 4,57 % dan tidak langsung sebesar 5,41 % dan untuk regresi berganda menggunakan koefisien determinasi yang disesuaikan (Adjusted R-Square) pengaruh positif antara faktor struktur birokrasi sebesar 21,7 % terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP. (5) faktor komunikasi, sumberdaya, disposisi, dan struktur birokrasi secara langsung sebesar 31,9 % dan tidak langsung sebesar 28,1 % dan untuk regresi berganda menggunakan koefisien determinasi yang disesuaikan (Adjusted R-Square) pengaruh positif antara faktor komunikasi, sumberdaya, disposisi, dan struktur birokrasi sebesar 60 % terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP.Berdasarkan temuan dalam penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis yang mengatakan bahwa faktor komunikasi, sumberdaya, disposisi dan struktur birokrasi berpengaruh besar terhadap efektivitas pembuatan KTP di Kecamatan Kesambi Kota Cirebon, teruji.   ABSTRACT The problem in this study is formulated in the form of a statement that the issue Effectiveness of making KTP in the District Kesambi Cirebon not effective, it is believed to be related closely to the factors: communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure in which policy implementation is not optimal SIAK.Based on the above, then the identification problem in the form of questions: (1) How big is the influence of communication on the effectiveness of the KTP? (2) How much influence on the effectiveness of resource KTP? (3) How much influence the disposition of the effectiveness of KTP? (4) How big is the influence of bureaucratic structure on the effectiveness of KTP? (5) How big is the influence of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure in SIAK of the effectiveness of policy making KTP?The hypothesis of this study are (1) Communication major effect on the effectiveness of policy making KTP (2) Resources policies greatly affect the effectiveness of the KTP. (3) The disposition policies greatly affect the effectiveness of the KTP. (4) The structure of bureaucratic policy-making influence on the effectiveness of KTP. (5) Communication, resources, disposition, and the structure of the bureaucracy in policy SIAK major effect on the effectiveness of making KTP.Collecting data in this study with the technique literature, and field studies, is to gather data by observation, interviews and questionnaires.The research method used in this research is method survey with descriptive TIPA, and samples taken from all members of the population using census techniques. Methods were analyzed using statistical analysis such as validity and reliability, and multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS version 16.0 for windows.The results showed that the effectiveness of the KTP is affected by (1) factors of communication directly and indirectly 10.76% of 7.13% and for multiple regression using the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted R-Square) between the positive effects of communication factors 29.7% of the effectiveness of making KTP. (2) resource factor of 9.06% directly and indirectly, by 8.74% and for multiple regression using the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted R-Square) between the positive influence of resource factors of 35% of the effectiveness of making KTP. (3) direct the disposition of a factor of 7.51% and 6.82% for indirect and for multiple regression using the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted R-Square) between the positive influence of disposition factors of 27.4% on the effectiveness of making KTP. (4) bureaucratic structure factor of 4.57% directly and indirectly, by 5.41% and for multiple regression using the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted R-Square) between the positive influence of the bureaucratic structure factor of 21.7% on the effectiveness of making KTP. (5) factors of communication, resources, disposition, and the bureaucratic structure of 31.9% directly and indirectly, by 28.1% and for multiple regression using the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted R-Square) between the positive effects of communication factors, resource , disposition, and the structure of the bureaucracy by 60% of the effectiveness of making KTP.Based on the findings in the study, it can be concluded that the hypothesis that the factors of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure greatly affect the effectiveness of the KTP in the District Kesambi Cirebon, tested..
STRATEGI PEMASARAN ANGGREK DAN KARAKTERISTIK PETANI PLASMA USAHA KEBUN ANGGREK SINGOSARI MALANG Evi Nurifah Julitasari; suwarta suwarta; Martina Natan; Kiyono Kiyono
Prosidia Widya Saintek Vol 1, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Widyagama Malang

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Abstract

Anggrek merupakan tanaman hias yang sangat prospektif dan mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi. Daya tarik tanaman anggrek sepanjang masa baik dari dalam dan luar negeri. Untuk menghasilkan bunga anggek membutuhkan waktu lama, oleh karena itu pekebun, floris bekerjasama untuk menjual anggrek. Bentuk kerjasama plasma dan Inti juga dilakukan  Kebun Anggrek Singosari sebagai inti bekerjasama dengan Petani sebagai plasma. Kemitraan inti dan plasma untuk menjamin kontinuitas supply dan pemberdayaan petani anggrek. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui strategi pemasaran Kebun Anggrek dan mengetahui karakteristik petani plasma. Metode yang digunakan analisis SWOT dan diskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor internal yang menjadi kekuatan kebun Anggrek Singgosari yaitu bibit yang berkualitas,  pemasaran online dan gerai Outlet. Karakteristik petani plasma anggrek menunjukkan sebagian besar berdomisili di sekitar Kebun Anggrek Singosari (65%), Lama usaha 4 s/d 5 tahun ( 50% ), berada pada usia produktif yaitu 31 s/d 40 tahun yaitu sebanyak 33 % dan berpendidikan SMA/sederajat  (52,6%).
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA, EFISIENSI, TITIK IMPAS DAN KEUNTUNGAN USAHA KERIPIK TEMPE KEDELAI DI KAMPUNG SANAN PURWANTORO BLIMBING MALANG Suwarta Suwarta; Muhammad Nurul Ilham; Kiyono Kiyono
Prosidia Widya Saintek Vol 1, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Widyagama Malang

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Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) kelayakan usaha keripik tempe kedelai, (2) efisiensi usaha keripik tempe kedelai, dan (3) titik impas usaha keripik tempe kedelai, dan (4) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keuntungan usaha keripik tempe kedelai. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kampung Sanan, kelurahan Purwantoro, kecamatan Blimbing, kota Malang. Pemilihan lokasi dengan pertimbangan bahwa kampung Sanan merupakan daerah penghasil keripik tempe kedelai paling banyak di kota Malang, dimana dalam satu kali produksi menghasilkan 5 ton lebih. Jumlah sampel sebagai satuan analisis adalah Pengrajin keripik tempe kedelai, sebanyak 69 pengerajin yang diambil dengan metode slovin dengan tingkat kepercayaan (α) 10 persen. Alat analisis dengan menggunakan : (1) formula R/C ratio, (2) formula B/C ratio, dan (3) formula BEP (unit) = FC/P-V, BEP (rupiah) = TFC/1-TVC/S, dan (4) Model regresi linier berganda dengan bentuk natural (Ln). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) kelayakan usaha sebesar 1,31 lebih besar 1 yang berarti layak diusahakan, (2) efisiensi usaha sebesar 0,31 lebih besar 1 yang berarti menguntungkan untuk diusahakan, (3) BEP (unit) sebanyak 18,3 unit dan BEP (Rp) sebesar Rp 548.262,- , dan (4) keuntungan usaha keripik tempe kedelai dipengaruhi oleh (a) harga tempe kedelai, negative, (b) harga tepung kanji, negative, (c) harga tepung terigu, negative, (d) harga bawang putih, negative, (e) harga minyak goreng, positif, (f) tingkat pendidikan pengerajin, positif, dan (g) pengalaman pengerajin, positif. Sementara itu, harga telur, upah tenaga kerja, dan umur pengerajin tidak berpengaruh. Untuk meningkatkan keuntungan usaha kripik tempe kedelai, disamping memperbaiki pengelolaan usaha sehingga pengaruh variable independent terhadap keuntungan baik. Selain itu juga perlu mengoptimalkan penggunaan tenaga kerja, yaitu misalnya dengan cara menambah insentif upah.