Elizabeth Wina
Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production

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MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION ON CORN USED BY FEED MILLS IN INDONESIA Tangendjaja, Budi; Rachmawati, Sri; Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 9, No 2 (2008): October 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Abstract

Mycotoxins which are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxin contamination on local and imported corn samples collected from different feed mills in Indonesia. Three hundred fifty six of corn samples (0.50 kg each) were sent by several feed mills to the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production during 2005-2006. The background information accompanied with each sample was country/province of origins, harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, moisture levels, grades, and varieties. The samples were analyzed for various mycotoxins, i.e aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin (OCRA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin using commercial kits, except for AFLwhich was analysed using a kit developed by the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science. The results showed that average AFL level in the contaminated corn originated from Indonesia was 59 µg kg-1, almost 7 times higher than that imported from the USA or Argentina. Among the types of mycotoxins detected, FUM was the highest with an average of 1193 µg kg-1, followed by DON, ZEN and OCRA at level of 324, 22 and 2 µg kg-1, respectively. Mycotoxin levels in the contaminated local corn samples varied depending on the province of origins as well as harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, and moisture contents. The least mycotoxin contaminations were found on corn originated from NorthSumatra and Lampung with the AFL levels were < 20 and < 50 µg kg-1, respectively, lower than those from East Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi (64-87 µg kg-1). Mycotoxin levels, however, were less affected by grading made by feed mills and corn varieties. It is indicated that AFL was the most important mycotoxin as far as for animal feeding concerned, as itcontaminated almost 50% of local corn with the level of contamination above the Indonesian National Standard, i.e. 50 µg kg-1. The study suggests that postharvest methods of local corn must be improved to reduce mycotoxin contamination.
Utilization of Yeast as Feed Additive to Improve Ruminant Production Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (363.021 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v9i2.721

Abstract

Yeast has been known and used in human life long time ago. Recently, yeast is used as feed additive for ruminant in overseas countries. There are a lot of strains and varieties of yeast but its type of strain or variety for ruminant feed is not mentioned. For ruminant feed, yeast is sold as live-cell yeast or mixture of yeast with its medium growth. Yeast can manipulate rumen by increasing cellulolytic bacteria so that the digestibility increased and consequently improving daily gain. The role of local yeast in improving ruminant production in Indonesia has not been deeply studied even though a good response found in the in vitro result.   Key words: Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ruminant, feed additive
Banana Plant as Ruminant Feed Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (398.974 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v11i1.758

Abstract

Banana plant is a very common and very quickly multiplied plant in tropical areas such Indonesia. Its potential usage as animal or ruminant feed in Indonesia has not been deeply studied, whereas in Latin American countries, this plant has been well used as animal feed. The proximate analysis shows that the moisture content is extremely high in pseudostem, which can be a hindrance in intake. The ash content is also very high indicating a very high mineral level in pseudostem. The water fraction, contained high soluble minerals, phenolic compounds and simple sugar compounds, whereas the presence of starch in corm may be used as an energy source. Feeding banana plant usually is mixed with other feedstuff as protein or energy source, therefore banana plant is utilized as roughage substituting grasses. There is a need to look for other potential usage of banana plant, which may be as energy or mineral source or as protein protector.   Key words: Banana, ruminant
The Technology of Utilizing Microorganism in Feed to Improve Ruminant Productivity in Indonesia: A Review Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1359.065 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v15i4.817

Abstract

Several different technologies are required to inaintain feed availability, to improve feed quality and to optimize rumen function so that the animal production in Indonesia can be increased. The technology by utilizing microorganism in food has been known for a long time. Utilization of microorganism could be in the forms of probiotic (bacteria, fungi, yeast or their mixtures), fermentation products or extracted products of fermentation process (enzymes). This paper describes several research results that have been published locally in recent years about the utilization of microorganism or its products in ruminant feed. Several pure microorganisms or mixtures of microorganisms have been available commercially and some of them are also produced and developed by the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production. They have been applied for rice straw fermentation, for improving the quality of agricultural by products such as palm oil by products or for improving the rumen function. Biological treatment using microorganism has a good prospect in the future, however, it should be supported by more specific and deeper research about the characteristics of the microorganisms. A standard and feed safety regulation on the use of single or mixture of microorganism is required to be established. Keywords: Microorganism, probiotic, silage, fennentation, ruminant
Processing and Nutritional Value of Corn By-Product as Ruminant Feed Umiyasih, Uum; Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (161.955 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v18i3.897

Abstract

Corn is a commodity that can be used as food or feed since in some areas, it sometimes replaces rice as the staple food and is also required as feed ingredient especially for poultry. There are several kinds of by-products produced after corn harvest and from  corn  based industry.  These  by-products are  very  potential  to  be used  as  ruminant  feed.  Nutritional  quality  of  corn by-products varies but is not high enough to be used as a sole diet. To optimize its utilization, by-products quality should be improved and should be supplemented by other feed ingredients. Simple preservation technology of corn by-products should be continously disseminated and done by farmers to provide sustainable feed for their livestock during dry season.   Key words: Corn by-products, feed, ruminant
Utilization of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal and its Limitation as Feed Ingredient Wina, Elizabeth; IWR, Susana; Pasaribu, Tiurma
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (139.283 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v18i1.906

Abstract

One of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas, known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal.   Key words: Jatropha curcas, anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, problem
Utilization of Tannin Containing Shrub Legumes for Small Ruminant Production in Indonesia Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 20, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (147.878 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v20i1.945

Abstract

Shrub legumes have been well established in Indonesia and some of which contain significant levels of tannin. Several methods of tannin analysis have been conducted and correlated with its biological property of tannin. Total phenolics and total tannin measured by Folin Ciocalteau have a high correlation with the biological assay of tannin using gas in vitro method. Tannin values measured by the above methods negatively correlated with protein digestibility. Several feeding experiments on tannin containing shrub legumes using Calliandra calothyrsus as a model plant have been conducted. Feeding in fresh condition or silage form is the best way of feeding tannin containing forages. Several methods were tested to deactivate tannin include PEG addition, soaking in water or alkaline solution. Starch addition is one of the alternatives to mask the effect of tannin as it improved the performance of sheep fed tannin-containing legumes. Cofeeding with other leguminous leaves is another technique to utilize tannin in shrub legumes as protein binding agent. Several experiments showed that tannin could reduce the worm burden in ruminant although its utilization as anthelminthic agent in Indonesia is still limited. In conclusion, tannin containing shrub legumes have several beneficial effects to improve small ruminant production. Key words: Tannin, legumes, protein binding, anthelmintic agent, small ruminant
The Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds to Mitigate Enteric Methane in Ruminants and its Application in Indonesia Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 22, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (213.745 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v22i1.972

Abstract

Worldwide, increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become a major concern as they are now considered to be the cause of global warming. Several strategies have been planned and taken by different countries including Indonesia to mitigate this situation. Agriculture is considered to be one of major contributors to GHG, especially methane coming from ruminant digestive processes. More than 85% of the methane produced by ruminants comes from enteric fermentation. Several options have been proposed to lower this enteric methane production. This paper describes a review on diet manipulation using feed additives, especially plant bioactive compounds, to mitigate the GHG emission from ruminant livestock. Plant bioactive compounds  have  been  found  with  various  chemical structures.  Some  of  them  such  as  saponin,  tannin, essential oils, organosulphur compounds, have been reported to have ability to reduce enteric methane production. Indonesia has many plant resources that have potential as methane reducing agents. Sapindus rarak fruit especially its methanol extract contain saponins which reduce the activity of methanogens in the rumen in vitro, hence reduce methane production (11%). Feeding S. rarak to sheep increased daily weight gain but not that of local cattle. Shrub legumes such as Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala contain tannins which can reduce methanogenesis (3 – 21% methane reduction). Besides tannin, these shrub legumes are a good source of protein. Feeding shrub legumes can be beneficial as a protein source and a methane reducer. Other sources of methane reducing agents have been tested in other countries and some can be applied for Indonesian situation. The strategy to reduce methane by plant bioactive compounds should be developed to be simple and relatively cheap so it will benefit the local farmers. Extraction of these compounds  may be expensive, therefore, costs should be considered carefully when proposing to use the extract as a feed additive for livestock raised by small farmers. It is recommended to develop a feeding system for ruminant using tannin containing plants/ legumes, saponin containing plants or other plants.   Key words: Bioactive compounds, methane, ruminant
Benefit of Protected Fat for Improving Production and Reproduction of Ruminant Wina, Elizabeth; R, Susana I W
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 4 (2013)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (263.071 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v23i4.1008

Abstract

Fat or free fatty acid is one of the energy sources which is high density and gives higher energy than any other nutrients. Indonesia has a huge potency for free fatty acid as alternative energy source for ruminant. However, in a certain amount, fat or fatty acid will cause negative effect on the rumen function. Therefore, several technologies to protect fat or fatty acid were developed. In early lactation, dairy cow requires additional energy from high density ingredient without causing any negative effect on rumen function. This paper describes fat metabolism in the rumen and post rumen, technology to protect fat or free fatty acid and the effect of protected fat or fatty acid on nutritional value, production and reproductive performances, carcass quality and milk quality. In conclusion, the utilization of protected fat or fatty acid gives positive effects on productive and reproductive performances.   Key words: Fat, fatty acid, protection, metabolism, ruminant
Growth performance of FH male calves fed milk replacer made of local ingredients for veal production Wina, Elizabeth; Mathius, I-Wayan; Tangendjaja, Budi
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 2 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (774.042 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v2i2.49

Abstract

The research was designed to evaluate the local feedstuff to be used in milk replacer (MP) and its utilization for veal production . Fifteen male calves of the Friesian Holstein breed, 5-6 weeks old were used in the experiment lasting for 8 weeks. The treatments were (i) commercial milk replacer (SPK), (ii) local (SPL-1) and (iii) mixture ofSPK and SPL-1 (SPKL). The amount of dry matter offerred is 3 % of live weight each and was given twice daily (in the morning and late afternoon) . Elephant grass (0 .5 kg) was offerred at noon . The observed parameters were average daily gain (ADG), dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake, carcass percentage, weight of carcass components, physical and chemical characteristics of meat. The results show that feed consumptions were 1,981, 1,613 and 1,050 g1day and ADGs were 897,496 and 73 g for treatments SPK, SPKL and SPL, respectively . Carcass percentage was 56.84 and 58 .76% with protein content was 87 .47 and 84 .78% for treatments  SPK and SPKL, respectively . The benefit per head of calf was higher when fed mixture of local and commercial MP than fed only commercial MP but the benefit per day was higher when fed commercial MP than mixture of local and commercial. In conclusion, a cheaper milk replacer with less milk protein content resulting in a lower gain but higher benefit per head of calf than a commercial milk replacer containing high milk protein content   Key words : veal, male calves, milk replacer