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Pemanfaatan tanin dari kulit kayu tingi (Ceriops tagal) sebagai bahan penyamak nabati: pengaruh penambahan alum dan mimosa Kasmudjiastuti, Emiliana; Sutyasmi, Sri; Widowati, Titik Purwati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 1 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of the Tingi barkâs extract as vegetable tanning material and the optimum formulations of Tingi extract for lining leather tanning, when combined with alum and mimosa. The research variables included the solution compositions of alum, Tingi extract, and mimosa, as well as the process sequences in which the hides were exposed to each aforementioned solution. There were 8 (eight) different treatments performed in this research; those are alum (4%)-Tingi, alum (6%)-Tingi, alum (4%)-Tingi-mimosa (5%), alum (6%)-Tingi-mimosa (5%), Tingi-alum (4%),Tingi-alum (6%), Tingi-mimosa (5%)-alum (4%), and Tingi-mimosa (5%)-alum (6%). Characterization methods included chemical and physical tests. The results show that the Tingi extract can be used as vegetable tanning material, and the optimum properties were obtained when the alum (4%) was added after the Tingi extract {Tingi-alum (4%)}.The optimum properties were shrinkage temperature of 86 oC; total ash content of 0.73%; water soluble matter of 0.89%; pH of 3.78; degree of tannage of 96.37%; tensile strength of 370.65 kg/cm2; elongation at break of 36.52%; rubfastness of 5 (dry); and 4 (wet). The resulting leather also meet the requirements of Ethiopian Standard 1185:2005, Leather-Lining leather-Specification. Keywords: Tingi barkâs extract, alum, mimosa, vegetable tanning, lining leather.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas ekstrak kulit kayu Tingi sebagai bahan penyamak nabati dan formulasi ekstrak Tingi yang optimal pada penyamakan kulit lapis, ketika dikombinasikan dengan alum dan mimosa. Variabel penelitian meliputi komposisi larutan alum, ekstrak Tingi, dan mimosa, serta urutan proses di mana kulit diekspos ke masing-masing larutan tersebut di atas. Terdapat 8 (delapan) perlakuan berbeda dalamÂ penelitian ini, yaitu alum (4%)-Tingi, alum (6%)-Tingi, alum (4%)-Tingi-mimosa (5%), alum (6%)-Tingi-mimosa(5%), Tingi-alum (4%), Tingi-alum (6%), Tingi-mimosa (5%)-alum (4%), and Tingi-mimosa-alum (6%). Metode karakterisasi meliputi pengujian kimia dan fisika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Tingi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penyamak nabati, dan sifat-sifat optimum diperoleh ketika penambahan alum (4%) dilakukan setelah penambahan ekstrak Tingi {Tingi-alum (4%)}. Sifat-sifat optimum tersebut adalah: suhu kerut 86oC; kadar abu jumlah 0,73%; kadar zat larut dalam air 0,89%; pH 3,78; derajat penyamakan 96,37%; penyamakan masak; kekuatan tarik 370,65 kg/cm2; kemuluran 36,52 %; ketahanan gosok cat nilai 5 (kering) dan 4 (basah). Kulit yang dihasilkan juga memenuhi persyaratan Ethiopian Standard 1185: 2005, LeatherâLining leather-Specification. Â Kata kunci : kulit kayu Tingi,Â alum, mimosa, bahan penyamak nabati,Â kulit lapis.

Pengaruh perminyakan terhadap pengecatan dasar Susanto, Heru Budi; Widowati, Titik Purwati; Hasan B, Hasan B
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 12, No 23 (1997): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the fatliquor agents on the color of the crust. Materials used on this experiment were 30 pieces of half skin, grade I â II with 0.6 â 0.7 mm in their thickness. Two types of fatliquor agents used in this experiment, there were synthetic (MI) and natural fatliquor agents (M2). Each fatliquor agents were 12% (w/w) on shave weight and dye use 2% (w/w)) on cruct weight. The results of this experiment showed that the type of fatliquor agents used influence the color of the dyed crust. All the color of the crust using natural fatliquor are darker (3,6 ; 4,5 and 5) than that one using synthetic fatliquor and control. However, the rubfastness (dry and wet) of crust using the synthetic fatliquor (4,22 and 4,44) better than that one using natural oil (3.67 and 3.34).

Pengaruh ekstrak nanas (ananas comosus) sebagai agensia bating terhadap kekuatan tarik dan suhu kerut kulit kelinci lokal samak nabati Widowati, Titik Purwati; Setyawardani, Triana; Hastuti, Dwi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 18, No 1 (2002): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The aims of experiment were to find out the effects of concentration of pineapple extract, bating time and their interactions on tensile strength and shrinkage temperature of local rabbit skin, which was tanned by vegetable tanning agent. The materials of this experiment were 27 rabbit skins used as bating object. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial treatments 3 x 3. The results of analysis showed that concentration of pineapple extract, bating time and their interactions were not significantly affect (P < 0,05) on tensile strength and shrinkage temperature . The average of the tensile strength at this experiment was 157,394 kg/cm2 and fulfilled the requirement of SNI. 06-0463-1989: Kulit Lapis Doma/Kambing Samak Kombinasi (Krom Nabati), Mutu dan Cara Uji, and shrinkage temperature was 79,70oC that means fulfilled Nayudamaâs (1978) did requirement.Â Key words : pineapple slurry, tensile strength, shrinkage temperature, rabbit skin.

Rancang bangun pabrik pengamakan kulit sapi untuk tas / koper samak nabati skala kecil Harniniek, Harniniek; Widowati, Titik Purwati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 2, No 5 (1987): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

This paper is prepared for a design of a small scale vegetable tanning factory, to produce leather for bag or suitcase. The capacity of it will be 22 pieces/day dry cow hides. This factory economical calculations are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital + Rp 80.196.170,00, the total production cost is variable cost a year + fixed cost a year = Rp 124.479.754,60, variable cost for a year consists of raw material, packing, chemical/supplement material, fuel, electricity and split cost, fixed cost for a year consists of labour salaries, capital interest, maintenance, depreciation and general expences; the manufacturing cost is the total production cost divided by production capacity = Rp 785.86/ sq ft; the profit calculation before taxing is Rp 33.920.245,40, after taxing is Rp 27.136.196,40, the pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 42.29 %, after taxing is 33.84 % and the pay out period before taxing 2 year 2 months, after taxing 2 years 8 months; the break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp 66.686.147,56, the percentage of break even point is 42.23 % and the capacity of break even point is 66 892 sq ft.

Rancang bangun industri penyamakan Kulit buaya skala kecil Wiryodiningrat, Suliestiyah; Widowati, Titik Purwati; Purwanti, Purwanti
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 3, No 6 (1988): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

This paper is prepared for a design of a small scales crocodile skins tanning factory, to produce leather for leather goods.The capacity of it will be 10 pieces/day wet salted crocodile skins.This factory will be profitable in the view of techno â economical aspect. The economical calculation are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital Rp. 138.149.750,78 the total production cost is variable cost a year + fixed cost a year = Rp.140.115.913,40 the variable cost for a year consists of labour salaries, maintenance, capital interest, depreciation and general expences ; the manufacturing cost is the total production cost divided by production capacity = Rp.48.651,36/piece.The profit calculation before taxing is Rp.49.964.086,60 after taxing is Rp.39.971.269,30. The pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 36,17% and after taxing is 28,93%; the pay out period before taxing 2 years 8 months, after taxing 3 years 3 months.The break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp.77.306.648,33, the percentage of break even point is 40,67% and the capacity of break even points is 1.171 pieces.

Penentuan kapasitas minimal paddle ditinjau dari sudut tekno ekonomi Hasyimi, Syakir; Widowati, Titik Purwati; Waskito, Sri; Marjiana, Marjiana
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 10, No 20 (1995): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The objective of these experiment is to calculate the minimale capacity of paddle from techno-economical stand point. Technically, the quality of the liming product by paddle were better quality than the leather processed by using drum. Usually paddle machine were made of teac wood or brick wall. Based on economic evaluation, the production price of the paddle that were made of teac wood (1000 dm3 and 1500 dm3scale) were Rp. 334,46 and Rp. 285,45 respectivelly, made of brick wall Â (1000 dm3 and 1500 dm3scale)were Rp. 317, 83 and Rp. 273,56 and used of drum Rp. 353,56. Therefore the paddle machine made of brick wall in 1500 dm3 scale was the most economic machine. Â Â INTISARI Â Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kapasitas minimal berbagai jenis paddle ditinjau dari sudut tekno-ekonomi. Secara teknis, produk proses pengapuran dengan paddle lebih terjaga kualitasnya dari pada menggunakan drum. Berdasar hasil studi lapangan paddle umumnya dibuat dari bahan kayu jati atau pasangan batu bata. Berdasar evaluasi ekonominya ongkos proses pengapuran menggunakan paddle kayu jati 1000 dm3 dan 1500 dm3 masing-masing Rp. 334,46 / lembar dan Rp. 285,45/ lembar. Sedangkan paddle pasangan batu bata masing-masing Rp. 317,83/ lembar dan Rp. 273,56/lembar dan ongkos pengapuran menggunakan drum Rp. 353,56/ lembar. Dengan demikian pengapuran menggunakan paddle yang dibuat dari batu bata volume 1500 dm3 adalah yang paling ekonomis.Â

Pemanfaatan kulit belahan untuk leather goods dengan tipe finis â fancy goodâ Widari, Widari; Meiyanti, Meiyanti; widowati, Titik Purwati; Basalamah, Hasan
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 7, No 12-13 (1992): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The material usedÂ in thisÂ experimental was the cow hide splite, processed for leather goods. As a leather goods, the split must be have the certain requirements e.g. a good rubfastness and flexing. To reach this condition, one of the most important factors is good finishing application. To gain the leather goods from split withÂ better in their performance and quality used â Fancy Goodâ type finish. The testing result (organoleptic, physic and chemical) fulfill the IIS 0018-79: The Quality and Testing of Box Leather.Â INTISARIÂ Pada penelitian pemanfaatan kulit belahan menjadi kulit leather goods, bahan dasar yang digunakan adalah kulit belahan sapi. Sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan barang-barang kulit, kulit belahan tersebut harus memenuhi persyaratan tertentu antara lain: tidak luntur dan tidak retak cat tutupnya. Guna memenuhi persyaratan tersebut, salah satu faktor penentu adalah faktor finishing atau proses pengecatan tutup. Untuk memperoleh kulit yang lebih baik kualitasnya dan penampilannya, maka tipe finis yang digunakan adalah âFancy Goodâ. Dari hasil uji organoleptis, fisik dan kimiawi, produk ini memenuhi persyaratan SII 0018-79 : Mutu dan Cara Uji Kulit Boks.

Penggunaan agensia penghilang kapur yang juga berfungsi sebagai agensia pemutih dalam pembuatan kulit pikel Widowati, Titik Purwati; Suprapto, Suprapto; Tukirin, Thomas; Basuki, Basuki; Prayitno, Prayitno; Wahono, Wahono
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 20, No 1 (2004): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The objective of this experiment was to get deliming agents having function s bleaching agent in pickle process, but it also keeps the quality of the pickles and waste water remaining good. Deliming process is conducted on the preparation of pickles. Five deliming agents were used on the experiment, they were ZA 2% (I), NH4Cl2% (II), NaHSO32% (III), a combination of ZA 1 % and NH4Cl 0,5% (IV), and a combination of ZA 1 % and NH4Cl 1% (V). The quality of the pickles were then evaluated on the shade and the acceptance of panelists. In order to ascertain wheter or not the process be related as environmentally friendly one, the waste water quality were also evaluated. The results showed that NH4Cl 2% was the best deliming agent as well as a bleaching agent. Â Keywords : deliming agent, bleaching agent, pickle. Â Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh agensia penghilang kapur yang juga berfungsi sebagai agensia pemutih dalam pembuatan kulit pikel, namun mutu kulit pikel dan mutu limbahnya tetap baik. Proses penghilangan kapur merupakan salah satu proses persiapan dalam pembuatan kulit pikel. Pada percobaan ini digunakan lima macam agensia penghilang kapur yang sekaligus berfungsi sebagai agensia pemutih masing-masing yaitu ZA 2% (I), NH4Cl 2 (II), NaHSO3 2 % (III), campuran ZA 1 % dan NH4Cl 0,5 % (IV), serta campuran ZA I % dan NH4Cl 1 % (V). Kulit pikel yang dihasilkan kemudian dievaluasi berdasar mutu, warna dan tingkat penerimaan penelisnya. Selain itu untuk mengetahui apakah proses digunakan dapat bersifat ramah lingkungan atau tidak, maka kualitas limbah cairnya pun dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan NH4ClÂ 2% merupakan agensia penghilang kapur sekaigus berfungsi sebagai agensia pemutih yang paling baik.Â Kata Kunci : Agensia penghilang kapur, agensia pemutih, kulit pikel.Â

Isolasi dan identifikasi mikroorganisme dalam lumpur aktif pengolahan limbah industri kulit Prayitno, Prayitno; Widowati, Titik Purwati; Suryaningsih, Puji Ediari; Susila, R. Jaka
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 17, No 1-2 (2001): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The aim of this research is to isolate and to identify the microorganisms that grow as activated sludge used in the tannery wastewater treatment plant. The result shows that the protozoa in the activated sludge were Î² mesosaprobik protozoa. Other microorganisms in the sludge were spherical â gram negative bacteria (Zoogloea) and cylindrical â gram positive bacterial (Sphaerotillus). It is therefore can be concluded that the wastewater which treated with the activated sludge was medium polluted condition.Â INTISARIÂ Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikro organisme yang tumbuh sebagai lumpur aktif yang digunakan dalam pengolahan limbah cair industry penyamakan kulit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan protozoa yang tumbuh dalam lumpur aktif yaitu protozoa kelompok Î² mesosaprobik. Selain itu juga terdapat bakteri gram negatifÂ berbentuk bula (Zoogloea) dan bakteri gram positif berbentuk batang (Sphaerotillus). Dari isolasi dan identifikasi jenis mikroorganisme yang ada pada lumpur aktif dapat disimpulkan limbah cair yang diolah pada kondisi pencemaran tingkat sedang.

Penelitian pembuatan motif âbatik remukanâ pada kulit kras samak krom Meiyanti, Meiyanti; Widari, Widari; Widowati, Titik Purwati; Basalamah, Hasan
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 7, No 12-13 (1992): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Motif âBatik Remukanâ on the leather shows the attarctive performance; since it has produced many diversifikasi of pattern on the leathergoods. The result of this experimental is to reach the attractive motif of â Batik Remukanâ used the composition of batik wax which its consist of kote ; paraffin = 1:5.Â INTISARIÂ Motif batik remukan pada kulit dapat memberikanÂ penampilan yang menarik, sehingga dapat menghasilkan diversifikasi corak pada barang-barang kulit yang diproduksi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk mendapatkan motif batik remukan yang cukup menarik dipakai komposisi lilin batik yang terdiri dari kote : parafin = 1: 5.Â

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