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All Journal Journal of Dentistry Indonesia Makara Journal of Health Research Indonesian Capital Market Review
Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad
Assistant Professor of Marketing Head, Graduate Centre for Management Research & Excellence GIFT University Gujranwala, Pakistan
Dentistry Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Factors Associated with Frequency of the First Permanent Molar Caries in Young Children of Multan District, Pakistan Nazir, Amara; Asghar, Faisal; Akram, Sana; Haider, Ehsan; Rana, Sadiq Amin Ahmed; Khan, Muhammad Athar; Kashif, Muhammad
Journal of Dentistry Indonesia
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Caries is the result of the interaction between tooth surface, microorganisms, and food. The first permanent molar (FPM) is known as the key tooth in the oral cavity and erupts around the age of 6 years. Objective: To determine the frequency of caries in the FPMs in young children and analyze factors associated with FPM caries. Methods: We recruited 350 subjects from different public and private sector schools of Multan District, Punjab, Pakistan, for this cross-sectional study. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible respondents. Dental caries status was assessed visually using a dental mirror, dental explorer, and light. Results: Of the 350 students, 108 were found to be affected with caries, whereas the remaining 242 were caries-free. Among the 108 affected students, 36 were male and 72 were female, and 80 were aged 7–9 years; the remaining 28 students were 10–12 years. Conclusion: Caries frequency varied by parent’s educational level, parent’s socioeconomic status, and also by the age and gender of the child.
Cervical cancer vaccination awareness and acceptance among the females of Punjab, Pakistan Minhas, Sadia; Sajjad, Aneequa; Kashif, Muhammad; Rehman, Zobaria; Idrees, Muhammad; Ansari, Farheen
Makara Journal of Health Research Vol. 24, No. 1
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Background: In developing countries like Pakistan, it is essential for health care professionals to have comprehensive knowledge regarding cervical cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional self-administered paper-based questionnaire was administered to patients from 2016 to 2018. This study included 200 females who attended the gynecological OPD of Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore, Punjab. We evaluated cervical cancer knowledge, screening, prevention, and acceptance towards the vaccination. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS version 20. Results: The perception and knowledge related to cervical cancer (28%), screening (3%), prevention (3%), and vaccination (1%) among the females were poor, but a positive attitude was observed towards cervical cancer screening, vaccination, and awareness programs. An extreme lack of knowledge was observed regarding the risk factors associated with cervical cancer and the availability of the cervical cancer vaccine (99%). A significant association (p > 0.005) was noted among the level of education and awareness of cervical cancer, its mode of transmission, and screening tests. Conclusion: The knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and its vaccine among the females of Punjab, Pakistan were inadequate. Efforts should be made to prevent and control cervical cancer in Pakistan by establishing proper strategies, such as health education programs through health care providers and media support.
Serum immune profiling of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome Mobeen, Hifsa; Kashif, Muhammad; Nadeem, Ahmed; Shahzad, Faheem; Tahir, Romeeza; Abbas, Afia; Afzal, Nadeem
Makara Journal of Health Research Vol. 24, No. 2
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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most prevalent hormonal disorder in females, is characterized by low levels of progesterone, which causes increased estrogen levels leading to production of various anti and auto-antibodies. This study aimed to estimate and compare levels of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG), and anti-islet cell antibodies (anti-ICAb) in patients with PCOS and healthy controls. Methods: The present comparative study included 82 subjects divided into two groups with 41 individuals in each group. Group I included healthy subjects, while Group II included patients diagnosed with PCOS. Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of ANA, anti-TPO, anti-TG, and anti-ICAb using commercially available ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0. Results: Two (4.8%) subjects in Group II had ANA, but none of the other healthy individuals had these auto-antibodies. Levels of anti-TPO were higher in Group II (6.01 IU/ml) than in Group I (5.98 IU/ml). Levels of anti-TG and anti-ICAb were higher in Group I (19.86 and 32.49 IU/ml, respectively) than in Group II (19.78 and 26.07 IU/ml, respectively). Conclusion: Levels of ANA and anti-TPO were higher in patients with PCOS than in controls. By contrast, levels of anti-TG and anti-ICAb were higher in controls than in patients with PCOS.
Effects of Corporate Governance and Capital Structure on Firms’ Performance: Evidence from Major Sectors of Pakistan Ahmed, Farhan; Talreja, Suman; Kashif, Muhammad
The Indonesian Capital Market Review Vol. 10, No. 2
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This study aims to examine the effects of corporate governance and capital structure on firm’s performance. Panel pooled regression method were applied on annual data of two major sectors: automobile & fertilizers from 2006 to 2016. Findings show that board size have positive relationship & audit committee has negative relationship with profitability of automobile sector and vice versa for fertilizers sector. Capital structure is measured by current ratio, debt to equity, short term & long term debt whereas profitability is measured by ROA and ROE. Positive relation of current ratio and profitability of both sectors is observed and the negative relationship of debt to equity of both the sectors has been observed whereas short and long-term debt has no significant relationship in fertil- izers sector. The results should be of great importance to investors, creditors, financial analysts and academicians especially after global financial crisis and collapses of giant organizations worldwide.
Co-Authors Abbas, Afia Afzal, Nadeem Ahmed, Farhan Akram, Sana Ansari, Farheen Asghar, Faisal Haider, Ehsan Idrees, Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Athar Minhas, Sadia Mobeen, Hifsa Nadeem, Ahmed Nazir, Amara Rana, Sadiq Amin Ahmed Rehman, Zobaria Sajjad, Aneequa Shahzad, Faheem Tahir, Romeeza Talreja, Suman