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Dampak Ketiadaan Pengaturan Kuota Ekspor Hiu Tikus (Alopias Ssp.) di Indonesia Hardiningsih, Wahyu; Purwadi, Hari; Latifah, Emmy
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 4, No 3 (2017): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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Kuota ekspor merupakan salah satu mekanisme perlindungan ekosistem laut. Banyaknya perburuan Ikan Hiu Tikus (Alopias Ssp.) di Indonesia saat ini karena permintaan pasar yang tinggi, khususnya dari luar negeri. Tingginya permintaan menyebabkan ikan jenis ini masuk ke dalam daftar Convention on International Trade in Endanger Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Â Appendiks II pada tahun 2016. Jika Ikan Hiu Tikus yang merupakan predator puncak pada rantai makanan di laut ini sampai terancam punah, maka ekosistem laut akan mengalami kerusakan parah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia belum memiliki perangkat hukum yang memadai terkait dengan penentuan komponen-komponen kuota ekspor Ikan Hiu, khususnya Ikan Hiu Tikus sebagaimana ketentuan yang diatur di dalam CITES. Keadaan ini menimbulkan dampak terhadap kelestarian Ikan Hiu Tikus itu sendiri, kepentingan masyarakat Indonesia, keberlangsungan lingkungan laut dan generasi yang memanfaatkannya, serta berdampak terhadap perdagangan internasional.The Consequencies of an Inexistence of Alopias Ssp Export Quota Regulation In IndonesiaÂ AbstractExport quota is one of mechanical ways to protect marine ecosystem. The huge number of Alopias Ssp. hunts has recently been caused by its international trade worldwide. Highly demands of Alopias Ssp. get this species to be listed on Convention on International Trade in Endanger Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Â Appendix II in 2016. When Alopias Ssp. as the top predator have been endangered, the marine ecosystem will come to a serious damage. Research shows that Indonesia does not have yet the regulation on components of export quota of Alopias Ssp. as it is regulated on CITES. This condition has affected the preservation of Alopias Ssp. itself, Indonesiansâ interest, marine ecosystem sustainability and the generation taking the benefit of it, also international trade as well.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n3.a9 Â

Criminal Legal Accountability on Medical Privacy Violations Ridwan, Ridwan; Isharyanto, Isharyanto; Purwadi, Hari
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: The secret of medicine or medical secrets is the right of the patient, this secret is a moral obligation based on the norms of decency originating from Hippocratic oaths, maintaining the secret of medicine is the duty of doctors to carry out their duties and practices. This provision is regulated in Article 48 of Law Number 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice, if this secret is leaked it can be held liable for violators. The purpose of this study was to solve legal issues and at the same time provide a prescription regarding the need for legal sources in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review with normative juridical methods to solve legal issues.Results: Legal liability for medical secrets in health service facilities can be applied to the Criminal Code (KUHP). Disputes that occur regarding doctors or health personnel are resolved through professional organizations. Doctors through the Indonesian Doctors Discipline Honorary Council (MKDKI) but MKDKI did not have the authority to examine Criminal cases. Violations of medical secrets or job secrets, legal liability is not regulated or not based on legislation in force in the health sector, but the legal liability of violations of medical secrets comes from the general Criminal Code (KUHP).Conclusion: The secret of medicine is the autonomy right of patients. Maintaining the secret of medicine is the duty of doctors to health service facilities, the secret of medicine is not absolute and can be opened in certain circumstances, but this secret can be opened in accordance with the provisions of legislation. If the secret is leaked, violators can be asked for legal responsibility, especially Article 322 of the Criminal Code.Keywords: Medical Secrets, Criminal Legal Accountability, Health Services.Correspondence: Ridwan. Masters Program in Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: ridwanozil16@yahoo.com. Mobile: +6281237553434Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(1): 67-75https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.01.08

The Urgency of Law Enforcement of Illegal Medicine Distributions in Indonesia Yuliani, Evelina; Novianto, Widodo T.; Purwadi, Hari
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Medicine plays an important role and is an irreplaceable component in health. World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2015 stated that illegal medicine distributions in Indonesia are not less than 3 trillion rupiahs per year or 10 percent of all existing medicine distributions. These findings indicate that law enforcement against criminal acts of illegal medicines distribution is still not adequate. The distribution of illegal medicines including counterfeit medicines is a serious threat to the health of all Indonesian people. This study aimed to analyze the urgency of law enforcement of illegal medicine distribution in Indonesia.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study (descriptive non-doctrinal legal research) conducted in Sragen, Central Java. Five informants consist of the head of Loka BPOM Surakarta, the head of Sragendistric health office, a hospital director, a pharmacist in a community health center, and a pharmacy owner. Data collected by interview, observation, and documentary review. Data were analyzed by data reduction, presentation, and verification.Results: The investigations of the distribution of illegal medicines are carried out by PPNS from BPOM and accompanied by the police as supervisory coordinators. BPOM has a mapping of facilities and cases, as well as information from the community. If there is sufficient evidence, BPOM applies administrative sanctions, and if there is a criminal sanction, it will continue to other law enforcement officers. The regulations in the field of medicine are adequate, starting from Law number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, government regulations, the minister of health regulations, and BPOM regulations. The distribution of illegal medicines still occurs because there are demands from community and online medicine sales that have not been regulated by the government.Conclusion: Based on Lawrence M. Friedman’s theory, a legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture are a unity in carrying out law enforcement efforts, meaning that no matter how good a law is if it is not accompanied by a good implementing structure and a supportive culture it will be difficult to enforce the law. The society’s trust in the law enforcement officers in Indonesia that considered low should be restored with some improvement in structural and substantial aspects of law along with the presence of legal culture.Keywords: medicine, pharmacy, distribution, illegalCorrespondence: Evelina Yuliani. Masters Program in Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: eyuliani12@gmail.com. Mobile: 0811285066.Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(2): 76-85https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.01

Evaluation on Health Policy Implementation for Decreasing Maternal Mortality Rate through Prenatal Class Program in East Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatera Saragih, Elfina; Purwadi, Hari; Isharyanto, Isharyanto
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: An indicator to determine public health is maternal mortality rate (MMR). Based on the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012, MMR in Indonesia was still at 359 per 100,000 live births. Community participation is very supportive in efforts to reduce maternal mortality through prenatal class. This study aimed to explore the implementation of prenatal class as an effort to reduce maternal mortality.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative descriptive study. The study was carried out in east Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Key informants consisted of 5 subjects namely Head of east Ogan Komering Ulu Health Office, Head of family health section, Head of Rawa Bening Health Center, 10 midwives, and head village. The data were collected by in-depth interview, observation, and document review.Results: Prenatal class activities in Rawa Bening community health center have been implemented for a long time. Stakeholders worked together in accordance with their respective tasks and functions. Prenatal class activities have resulted in increased knowledge of mothers and families about pregnancy, postpartum care, newborn care, and family planning. However, pregnant women who were participated in prenatal class was still low.Conclusions: Prenatal class program in east Ogan Komering Ulu, has been implemented according to the implementation guidelines. However, pregnant women who were participated in prenatal class is still low.Keywords: maternal class program, maternal mortality rate, evaluationCorrespondence: Elfina Saragih. Masters Porgram in Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: elfinasaragih@gmail.com. Mobile: +628527066626 Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(2): 111-116https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.06

Problems in Legalizing Abortion as a Legal Protection for Rape Victims Ekatama, Noviyanti; Novianto, Widodo Trisno; Purwadi, Hari
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Legalization of abortion in Law No. 36 of 2009 is only allowed by two criteria, namely indications of medical emergencies and / or pregnancy due to rape. The act of abortion due to rape can only be done if the gestational age is 40 days at the most, calculated from the first day of the last menstruation. In addition, this legal abortion can only be done by a competent doctor; and by including information from investigators, psychologists, and/or other experts regarding alleged rape. This raises a problem because every doctor adheres to the oath of office attached to each doctor and the period of time given by legislation is considered insufficient to guarantee legal protection for women, especially rape victims. This study aimed to explore problems in legalizing abortion as a legal protection for rape victims.Subjects and Method: This was a normative legal study and refers to the conceptual approach, and the statutory approach. The data were analyzed to give an analytical knife using syllogism deduction by placing two major premises and a minor premise.Results: First, this legal abortion action is in principle contrary to the oath and medical code of ethics which states that each doctor must respect every human life from the moment of conception. Second, related to the period of implementation of legal abortion, Government regulation No. 61 of 2014 provides a period of 40 days calculated from the first day of the last menstruation. The period of time is not enough to determine whether the rape case can be resolved or not because everyone applies a legal principle of the presumption of innocent and it will be very dangerous if the criminal proceedings are continued until the decision has a permanent legal force (inkracht van gewisde) which then states that the crime of rape has not been proven, even though the pregnancy has been carried out an abortion has been carried out by only attaching a certificate of alleged rape.Conclusion: The act of abortion was allowed based on two criteria, namely abortion on the indication of medical emergencies and pregnancy due to rape where the pregnancy would cause psychological trauma for the pregnant womanKeywords: abortion, legalization, rape crime, women's protectionCorrespondence: Noviyanti Ekatama. Masters Program in Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: noviyanti.ekatama@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281391041111.Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(2): 117-127https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.07

Juridical Review of Presumed Consent as the Right of Patients in Emergency Conditions Puspitasari, Rindy Alief; Isharyanto, Isharyanto; Purwadi, Hari
Journal of Health Policy and Management Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Doctors and patients are two legal subjects who are bound in a therapeutic transaction. This transaction involves informed consent. Informed consent is the doctor's obligation and the patient's rights. There are exceptions to the application of informed consent in emergency situations. The doctor is still obliged to provide help even though the patient is in an unconscious condition and cannot give consent to the action. This is known as the Presumed Consent. This study aimed to explore presumed consent as the right of patients in emergency conditions using juridical review.Subjects and Method: This was a normative study with a law approach, case study, and conceptual approach. Legal materials used are written documents and the results of interviews. The technique of analyzing legal materials by formulating principles and legal understanding and evaluating the results of interviews. Respondents consisted of 6 General Practitioners who worked in the emergency room, ICU, treatment room, and operating room at PKU Muhammadiyah Sukoharjo Hospital.Results: According to article 17 of the medical ethics code (KODEKI) in 2012, every doctor is obliged to carry out emergency assistance as a form of humanitarian duty. This was similar to Article 51 of Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice. Whereas, in article 29 paragraph (1c) of Law No. 44 of 2009 concerning Hospitals it is explained that the Hospital is also obliged to provide emergency care to patients according to their abilities. If the patient is considered unable to be treated, the doctor must refer to a doctor who is more competent after giving emergency care, but if the doctor has been able to take action according to professional standards and procedures, the doctor must provide an explanation after the patient is aware or to the closest family. The results of interviews with general practitioners at Muhammadiyah Hospital in Sukoharjo, Central Java from 6 respondents all stated that patients had the right to get emergency assistance according to the standard even though without written consent from patients and families. After being aware, the patient and/or family will continue to explain information about the condition and follow-up on its handling.Conclusion: In accordance with the laws and regulations on informed consent in emergency conditions or called presumed consent, patients are entitled to immediate emergency assistance and the doctor is obliged to carry out help in accordance with professional standards and procedures. The implementation of presumed consent as a patient's right by General Physician of PKU Muhammadiyah Sukoharjo Hospital has been running according to the standard.Keywords: Emergency, Patient Rights, Presumed Consent, Juridical Review.Correspondence: Rindy Alief Puspitasari. Master Program in Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email : aliefprindy@gmil.com. Mobile: +6285701587295.Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(2): 96-104https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.04

PENYEMBUNYIAN TEKS TERENKRIPSI PADA CITRA RGB MENGGUNAKAN METODA LSB DENGAN POLA ZIG-ZAG Utomo, Didi Susilo Budi; Jems, Jems; Purwadi, Hari; Rihartanto, Rihartanto
Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi : Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Vol 10, No 2 (2019): Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi : Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan
Publisher : Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika R.I.

Maraknya penggunaan media digital saat ini cenderung meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya arti perlindungan informasi. Tidak hanya untuk melindungi informasi rahasia dan pribadi, namun juga untuk tujuan memilah informasi sebenarnya dari yang bersifat hoax. Perlindungan informasi dapat dilakukan menggunakan teknik-teknik dalam enkripsi dan steganografi. Pada penelitian ini, metode LSB dengan pola zig-zag digunakan untuk menyembunyikan pesan yang dienkripsi menggunakan rail-fence cipher. Atribut steganografi yang dinilai adalah imperceptible, fidelity dan recovery. Implementasi steganografi menggunakan metoda LSB dengan pola zig-zag menggunakan ukuran pesan mulai dari 10% sampai dengan mendekati 100% berhasil memenuhi ketiga atribut steganografi yang baik tesebut. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai PSNR sebesar 52.5564 dB untuk kapasitas mendekati 100% dimana secara visual citra hasil steganografi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan dari citra aslinya.

Effect Percentage of Seam Carving Implementation on Image Based on Texture Characteristics Using GLCM Wahyudi, Muhammad; Purwadi, Hari; Putra, Arief Bramanto Wicaksono
Edu Komputika Journal Vol 7 No 1 (2020): Edu Komputika Journal
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/edukomputika.v7i1.37947

flexibility of the appearance of electronic devices currently causes new demands on digital media, especially for the provision of content. Until now, images, although an important element in digital media, usually remain rigid in terms of size and cannot change size so that they cannot adjust to different layouts automatically. The solution to overcome this problem is by resizing the image. One method that works well for resizing images is seam carving. Seam carving aims to resize the image by not eliminating important content in the image. This study aims to see the effect of changing the texture of seam carving images to images that have different levels of complexity. The trial was conducted by comparing the original image and seam carving image. Seam carving image used is differentiated based on the ratio scale, which is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. Testing is done by processing 4 image samples using the Gray Level Co-Occurence Matrix (GLCM) method including Contrast, Correlation, Energy and Homogeneity. Then testing is done by comparing the original image with seam carving image using the features of GLCM. From the test results it can be concluded that seam carving as a method of resizing images can work well, with the comparison of textures using GLCM the highest level of similarity reaches 98% and the lowest is 86%.

TRANSPLANTASI SISTEM PERADILAN JURY PADA SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANAINDONESIA Pradnyawan, Sofyan Wimbo Agung; ,, Hartiwiningsih; Purwadi, Hari
HUKUM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI Vol 5, No 1 (2017): JANUARI-JUNI
Publisher : Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/hpe.v5i1.18330

AbstractThis article intends to analyze the use of the jury system in the criminal justice system of Indonesia, jury is a form of lay participation or the participation of lay that community of professional non-law in the the role of judges is absolute in the criminal justice process, in the legal system of modern states today dichotomy between legal systems tradition of common law or civil law is fading and towards the tendency make changes conceptually to the criminal justice system, so that the judicial process drab dominated the role of judges is great where law and justice seems to be the monopoly of a judge, the role of judges research using law approach, conceptual, and comparative law. The results of this study is that morality is the essence of a sense of justice in society, morality can not be separated from the law, because morality is is what is considered correct by the general public, so the public will view the law as something that has no authority and can not be trusted, when morality is left in any decision of the judge in criminal judicial institutions that exist, because the inclusion of jury in the criminal justice system to prosecute local is the living law in automatically entered in every decision, every decision so it is possible to better meet the sense of justice in society.Keyword: jury, society, the criminal justice systemAbstrakArtikel ini bermaksud menganalisis mengenai penggunaan sistem peradilan jurypada sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia, jury adalah wujud dari lay participation atau partisipasi awam yaitu masyarakat dari professional non hukum didalam peradilan, untuk memberikan putusan yang lebih memenuhi rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat, untuk menghindari peran hakim yang absolut dalam proses peradilan pidana, dalam sistem hukum negara-negara modern saat ini dikotomi antara sistem hukum tradisi common law atau civil law semakin memudar dan menuju kecenderungan untuk mencampurkan kedua sistem hukum tersebut demi menemukan keadilan substantif dalam proses peradilan. Indonesia tidak pernah melakukan perubahan secara konseptual pada sistem peradilan pidananya, sehingga proses peradilan yang menjemukan yang didominasi peran hakim yang besar dimana hukum dan keadilan seolah-olah aspek hukumnya dalam mengadili, Penelitian hukum ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan hukum. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa moralitas adalah esensi dari rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat, moralitas tidak bisa dipisahkan dari hukum, sebab moralitas adalah adalah apa yang dianggap benar oleh masyarakat secara umum, sehingga masyarakat akan memandang hukum sebagai sesuatu yang tidak memiliki wibawa dan tidak dapat dipercaya, saat moralitas ditinggalkan didalam setiap putusan hakim didalam peradilan pidana. Memasukkanjury didalam sistem peradilan mampu meningkatkan tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap hukum dan institusi peradilan yang ada, sebab dengan dimasukkannya jury didalam sistem peradilan pidana untuk mengadili dalam aspek the living law secara otomatis masuk didalam setiap putusan, sehingga dimungkinkan setiap putusan lebih dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat.Kata kunci: jury, masyarakat, sistem peradilan pidana

PENYELESAIAN TINDAK PIDANA KONSERVASI OLEH KEPALA BALAI KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM YOGYAKARTA Warsito, Edi; Purwadi, Hari
HUKUM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI Vol 7, No 1 (2019): JANUARI-JUNI
Publisher : Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/hpe.v7i1.29210

AbstractThis article aimed to reveal and analyze the solutions in addressing ownership of protected wildlife carried out by the Yogyakarta Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA). It is a descriptive socio-legal research based on the fifth concept of law, which is law as a manifestation of the symbolic meanings of social perpetrators as seen in the interaction among them. Data were obtained through interview and library research. Analysis technique was qualitative data analysis.Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that the measures conducted by BKSDA Yogyakarta in relation with the issue of protected wildlife ownership is not accordance with the Law No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation.It essential to raise public awareness, particularly those who possess protected wildlife, that the protected wildlife is an integral part of an ecosystem entity. As the follow-up, they will be asked to hand over them to the government and make a statement that they will not repeat their action.By considering the Law No. 5 of 1990 which is imbued with the spirit of the protection, utilization and preservation of biodiversity aimed at the conservation of biodiversity as a single entity of the ecosystem as a buffer for life and survivorsof the serious risk of extinction, BKSDA Yogyakarta determines to prioritize the safety of animals. The main purpose of conservation is biological conservation by releasing wildlife into theirnatural habitat. Measures carried out by BKSDA Yogyakarta are in accordance with one of the objectives of law, namely expediency.Keywords : Wildlife ownership;release of wildlife; releasingAbstrakTujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa tentang cara menyelesaikan masalah kepemilikan satwa liar yang dilindungi oleh Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) D.I Yogyakarta. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah jenis penelitian hukum sosiologis, bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan konsep hukum kelima yaitu hukum sebagai manifestasi maknamakna simbolik para perilaku sosial sebagai tampak dalam interaksi antar mereka. Pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan studi pustaka. Teknik analisa datanya adalah teknik analisa data kualitatif.Berdasarkan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa langkah yang ditempuh oleh Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) D.I Yogyakarta dalam menyelesaikan masalah kepemilikan satwa liar dilindungi undang-undang oleh masyarakat di Yogyakarta adalah tidakmenerapkan hukum, sebagaimana yang diatur dalam undang-undang nomor 5 tahun 1990 tentang konservasi.Masyarakat yang memiliki satwa liar yang dilindungi undang-undang diberikan penyadaran bahwa satwa liar yang dilindungi undang-undang adalah bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari satu kesatuan ekosistem, kemudian diminta untuk menyerahkan satwanya kepada pemerintah dan membuat pernyataan bahwa tidak akan mengulagi lagi perbuatannya.Dengan mempertimbangkan bahwa semangat yang dibawa oleh undang-undang nomor 5 tahun 1990 ini adalah dalam rangka perlindungan, pemanfaatan dan pengawetan keanekaragaman hayati yang bertujuan lestarinya keanekaragaman hayati sebagai satu kesatuan dari ekosistem sebagai penyangga kehidupan dan selamat dari bahaya kepunahan, maka yang lebih diutamakan oleh Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) D.I Yogyakarta adalah dengan memprioritaskan keselamatan satwanya.Tujuan utama konservasi adalah kelestarian hayati, yang dilakukan dengan melepasliarkan satwa ke habitatnya. Langkah yang diambil oleh Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) D.I Yogyakarta sudah sesuai dengan salah satu dari tujuan hukum, yaitu kemanfaatan.Kata kunci: Memiliki satwa liar; menyerahkan satwa; melepasliarkan

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