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PEMANFAATAN UMBI GADUNG DAN SERAT DAUN NANAS UNTUK PEMBUATAN PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE Yuniwati, Murni
Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia Vol 9, No 2 (2017): Vol 9 No 2 Februari 2017
Publisher : IST AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA

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Abstract

Plastic wastes are increasingly causing serious problems for the community. This can be overcome with various methode, one of them by replacing the use of conventional plastics with biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic has been produced, but its strength is still very less compared to conventional plastics. Therefore, there needs to be innovation in making stronger biodegradable plastic. This research tries to utilize starch of gadung  as raw material of biodegradable plastics and as a reinforcement used fiber of pineapple leaf  and glycerin as platilizer. Stages of making biodegradable plastics include the preparation (the manufacture of gadung starch, and fiber of pineapple leaf), followed by plastic manufacturing process by mixing the gadung starch, acetic acid, glycerin and fiber of pineapple leaf, then stirring and heating for a certain time, And the last stage is the printing and drying of the results. The research was conducted on  temperature, time of process , stirring speed, and the weight  ratio of gadung starch to fiber of pineapple leaf, to know the optimal process condition to obtain plastic with big tensile strength. Using 10 grams gadung starch, 100 mL of 0.5% acetic acid and 2.5 mL glycerin obtained optimum condition using 80oC, 90 minutes, 300 rpm stirring speed and weight  ratio of gadung starch to fiber of pineapple leaf is 10 : 1. By using the condition obtained by plastic with a tensile strength of 3.87 MPa. The FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) test on the plastics of this study shows that the plastic of this research is biodegradable plastic
PRODUKSI MINYAK BIJI KAPUK DALAM USAHA PEMAN FAATAN BIJI KAPUK SEBAGAI SUMBER MINYAK NABATI Yuniwati, Murni
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI TECHNOSCIENTIA Technoscientia Vol 4 No 2 Februari 2012
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (161.145 KB) | DOI: 10.34151/technoscientia.v4i2.516

Abstract

Kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) is a member of small class Malvales, family Malvaceae. The plant is native to the shout America, Central of America and Caribia. It grow well at the tropical region. In fact the kapok seed contains fatty acid with higher economic value which is called kapok oil. Oil of kapok seed can be obtained from solid-liquid extraction methode. In this investigation, the extraction of kapok seed was carried out in the stirred tank with ethanol as a solvent. Extract was distilled to separate kapok seed oil from solvent. The variable of investigation were extraction temperature , stirring speed, ratio between solvent volume and mass of kapok seed , and size of kapok seed. Tthe extracted oil was analyzed by using gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition. The optimum condition of kapok seed extraction were obtained at boiling point of ethanol ± 78 oC, stirring speed 400 rpm, ratio between solvent volum and mass of kapok seed is 16mL: 1gr, and size of kapok seed (-30 / 40 ) mesh or average diameter 0,065 cm. The corelation between mass transfer coefficient and these variables is shown in the dimensionless equation below : Sh = 0,132 Re(0,5004). Sc 0,651. with the average error 0,95 %
OPTIMASI KONDISI PROSES EKSTRAKSI MINYAK BIJI PEPAYA Yuniwati, Murni; Purwanti, Ani
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI TECHNOSCIENTIA Technoscentia Vol 1 No 1 Agustus 2008
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (146.657 KB) | DOI: 10.34151/technoscientia.v1i1.382

Abstract

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a member of the small class dycotyledoneae, family caricaceae, and genus cariaca. This plant is native to the Central America and West Indies. It grows well at the tropical region with elevation 600-700 m above the sea level. Today papaya seed is only throwed away as a waste product, whereas in fact the papaya seed contains fatty acids with higher economic value which is called papaya oil. Oil of papaya seed can be obtained from solid - liquid extraction method. In this investiga-tion, the extraction of papaya seed was carried out in the stirred reactor with ethanol as a solvent. Solvent-extracted oil was distilled to separate papaya seed oil from solvent. The variables of investigation were extraction temperature, stirring speed, ratio between sol-vent volume and mass of papaya seed, and size of papaya seed. The extracted oil was a-nalyzed by using gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition. The opti-mum condition of papaya seed extraction were obtained at extraction temperature 300C, stirring speed 397 rpm, ratio between solvent volume and mass of papaya seed at 25 : 1, and size of papaya seed (-14/+20) mesh or average diameter 0.08 cm. The correlation between mass transfer coefficient and these variables is shown in the dimensionless e-quation below : Sh = 8,89 (10)5 Re(0,7785). Sc 0,9411.With the average error is 0.9706%.
PEMBUATAN SERBUK PEWARNA ALAMI TEKSTIL DARI EKSTRAK DAUN JATI (TECTONA GRANDIS LINN. F.) Yuniwati, Murni; Andaka, Ganjar; Dofianti, Hanyfa; Prawitasari, Harnanda
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI TECHNOSCIENTIA Technoscientia Vol 12 No 1 Agustus 2019
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (500.649 KB) | DOI: 10.34151/technoscientia.v12i1.1810

Abstract

Anthocyanin is a dye that plays a role in providing a brownish red color that has the potential to become a natural dye for food and can be used as an alternative substitute for coloring dyes that are safer for health. Textile dyes are divided into two, namely natural dyes and synthesis dyes. Natural dyes come from animals and plants while synthetic dyes can be produced from chemicals Anthocyanins are widely found in plants with striking colors, one of which is teak leaves. Teak leaves are one part of the teak tree which can be used as a source of natural dyes for textiles by extracting the leaves. This research was conducted to obtain color powder from extracts of dyes from fresh teak leaves using the foam-mat drying method. This study was prepared to study the effect of citric acid addition on color intensity and the addition of chicken egg white to moisture content and solubility of color powder of teak leaf extract. To achieve this goal, in this study used fresh teak leaves with 95% ethanol solvent mass. At the beginning of the process, 25 grams of teak leaves are mashed first, then put into a beaker glass and macerated using a 95% ethanol mass of 250 ml and added 10 ml of citric acid from the amount of solvent with a concentration varied for 24 hours. After that filtered, the filter was taken. Powder making was carried out by foam-mat drying method using chicken egg white as foaming and maltodextrin as filler. The filtrate was added with 8% b/v maltodextrin and chicken egg white with the concentration varied stirred in the mixer until homogeneous. Then the oven is dried at a temperature of 60oC until a constant weight is reached. Using 25 grams of fresh teak leaves, 95% ethanol solvent as much as 250 ml, and 8% b/v maltodextrin obtained optimal conditions at 5% b/v egg white concentration and 30% b/v citric acid concentration, with these conditions obtained the powder results with a moisture content of 8% mass, solubility of 99.22% b/v with a reddish level of 16,625, a brightness level of 43,495, and a yellowish level of 5,925. It is hoped that this research can be used as a reference for the development of further research on anthocyanin dye powder which will then be developed as a raw material for dyes for the chemical industry, and textile industry.
Effect Carrageenan to Biodegradable Plastic From Tubers Rusianto, Toto; Yuniwati, Murni; Wibowo, Hary
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22975

Abstract

Plastic waste can cause serious environmental problems. This can be overcome by various efforts; one of them is by replacing the use of conventional plastic with biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic can be produced from tubers containing starch. The purpose of this study was to explain the suitability of two tuber species with typical protein quality and different starch structures. Starch was obtained from suweg tuber (Amorphophallus campanulatus) and ganyong (Canna edulis Ker). The material invested was obtained by dissolving 4 grams of each starch, each of which was dissolved with distilled water then added with various weight carrageenan. The tensile strength of biodegradable plastic was tested using tensile testing machines, biodegradation of soaked plastics using EM4 (Effective Microorganism) with reduced weight measurements, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) was used to identify the structure of compounds contained in biodegradable plastics. The tensile strength test results of biodegradable plastic from ganyong/canna tubers were 3.35 MPa with elongation of 13.51%, while the plastic from suweg tubers of 2.45 MPa with elongation was 13.68% on the addition of 5% carrageenan, respectively. Plastic degradation testing obtained plastic decomposition up to 100% in 37 days for ganyong and 34 days for suweg, respectively. It showed that the plastics was easily degraded. Identified by FTIR showed chemical structures of OH phenolic alcohols, C = O carbonyls, CO esters, NH amides and amines, and C≡C alkyne.
PEMANFAATAN UMBI GANYONG (CANNA EDULIS KERR) MENJADI BIOETANOL DENGAN PROSES HIDROLISIS DAN FERMENTASI DETOKSIFIKASI Yuniwati, Murni; Niko Halpito, Fauzi Wahyu; Taufiq, Taufiq
Jurnal Teknologi Vol 10 No 1 (2017): Jurnal Teknologi
Publisher : Jurnal Teknologi, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta

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Abstract

Ganyong (canna edulis kerr) merupakan umbi yang dahulu dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat, namun karena tekstur ganyong yang sangat berserat, maka sekarang ganyong hanya dijadikan pakan ternak. Ganyong memiliki kadar pati yang cukup tinggi, hidrolisis dan fermentasi pati ganyong dapat menghasilkan bioetanol yang dapat dijadikan sumber energi alternatif Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan adalah membuat pati ganyong, hidrolisis pati ganyong dengan katalisator asam sulfat dan fermentasi of hidrolisat pati ganyong menggunakan ragi saccharomyces cereviceae. Pengamatan dalam penelitian lebih difokuskan pada proses fermentasinya yang dilakukan dengan melalui tahapan proses detoksifikasi, untuk memperoleh kondisi proses fermentasi yang optimal supaya diperoleh hasil etanol maksimal. Variable yang dipelajari adalah waktu fermentasi dan jumlah ragi yang digunakan dalam proses fermentasi, adapun bahan untuk detoksifikasi digunakan Ca(OH)2, dan dibandingkan juga dengan proses fermentasi tanpa detoksifikasi.100 gram pati ganyong dihidrolisis dengan 250ml asam sulfat 0,3 N. Larutan hasil hidrolisis didetoksifikasi dengan penambahan Ca(OH)2 sampai larutan bersifat basa, setelah itu sampel didiamkan 24 jam. Setelah didiamkan 24 jam sampel diasamkan kembali dengan penambahan asam sulfat 0,3 N sampai pH 4-5 kemudian ditambahkan ragi yang jumlahnya divariasikan lalu ditambahkan nutrient (NPK & Urea) dengan jumlah tertentu. Fermentasi dilakukan selama waktu yang divariasikan. Hasil fermentasi didistilasi hingga suhu 100oC untuk keperluan analisis kualitatif maupun kuantitatif etanol yang dihasilkan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi fermentasi yang terbaik adalah dengan waktu 5 hari dan penambahan ragi 6 gr ke dalam 80 ml hidrolisat terdetoksifikasi (7,5 % berat/volume). Dengan kondisi optimal tersebut diperoleh persentase hasil etanol adalah 35,3612%. Proses fermentasi tanpa detoksifikasi dengan kondisi yang sama diperoleh persentase hasil sebesar 5,002%.
PENGARUH WAKTU, SUHU DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PROSES PENGAMBILAN TANNIN DARI PINANG Yuniwati, Murni; Tanadi, Kelvin; Andaka, Ganjar; Kusmartono, Bambang
Jurnal Teknologi Vol 12 No 2 (2019): Jurnal Teknologi
Publisher : Jurnal Teknologi, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta

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Abstract

Pinang (Areca Catechu L), merupakan salah satu tanaman yang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat. Tanaman ini dikatakan sebagai tanaman serbaguna karena mulai dari daun, batang, serabut, dan biji dapat dimanfaatkan. Daun tanaman tersebut banyak mengandung minyak atsiri, biji buahnya banyak mengandung tannin dan alkaloid. Tannin merupakan senyawa yang sangat penting penggunaannya dalam bidang kesehatan dan bidang industri, sedangkan alkaloid biasanya dimanfaatkan sebgai penyamak kulit. Pengambilan tannin dari buah pinang dapat dilakukan dengan ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi proses ekstraksi antara lain jenis pelarut, konsentrasi pelarut, jumlah pelarut, waktu, suhu dan kecepatan pengadukan. Dalam penelitian ini akan dipelajari pengaruh waktu, suhu dan kecepatan pengadukan terhadap jumlah tannin yang dapat terekstrak. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% Proses pengambilan tannin dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menghaluskan buah pinang yang sudah dikeringkan kemudian ditambahkan pelarut etanol dengan volume tertentu pada labu alas bulat yang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk, dipanaskan dalam water bath dengan suhu yang divariasikan, dilakukan pengadukan dengan kecepatan pengadukan divariasikan, proses dilakukan dalam waktu yang divariasikan untuk memperoleh tannin yang maksimal. Hasil ekstraksi disaring untuk memisahkan larutan dari padatannya, kemudian tannin dipisahkan dari pelarutnya dengan cara penguapan. Haslnya dianalisis untuk mengetahui prosentase tannin yang dapat terekstrak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dengan menggunakan 50 serbuk pinang dengan 250 ml etanol 96% diperoleh kondisi proses optimal menggunakan ekstraksi waktu 2,5 jam, kecepatan pengadukan 500 rpm, dan suhu 60ËšC dengan prosentase hasil sebesar 0,8898%.
PENGARUH RASIO ASAM PENITRASI PADA PEMBUATAN NITROSELULOSA DARI LIMBAH KULIT DURIAN Kusmartono, Bambang; Yuniwati, Murni; Andaka, Ganjar; Bintang, Friska
Jurnal Teknologi Vol 13 No 1 (2020): Jurnal Teknologi
Publisher : Jurnal Teknologi, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta

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Abstract

Nitroselulosa merupakan salah satu bahan dasar dari propelan jenis single base yang dibuat dengan nitrasi terhadap selulosa menggunakan campuran asam nitrat dan asam sulfat dengan air. Di dalam industri, nitroselulosa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar plastik, lacquer (bahan pelapis), film, bahan dasar semen, bahan baku propelan (peledak) dan smokless powder. Serabut Kelapa mengandung senyawa selulosa yang lumayan tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan nitroselulosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses nitrasi selulosa pada kulit durian menjadi nitroselulosa. Selain itu juga bertujuan untuk mempelajari kondisi yang optimum pada proses nitrasi kulit durian untuk menghasilkan nitroselulosa dengan kadar nitrogen yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua tahapan, yaitu proses pre-treatment dan proses nitrasi. Proses pre-treatment bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar α-selulosa dalam bahan baku, melalui proses pre-hidrolisis, delignifikasi, dan bleaching. Sedangkan proses nitrasi menggunakan asam campuran yang terdiri dari asam nitrat dan asam sulfat sebagai katalisator. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh waktu reaksi, dan perbandingan asam sulfat dengan asam nitrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses nitrasi akan memberikan hasil terbaik pada waktu reaksi 90 menit, perbandingan asam sulfat terhadap asam nitrat 7:3. Pada kondisi ini diperoleh yield sebanyak 94,6% dengan kandungan nitrogen sebesar 11,12% dan termasuk dalam kualitas A grades serta di bidang industri dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar plastic dan lacquer. Hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan bahwa telah terbentuk dua serapan gugus -NO2 pada nitroselulosa, sehingga termasuk dalam jenis selulosa di-nitrat.
PENGARUH RASIO ASAM PENITRASI PADA PEMBUATAN NITROSELULOSA DARI LIMBAH KULIT DURIAN Kusmartono, Bambang; Yuniwati, Murni; Andaka, Ganjar; Bintang, Friska
Jurnal Teknologi Vol 13 No 1 (2020): Jurnal Teknologi
Publisher : Jurnal Teknologi, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND Yogyakarta

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Abstract

Nitroselulosa merupakan salah satu bahan dasar dari propelan jenis single base yang dibuat dengan nitrasi terhadap selulosa menggunakan campuran asam nitrat dan asam sulfat dengan air. Di dalam industri, nitroselulosa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar plastik, lacquer (bahan pelapis), film, bahan dasar semen, bahan baku propelan (peledak) dan smokless powder. Serabut Kelapa mengandung senyawa selulosa yang lumayan tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan nitroselulosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses nitrasi selulosa pada kulit durian menjadi nitroselulosa. Selain itu juga bertujuan untuk mempelajari kondisi yang optimum pada proses nitrasi kulit durian untuk menghasilkan nitroselulosa dengan kadar nitrogen yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua tahapan, yaitu proses pre-treatment dan proses nitrasi. Proses pre-treatment bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar α-selulosa dalam bahan baku, melalui proses pre-hidrolisis, delignifikasi, dan bleaching. Sedangkan proses nitrasi menggunakan asam campuran yang terdiri dari asam nitrat dan asam sulfat sebagai katalisator. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh waktu reaksi, dan perbandingan asam sulfat dengan asam nitrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses nitrasi akan memberikan hasil terbaik pada waktu reaksi 90 menit, perbandingan asam sulfat terhadap asam nitrat 7:3. Pada kondisi ini diperoleh yield sebanyak 94,6% dengan kandungan nitrogen sebesar 11,12% dan termasuk dalam kualitas A grades serta di bidang industri dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar plastic dan lacquer. Hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan bahwa telah terbentuk dua serapan gugus -NO2 pada nitroselulosa, sehingga termasuk dalam jenis selulosa di-nitrat.
OPTIMASI KONDISI PROSES EKSTRAKSI MINYAK BIJI PEPAYA Yuniwati, Murni; Purwanti, Ani
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI TECHNOSCIENTIA Technoscentia Vol 1 No 1 Agustus 2008
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34151/technoscientia.v1i1.382

Abstract

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a member of the small class dycotyledoneae, family caricaceae, and genus cariaca. This plant is native to the Central America and West Indies. It grows well at the tropical region with elevation 600-700 m above the sea level. Today papaya seed is only throwed away as a waste product, whereas in fact the papaya seed contains fatty acids with higher economic value which is called papaya oil. Oil of papaya seed can be obtained from solid - liquid extraction method. In this investiga-tion, the extraction of papaya seed was carried out in the stirred reactor with ethanol as a solvent. Solvent-extracted oil was distilled to separate papaya seed oil from solvent. The variables of investigation were extraction temperature, stirring speed, ratio between sol-vent volume and mass of papaya seed, and size of papaya seed. The extracted oil was a-nalyzed by using gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition. The opti-mum condition of papaya seed extraction were obtained at extraction temperature 300C, stirring speed 397 rpm, ratio between solvent volume and mass of papaya seed at 25 : 1, and size of papaya seed (-14/+20) mesh or average diameter 0.08 cm. The correlation between mass transfer coefficient and these variables is shown in the dimensionless e-quation below : Sh = 8,89 (10)5 Re(0,7785). Sc 0,9411.With the average error is 0.9706%.