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DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN MAKROEKONOMI DAN FAKTOR EKSTERNAL EKONOMI TERHADAP LAJU DEFORESTASI DAN DEGRADASI HUTAN ALAM: STUDI KASUS DEFORESTASI UNTUK PERLUASAN AREAL TANAMAN PANGAN DAN PERKEBUNAN SERTA HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI DAN DEGRADASI HUTAN ALAM AREAL KONSESI Astana, Satria; Sinaga, Bonar M.; Soedomo, Sudarsono; Simangunsong, Bintang C.H.
ISSN 0216-0897
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perubahan Iklim dan Kebijakan

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Abstract

Di subsektor kehutanan, pengurangan emisi CO2 dapat diwujudkan dengan mempertahankan dan mengkonservasi hutan alam yang tersisa dan/atau meningkatkan hutan tanaman yang ada dengan mereboisasi kawasan hutan yang terdegradasi. Efektivitas kebijakan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal hutan. Dalam penelitian ini, faktor eksternal hutan yang dianalisis dibatasi pada: (1) kebijakan makroekonomi dan (2) faktor eksternal ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan makroekonomi dan faktor eksternal ekonomi terhadap laju deforestasi dan degradasi hutan alam. Menggunakan model ekonometrika, hasil analisis mengindikasikan bahwa laju deforestasi dan degradasi hutan alam dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan makroekonomi dan faktor eksternal ekonomi. Dalam hal ini, suku bunga merupakan saluran transmisi kebijakan dan faktor eksternal ekonomi yang signifikan dan karenanya dapat digunakan sebagai instrumen kebijakan insentif-disinsentif yang efektif untuk mengendalikan laju deforestasi dan degradasi hutan alam.
Penggunaan Konsep Rules-In-Use Ostrom Dalam Analisis Peraturan Pembentukan Organisasi Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Suwarno, Eno; Kartodihardjo, Hariadi; Kolopaking, Lala M; Soedomo, Sudarsono
ISSN 0216-0897
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perubahan Iklim dan Kebijakan

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Abstract

Setelah penetapan wilayah KPHL/KPHP oleh Menteri Kehutanan, tahap selanjutnya adalah pembentukan dan operasionalisasi organisasi KPHL/KPHP oleh pemerintah daerah. Pelaksanaan kewajiban tersebut berjalan tersendat dkarenakan terkendala oleh sejumlah hambatan, antara lain oleh peraturan yang kurang memiliki daya dorong dan menyulitkan daerah pada saat implementasinya. Dalam Kerangka Kerja Analisis dan Pengembangan Kelembagaan (IAD-Framework) Ostrom, terdapat konsep aturan-aturan yang digunakan (rules in use) yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis isi peraturan dalam hubungannya dengan struktur situasi aksi yang terbentuk pada saat peraturan diimplementasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas penggunaan konsep rules in use untuk menemukan kelemahan-kelemahan substansial dari peraturan pembentukan organisasi KPHL/KPHP pada tingkat provinsi. Analisis dilakukan terhadap PP No. 6/2007 jo. PP No. 3/2008, Permendagri No. 61/2010, dan PP No. 41/2007, dengan metode analisis substansi peraturan dan umpan balik dari proses implementasinya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan konsep rules in use Ostrom cukup efektif untuk menemukan kelemahan-kelemahan isi suatu peraturan.
Development of Private Forests on Java Island: What Can We Learn? Soedomo, Sudarsono
Journal of Rural Indonesia [JORI] Vol 2, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Journal of Rural Indonesia [JORI]

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Abstract

In this paper I report the results of my observations about the development of small-scale private forests on Java Island. During my travels to various villages on the Island of Java, I observed a lot of small-scale private forests. I also interviewed several forest owners. Clarity of land rights, the high demand for timber leading to attractive prices, adequate road network, changes in demographic structure in rural areas, forestry extension, and other sources of income are the six factors that support the development of small-scale private forests. Difficult situation that is often faced by the farmers is the need for quick cash that had to be met from selling the trees that have not reached optimal growth. Farmers from Kulonprogo District - Yogyakarta overcome the difficulty by forming cooperatives in cooperation with the credit union, while the farmers from District of Blora received microcredit from the government to combat the difficulty. Another impediment to the development of small-scale private forest is the government rule, like the SKAU, which is actually perverse incentive. © 2014 Journal of Rural Indonesia [JoRI] IPB. All rights reserved.Keywords: small-scale private forest, secure tenure right, market demand, infrastructure, microcredit, spare time, complicated rule/regulation
Development of Private Forests on Java Island: What Can We Learn? Soedomo, Sudarsono
Journal of Rural Indonesia [JORI] Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014)
Publisher : Journal of Rural Indonesia [JORI]

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Abstract

In this paper I report the results of my observations about the development of small-scale private forests on Java Island. During my travels to various villages on the Island of Java, I observed a lot of small-scale private forests. I also interviewed several forest owners. Clarity of land rights, the high demand for timber leading to attractive prices, adequate road network, changes in demographic structure in rural areas, forestry extension, and other sources of income are the six factors that support the development of small-scale private forests. Difficult situation that is often faced by the farmers is the need for quick cash that had to be met from selling the trees that have not reached optimal growth. Farmers from Kulonprogo District - Yogyakarta overcome the difficulty by forming cooperatives in cooperation with the credit union, while the farmers from District of Blora received microcredit from the government to combat the difficulty. Another impediment to the development of small-scale private forest is the government rule, like the SKAU, which is actually perverse incentive. © 2014 Journal of Rural Indonesia [JoRI] IPB. All rights reserved.Keywords: small-scale private forest, secure tenure right, market demand, infrastructure, microcredit, spare time, complicated rule/regulation
Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) Mechanism Application on Cost-Benefit Sharing Principles Endang Hernawan; Hariadi Kartodiharjo; Dudung Darusman; Sudarsono Soedomo
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 16 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

Although North Bandung Area was considered as protected area and watershed area uspstream, but it has characteristic as cultivation and downstream area. An effort to improve protection function is needed to prevent changes in land use. One of them through the purchase of development rights (PDR) mechanism. The appropriateness of the PDR application on the benefit of hydrology only effective when it was carried out in zone rural area and the rural fringe. This condition was caused by land prices which exceeded from landexpetation value, therefore the owner of the land experienced impermanence syndrome. The application of Cost-Benefit Sharing Principles would helped Government of the Bandung City in the aspect of the purchace of development right for the agricultural land in KBU that entered Kabupaten Bandung Barat and Kabupaten Bandung. Whereas, for the Cimahi City it helped the purchase of development right for agricultural land in KBU that entered Kabupaten Bandung Barat.
Forestry Utilization Policy: A Discourse Analysis Azis Khan; Hariadi Kartodiharjo; Sudarsono Soedomo; Dudung Darusman
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 16 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

A series of discourse have constructed a social reality underlining the fact that Indonesian natural forestryexperienced a serious negative stigma. The stigma appeared due to its deforestation and forest degradation rate, likely un-ending multi-dimentional conflitcs, the increase of natural forest threat, the decrease of natural forest roles, and function in terms of social, economic and environment. This was addressed mainly to those of forestry utilization policies. This research has a look to analyse forestry utilization policies as an essential point, especially with regard to the discourse trend and to the frame of forestry stakeholder minds involving in the discourse which was focused on key policy miles stone and its implementation. It is considered to be essential since after much efforts of wiping the stigma off seemed to be unsuccesfully. The results indicated that there was a problem on stakeholders’ minds frame, which was considered to be a stagnant, especially on positioning and understanding forest utilization and sustainability. To cope with such a problem, it would need to improve at least four things, i.e: the link of science/knowledge-skills-policy, political interest, public participation, and actor networks. Improving the fourth could be an essential key for having another three.
Insentif Ekonomi dalam Penggunaan Lahan (Land Use) Kawasan Lindung di Kawasan Bandung Utara (Incentive of Economy for Land Use in The North Bandung Area) Endang Hernawan; Hariadi Kartodiharjo; Dudung Darusman; Sudarsono Soedomo
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 15 No. 2 (2009)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

West Javanese Province Goverment has decided to provide 45% of West Java area as conservation and protection area. One of  the area is North Bandung Area (KBU: Kawasan Bandung Utara). This paper proposed the used of two economic instrument, namely PDR (purchase development right) and PES (payment environment service) in managing  the KBU. The paper shows that the use of PDR by  ignoring the price of the land would give a hydrological benefit to the people in urban fringe area, rural fringe area, and rural area in the netx 20 years.  Meanwhile, the use of PES intruments with incentive application to plant out tree at estate conservation (both forest and non forest land) would provide benefit for minimum 24 years renting period. Further, the analysis shows that the PDR and PES implementation at 4 regencies/city government at KBU should be considered as a good prospect, even though seeing from the finances aspect of APBD, the prospect was still less than the target.  Therefore, continous finance policy support at the regencies/city government at that KBU which aimed to provide environmental protection and agricultural farm (pro-environmental budgeting policy) should be considered as emergency needs.Keywords: conservation area, land use, economic incentive, PDR, PESs
Types of Forestry Charges from Natural Resource Economics Perspective Sudarsono Soedomo
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 18 No. 1 (2012)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

Capturing economic rent from natural resources, particularly forests, frequently still creates disagreement between the government and businesses. The charges imposed by the government in the forms of reboisation fund (DR) and forest resource provision (PSDH) have been in place for very long time, accepted by all stakeholders, and supported by laws. Government policy regarding compensation for forest stand value (GRNT) creates controvercies. This paper intends to clarify problem of forest charges by returning it to its fundamental theories, e.g. economic theory of natural resouces. Economic rent of forests that are controlled by the government is the right of all Indonesia people. Henece, the government has responsibility for capturing the rent as much as possible in the most efficient way. If the stumpage is too low then it potentially promotes overcutting, whereas if it is too high then it makes forest business less attractive that potentially promotes illegal activities. In forestry, economic rent of forest has a special name, it is stumpage price. There are some difficulties in estimating a competitive stumpage price, wheter the one obtained through a direct competitive auction of standing timber or through calculation of residual price. Partly, the difficulties were generated by the government’s own policies that strongly distorted log prices. Log export ban and vertical integration are the two most influential policies in distorting log prices. Actually, the government is able to design and implement a single charge to capture PSDH, DR, and GRNT so that their administration becomes much simpler and more efficient.
Effect of Corrupt Behavior of the Forestry Bureaucrats on the Forest Sustainability Sudarsono Soedomo
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 11 No. 1 (2005)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

This article show that corrupt bureaucrats do not always result in a negative effect on the forest sustainability. Even under a certain condition, a corrupt behavior may result in a positive effect on the forest sustainability. An inappropriate policy is more important a cause of the forest sustainability than a corrupt behavior. Therefore, fixing this structural mistake needs to be prioritized in combating the forest destruction, for this structural mistake is the real primary cause of the forest destruction in Indonesia. Fixing this structural mistake is much more effective in combating the forest destruction than finding honest bureaucrats. 
Internalizing Externalities through Payments for Environmental Services Sudarsono Soedomo
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 18 No. 2 (2012)
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB University)

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Abstract

Forest ecosystems, including plantation forests, provide goods and services that are marketable and non-marketable. Positive externalities produced by forest ecosystems are rarely considered in pricing of marketable products that result in economic inefficiencies. Internalizing externalities is required to improve the economic efficiency. The traditional way to internalize an externality is by providing subsidies or imposing taxes. Recently, payments for environmental services are receiving more attention as an instrument for internalizing externalities provided by forest ecosystems. This promising alternative to improve our environment needs to be studied more extensively. In this paper, it can be indicated theoretically that the Pigovian tax, as a traditional way of addressing environmental problems, is able to mimic the result derived from the employment of environmental services payment. The difference is that environmental services payment improves the welfare of environmental service producers, whereas the Pigovian tax reduces it. A positive Pigovian tax increases the optimal rotation, which is positively associated with environmental improvement, but certainly reduces forest owner's welfare. This difference should be taken into account in the public policymaking so that perverse incentive may be avoided. Payment for environmental services as an additional income to forest growers, not as alternative source of income, is a potential tool to address simultaneously issues of environment and poverty that are frequently contested.