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All Journal JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Mesin
Hardianto, Toto
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Engineering Mechanical Engineering

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TINGKAT URGENSI PENGUJIAN POLUSI GAS BUANG KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI INDONESIA Hardianto, Toto; Suwono, Aryadi; Suyitno, Suyitno
Mesin Vol 12, No 3 (1997)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (442.774 KB)

Abstract

Until now, Indonesia does not have any dynamics exhaust pollution test standard, which is customized to Indonesian traffic and climate. On the other hand, the air pollution problem in Indonesian big cities has reached a critical level.Some researches done by some institutions (including ITB) show that the air pollution level in Jakarta and some other big cities is mainly caused by transportation, industry, domestic, and trash burning. Among those four pollution sources, transportation (motorized vehicles) is the most significant. Therefore, in order to solve the air pollution problem effectively, it has to be started from the transportation sector, and It is very important to do an intensive research which leads to a establishment of a test standard for exhaust gas pollution that is designed based on Indonesian condition.The application of a suitable dynamics exhaust gas pollution test standard is expected to support the pollution monitoring and control activities all over Indonesia, especially in big cities, so that the Indonesian air pollution can be reduced and maintained in a save level.
PERANCANGAN MEKANISME MOTOR STIRLING BERKAPASITAS 1 kW Hardianto, Toto; Suharto, Djoko; Dirgantara, Tatacipta
Mesin Vol 16, No 2 (2001)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (332.306 KB)

Abstract

The Stirling engine is an external combustion engine for converting the thermal energy into mechanical energy. This engine uses a Stirling cycle, which theoretically could have high thermal efficiency, which is as high as a Carnot cycle operating at a similar condition.This paper deals with a design process of Stirling engine’s mechanism stressing on the kinematics and dynamics aspects. Thermodynamics and geometry parameters are the inputs required for designing the Stirling engine’s mechanism. Material aspect has not been included in the design. The main parameters analyzed are: engine’s rotational speed, working temperature, cylinder’s pressure, inertial forces and power output.The results of the design are useful to give an overall picture of the main dimensions of a Stirling engine. Detail calculations are still needed for more advanced design.
ANALISIS TERMOHIDROLIKA TERAS REAKTOR SUSUNAN HEKSAGONAL S, Adolf Asih; Suwono, Aryadi; Hardianto, Toto
Mesin Vol 13, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (376.658 KB)

Abstract

In this experiment, the study focusses on reactor core thermohydraulic aspects especially the distributions of fuel surface temperature, fluid temperature and fluid axial velocity. Simulation data were obtained in the middle, at the edge and at the comer sub-channels. In this experiment, modeling of hexagonal configuration of reactor core and reflector was carried out. The power generations were assumed constant at 250 kwatt, 375 kwatt and 5 00kwatt for each filel element. This model was prepared and analyzed using Fluent Version 4.25 package program available at the Thermodynamic Laboratory of IURC-ES. The result shows that this reactor core model gives low fuel surface and fluid temperatures.
Studi Termodinamika Pembakaran Kombinasi Batu Bara dan Biomassa Limbah Riyanto, Hendi; Hardianto, Toto; Adriansyah, Willy; Jeffry, Gavriel Y
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 5, No 2 (2021): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v5i2.13903

Abstract

Pembakaran bersama batubara dan biomassa di pembangkit listrik tenaga batubara yang ada sedang dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif yang layak untuk transisi pemanfaatan energi yang tidak terbarukan ke terbarukan. Dalam hal ini, berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan dalam dua puluh tahun terakhir, yang sebagian besar kesimpulan umum adalah bahwa efisiensi boiler menurun sehubungan dengan peningkatan persentase biomassa dalam co-firing, namun studi tambahan dianggap diperlukan, terutama untuk limbah biomassa yang melimpah di Indonesia. Biomassa limbah yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS), sekam padi, dan wood pellet yang dihasilkan dari serbuk gergaji. Karakteristik termodinamika pembakaran co-firing yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), emisi CO2 pembakaran, dan temperatur nyala adiabatik. Sebuah open source Cool Prop formulasi sifat termodinamika diimplementasikan untuk mengevaluasi sifat termodinamika bahan yang sesuai yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AFR menurun dengan bertambahnya komposisi biomassa dalam bahan bakar, dimana laju perubahan masing-masing AFR per persen biomassa adalah -0,018, -0,0406, dan -0,026 untuk campuran batubara-TKKS, batubara-sekam padi, dan batubara-kayu. Adapun karakteristik AFR, emisi karbon dioksida menurun dengan meningkatnya persen massa biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar. Laju perubahan CO2 sehubungan dengan persen biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar adalah masing-masing -6.3x10-3, -1.12x10-2, dan -6.48x10-3 untuk campuran batubara-TKKS, batubara-sekam padi, dan batubara-kayu. Suhu nyala adiabatik juga menurun sehubungan dengan peningkatan persentase massa biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar. Laju perubahan suhu nyala adiabatik dalam K/%biomassa berturut-turut adalah -13,93, -10,70, dan -12,81 untuk campuran TKKS batubara, sekam padi, dan kayu batubara.Co-firing of coal and biomass in an existing coal fired power plant is being considered as a viable alternative to transition from non-renewable-to-renewable energy utilization. In this regard, various researches have been conducted in the last twenty years, in most of which the general conclusion is that the boiler efficiency decreases with respect to increasing biomass percentage in co-firing, nonetheless, additional study is deemed to be required, especially for waste biomass which are abundantly available in Indonesia. The waste biomass to be employed in this study are palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), rice husk, and wood pellet produced from sawdust. Co-firing combustion thermodynamic characteristics which are to be deployed in this study are air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), combustion CO2 emission, and adiabatic flame temperature. An open source CoolProp of thermodynamics properties formulations were implemented in order to evaluate thermodynamic properties of corresponding materials involved in this study. The results of the study show that AFR decreases with increasing biomass composition in the fuel, where the AFR rate of change per percent of biomassa are -0.018, -0.0406, and -0.026 for blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively. As to the AFR characteristic, the emission of carbon dioxide is decreasing with increasing percent mass of biomass in the fuel composition. The CO2 rate of change with respect to percent biomass in fuel composition are -6.3x10-3, -1.12x10-2, and -6.48x10-3 for the blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively. The adiabatic flame temperature is also decreasing with respect to increasing biomass mass percentage in fuel composition. The adiabatic flame temperature rate of change in K/%biomass are -13.93, -10.70, and -12.81 for the blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively.
Pengaruh Torefaksi terhadap Pencucian Potassium dalam Konversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit menjadi Bahan Bakar Padat Ramah Lingkungan Ari Akbariyanto Wenas; Toto Hardianto
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 5, No 2 (2021): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v5i2.14109

Abstract

Pada tahun 2018, 37,5 juta ton tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) diproduksi di Indonesia dan berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar padat. Namun, ada dua masalah utama dalam penggunaan TKKS sebagai bahan bakar padat, yaitu nilai kalor yang rendah dan kandungan kalium yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, EFB perlu melalui beberapa proses terlebih dahulu yaitu torrefaction dan washing. Namun, ketika torrefaksi dilakukan terlebih dahulu diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pelindian kalium. Metode studi literatur digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh torrefaksi terhadap pelindian kalium TKKS. Penelitian diawali dengan pengumpulan data torrefaction dan leaching dengan perlakuan perendaman dan pengadukan yang dilakukan pada TKKS dari berbagai sumber. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan disimpulkan menjadi 4 zona dekomposisi, yaitu zona rendah (100℃ ≤T200℃ ), zona sedang (200℃ ≤T≤250℃ ), zona tinggi (250℃ T≤330), dan zona ekstrem (T330℃ ). Berdasarkan hasil analisis, TKKS pada zona rendah dan zona sedang dipilih sebagai zona yang sesuai untuk dilakukan torrefaksi pada TKKS karena nilai kalor TKKS dapat mencapai nilai kalor batubara peringkat Lignite A, sedangkan untuk zona sedang telah setara dengan batubara peringkat C sub-bituminus. Berdasarkan nilai kalor yang dapat dicapai dengan mempertimbangkan proses leaching yang tepat untuk diterapkan, torrefaksi pada 200℃  dianggap dapat menghasilkan produk torrefaksi yang optimal untuk TKKS. Kemudian, untuk menurunkan kadar kalium pada zona rendah dan sedang hingga suhu bias 230℃ , perlakuan perendaman terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar kalium rata-rata 52,2%. Untuk mengoptimalkan penurunan kandungan kalium, TKKS perlu direndam pada suhu lingkungan dengan perbandingan air cucian terhadap biomassa 30:1 selama minimal 15 menit.   ABSTRACT In 2018, 37.5 million tons of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) were produced in Indonesia and have the potential to be used as solid fuel. However, there are two main problems in using EFB as a solid fuel, which are low heating value and high potassium content. Therefore, EFB needs to go through several processes first, namely torrefaction and washing. However, when torrefaction is carried out first is thought to be able to affect the potassium leaching performance. The literature study method was used in this study to investigate the influence of the torrefaction on the potassium leaching of EFB. The research is begun by gathering data of torrefaction and leaching by soaked and stirred treatment, carried out on EFB from various sources. Then, the data is analyzed and concluded into 4 decomposition zones, namely the low zone (100℃≤T200℃), the moderate zone (200℃≤T≤250℃), the high zone (250℃T≤330℃), and the extreme zone (T330℃). Based on the results of the analysis, TKKS in the low zone and the moderate zone are selected as the appropriate zone to do torrefaction on EFB because the heating value of EFB could achieve Lignite A rank coal heating value, while for the medium zone has been equivalent to sub-bituminous C rank coal. Based on the heating value that can be achieved while considering the right leaching process to be applied, torrefaction at 200℃ is considered could produce the optimal torrefaction products for EFB. Then, to reduce the potassium content in low and moderate zones to a refractive temperature of 230℃, the soaked treatment has been proven to reduce potassium content by an average of 52.2%. As for optimizing the reduction in the potassium content, EFB needs to be soaked at environmental temperatures with a ratio of washing water to the biomass of 30:1 for at least 15 minutes.
TINGKAT URGENSI PENGUJIAN POLUSI GAS BUANG KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI INDONESIA Toto Hardianto; Aryadi Suwono; Suyitno Suyitno
Mesin Vol. 12 No. 3 (1997)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Until now, Indonesia does not have any dynamics exhaust pollution test standard, which is customized to Indonesian traffic and climate. On the other hand, the air pollution problem in Indonesian big cities has reached a critical level.Some researches done by some institutions (including ITB) show that the air pollution level in Jakarta and some other big cities is mainly caused by transportation, industry, domestic, and trash burning. Among those four pollution sources, transportation (motorized vehicles) is the most significant. Therefore, in order to solve the air pollution problem effectively, it has to be started from the transportation sector, and It is very important to do an intensive research which leads to a establishment of a test standard for exhaust gas pollution that is designed based on Indonesian condition.The application of a suitable dynamics exhaust gas pollution test standard is expected to support the pollution monitoring and control activities all over Indonesia, especially in big cities, so that the Indonesian air pollution can be reduced and maintained in a save level.
ANALISIS TERMOHIDROLIKA TERAS REAKTOR SUSUNAN HEKSAGONAL Adolf Asih S; Aryadi Suwono; Toto Hardianto
Mesin Vol. 13 No. 3 (1998)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

In this experiment, the study focusses on reactor core thermohydraulic aspects especially the distributions of fuel surface temperature, fluid temperature and fluid axial velocity. Simulation data were obtained in the middle, at the edge and at the comer sub-channels. In this experiment, modeling of hexagonal configuration of reactor core and reflector was carried out. The power generations were assumed constant at 250 kwatt, 375 kwatt and 5 00'kwatt for each filel element. This model was prepared and analyzed using Fluent Version 4.25 package program available at the Thermodynamic Laboratory of IURC-ES. The result shows that this reactor core model gives low fuel surface and fluid temperatures.
PERANCANGAN MEKANISME MOTOR STIRLING BERKAPASITAS 1 kW Toto Hardianto; Djoko Suharto; Tatacipta Dirgantara
Mesin Vol. 16 No. 2 (2001)
Publisher : Mesin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The Stirling engine is an external combustion engine for converting the thermal energy into mechanical energy. This engine uses a Stirling cycle, which theoretically could have high thermal efficiency, which is as high as a Carnot cycle operating at a similar condition.This paper deals with a design process of Stirling engine's mechanism stressing on the kinematics and dynamics aspects. Thermodynamics and geometry parameters are the inputs required for designing the Stirling engine's mechanism. Material aspect has not been included in the design. The main parameters analyzed are: engine's rotational speed, working temperature, cylinder's pressure, inertial forces and power output.The results of the design are useful to give an overall picture of the main dimensions of a Stirling engine. Detail calculations are still needed for more advanced design.
Co-Authors A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Adolf Asih S Adriansyah, Willy Ari Akbariyanto Wenas Aryadi Suwono Aryadi Suwono Djoko Suharto Hendi Riyanto, Hendi Jeffry, Gavriel Y S, Adolf Asih Suharto, Djoko Suyitno Suyitno Tatacipta Dirgantara Tatacipta Dirgantara, Tatacipta