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Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu dengan Perilaku Pencegahan ISPA pada Anak Balita di Kampung Galuga Winning Gustini Daeli; Jimmy Prima Nugraha Harefa; Meivi Widarni Lase; Martina Pakpahan; Agustin Lamtiur
Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek Vol 27 No 1 (2021): JANUARI - APRIL
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v27i1.1939

Abstract

Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) menjadi masalah kesehatan utama pada anak dibawah usia lima tahun (balita). Pengetahuan ibu turut memengaruhi kejadian ISPA pada balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu mengenai ISPA dengan perilaku ibu dalam pencegahan ISPA pada balita. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang memiliki anak balita di Kampung Galuga, Binong. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 responden yang didapatkan dengan accidental sampling. Analisa data berupa analisa univariat dan analisa bivariat menggunakan uji Somers’d. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 52,5% responden memiliki pengetahuan cukup mengenai ISPA dan sebanyak 57,5% responden memiliki perilaku baik dalam pencegahan ISPA. Diketahui tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan ibu mengenai ISPA dengan perilaku ibu dalam pencegahan ISPA, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa pengetahuan tidak menentukan perilaku seseorang. Terdapat banyak faktor lainnya yang turut memengaruhi perilaku seseorang dalam pencegahan ISPA, seperti sikap, motivasi, usia, lingkungan, dan sosial budaya. Diperlukan upaya yang holistik, berkelanjutan dan lintas sektor dalam membangun perilaku yang positif dalam pencegahan ISPA.
Persepsi Perawat sebagai Edukator Berhubungan dengan Implementasi Discharge Planning Martina Pakpahan; Fransiska Denata Rangga; Sandra Vasquien; Martha Octaria
Jurnal Kesehatan Holistic Vol 4 No 2 (2020): Jurnal Kesehatan Holistic Volume 4/Nomor 2/Juli 2020
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan RS Husada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (493.499 KB) | DOI: 10.33377/jkh.v4i2.81

Abstract

The nurses as an educator becomes an important part in the implementation of discharge planning. The implementation of the optimal Discharge planning can increase the length of stay in hospital, readmission, and financing. The aim of the study to identify the correlation between nurse's perception as an educator with the implementation of Discharge Planning by nurses. This research was a quantitative study with cross sectional design. Sampling technique used the total sampling with 43 nurses in the inpatient room in one central Indonesian private hospital as a respondents. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation. Data analysis in the form of univariate and Bivariat. Bivariate analysis using Chi Square test. The univariate analysis was found by 40 (93.02%) Respondents had negative perception and to 36 (83.72%) The respondent did not implement discharge planning according to standard operating procedures. Bivariat analysis found the correlation between the perception of nurses as an educator with the implementation of discharge planning by nurses (p value 0.001). The hospitals can develop a positive perception of nurses as an educator through training and mentoring in carrying out standard discharge planning. Further research can examine the correlation of other variables on the implementation of discharge planning.
Edukasi Manfaat Vaksinasi Covid-19 dan Menangkal Hoax Martina Pakpahan; Deborah Siregar; Lina Berliana Togatorop; Marisa Junianti Manik; Masrida Adolina Panjaitan; Novita Susilawati Barus
Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) Vol 5, No 1 (2022): Volume 5 No 1 Januari 2022
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/jkpm.v5i1.5354

Abstract

ABSTRAK Vaksianasi Covid-19 menjadi program nasional yang dicanangkan Pemerintah bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesa di ke 34 Provinsi, dimulai sejak 13 Januari 2021 dan ditargetkan rampung pada Desember 2021. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PkM) dilakukan pada tanggal 4 Juni 2021 dalam bentuk webinar kesehatan diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas Keperawatan UPH bekerjasama dengan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tangerang, Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. Tujuan kegiatan ini untuk mendukung pemerintah dalam capaian vaksinasi Covid-19 melalui peningkatan pengetahuan dan sikap positif masyarakat untuk mengikuti vaksinasi. Kegiatan ditujukan bagi masyarakat umum dan diikuti oleh 227 peserta. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: 1) Karakteristik Peserta: berasal dari berbagai Provinsi (mayoritas dari Banten yaitu sebanyak 22%), beragam profesi (mayoritas adalah mahasiswa sebanyak 62,6%), beragam jenjang pendidikan (mayoritas adalah S1 yaitu sebanyak 67,4%) dan berbagai usia (mayoritas adalah 17-25 tahun yaitu sebanyak 66,5%); 2) Gambaran pengetahuan peserta terkait vaksin COVID-19 sudah baik. Hal ini terlihat dari rerata nilai pre-test sebesar 7.28 dan Nilai Median 7 yang kemudian meningkat pada post-test dengan rerata nilai 8.29 dan Nilai Median 9; 3) Sebanyak 207 (91,2%) peserta belum pernah terinfeksi COVID-19, sebanyak 220 (96,9%) peserta memiliki sikap positif (menilai penting) pemberian vaksin COVID-19, sebanyak 106 (46,7%) peserta mendapatkan informasi terkait vaksin COVID-19 dari media sosial, dan sebanyak 122 (53,7%) peserta belum pernah mendapatkan vaksin COVID-19; 4) Peserta antusias mengikuti webinar dari awal sampai akhir dan menilai kegiatan baik (memuaskan). Saran untuk lembaga mitra, agar dapat memanfaatkan media sosial secara maksimal untuk sosialisasi dan edukasi terkait vaksinasi COVID-19. Kata Kunci: COVID-19, Imunitas, Masyarakat, Pemerintah, Vaksin  ABSTRACT The Covid-19 vaccination is a national program launched by the government for all Indonesians in 34 provinces beginning January 13, 2021 and expected to be completed in December 2021. A Community Service Activity (PkM) was held on June 4, 2021 in the form of a health webinar organized by The UPH Faculty of Nursing in collaboration with the Tangerang District Health Office and the Bali Provincial Health Office. The purpose of this activity is to support the government in achieving Covid-19 vaccination by increasing public awareness and positive attitudes toward vaccination. The activity was intended for the general public and had 227 participants. The results of the activity showed the following: 1) Characteristics of Participants: came from various provinces (the majority were from Banten, which was 22%), various professions (the majority were students, as many as 62.6%), various levels of education (the majority were Bachelors, namely 67.4%) and various ages (the majority are 17-25 years, which is 66.5%); 2) The description of participants' knowledge regarding the COVID-19 vaccine is good. This can be seen from the average pre-test score of 7.28 and a median value of 7 which then increased in the post-test with an average value of 8.29 and a median value of 9; 3) A total of 207 (91.2%) participants had never been infected with COVID-19, as many as 220 (96.9%) participants had a positive attitude (judged it was important) to administer the COVID-19 vaccine, as many as 106 (46.7%) participants received information related to the COVID-19 vaccine from social media, and as many as 122 (53.7%) participants had never received the COVID-19 vaccine; 4) Participants participated enthusiastically in the webinar from start to finish and rated the activity as good (satisfactory). Suggestions for partner institutions to make the best use of social media for COVID-19 vaccination socialization and education. Keywords: COVID-19, Immunity, Society, Government, Vaccines
HUBUNGAN SIKAP DENGAN KEPATUHAN PERAWAT DALAM MENCUCI TANGAN DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA Doloksaribu, Eunike Kristien; Lintin, Nathalia; Dewi, Revina Marthalita Sukma; Pakpahan, Martina; Purimahua, Dora Irene
Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 5, No 2 (2021): Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/jmstkik.v5i2.11839

Abstract

Health Care-Associated Infection (HAI) or Nosocomial infection is still a major problem that occurs in hospitals. This results in prolonged treatment, increased resistance to antimicrobials, increased morbidity and mortality, high maintenance costs and decreased quality of care. Nurses interact the most with patients, so nurse compliance in washing hands can affect the spread of nosocomial infections. This study aims to determine the correlation between nurses’ attitudes and compliance with hand washing in an inpatient room at a private hospital in Jakarta. The study is quantitative correlational used cross-sectional design. The total samples was 49 respondents obtained using purposive sampling technique. This study used a questionnaire instrument and observation sheet. Validity and reliability tests for the questionnaire obtained Cronbach Alpha 0.909. Observations among researchers obtained the kappa test results of 0.615.The analysis used univariate and bivariate analyzes. The ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Pelita Harapan. In the univariate analysis, it was showed that 27 (55.1%) of nurses had a good attitude in hands washing and 39 (79.6%) of nurses did not comply with hands washing. In the bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test, it showed that there was no correlation between attitudes and nurse compliance in hand washing in an inpatient room at a private hospital in Jakarta (p value 0.716, 95% CI). Future studies can examine other factors that influence nurse compliance in hand washing compliance such as knowledge, motivation, availability of hand washing facilities, workload, monitoring and role models. Keywords: Hand washing; Compliance; Nurse; Inpatient; Attitude AbstrakInfeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan atau infeksi nosokomial masih menjadi masalah utama yang terjadi di rumah sakit. Hal ini menyebabkan perawatan yang berkepanjangan, peningkatan resistensi terhadap antimikroba, peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas, biaya perawatan tinggi dan menurunnya mutu pelayanan. Perawat paling banyak berinteraksi dengan pasien maka kepatuhan perawat dalam mencuci tangan dapat memengaruhi penyebaran infeksi nosokomial. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan sikap dengan kepatuhan perawat mencuci tangan di Ruang Rawat Inap di Satu Rumah Sakit Swasta di Jakarta. Penelitian merupakan kuantitatif korelasional dengan desain cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel yaitu 49 responden yang diperoleh menggunakan purposive sampling. Instrumen berupa kuesioner dan lembar observasi. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner didapatkan Cronbach Alpha 0,909. Observasi diantara peneliti didapatkan hasil uji kappa 0,615. Analisis menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Persetujuan etik didapatkan dari Komite Etik Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Pelita Harapan. Pada analisis univariat diketahui sebesar 27 (55,1%) perawat memiliki sikap baik dalam mencuci tangan dan sebesar 39 (79,6%) perawat tidak patuh mencuci tangan. Pada analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan sikap perawat dengan kepatuhan perawat mencuci tangan di ruang rawat inap di satu Rumah Sakit Swasta di Jakarta (p value 0,716, CI 95%). Penelitian berikutnya dapat meneliti faktor-faktor lain yang memengaruhi kepatuhan perawat mencuci tangan seperti pengetahuan, motivasi, ketersediaan fasilitas cuci tangan, beban kerja, supervisi dan role model.
THE CORRELATION OF FAMILY KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR IN CONTROLLING HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS AT OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT Elisabeth Nainggolan; Gracelia Sopacua; Regy Lodiay; Martina Pakpahan; Dora Irene Purimahua
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) Vol 5 No 2 (2021): VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 AUGUST 2021
Publisher : Bina Sehat Press. Departement Research and Community Engagement Bina Sehat PPNI Institute of Health Science, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29082/IJNMS/2021/Vol5/Iss2/353

Abstract

There has been a significant and continuous increase in the number of people suffering from hypertension worldwide, particularly in Indonesia. Many families with hypertensive members do not recognize hypertension or control their hypertension. This study aims to determine the correlation of family knowledge and behavior in controlling hypertension in patients at the outpatient department of a private hospital in Jakarta. The method was a quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional design approach. The population was the patients’ families in outpatient department. The sample was 94 respondents who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The instrument was a previous study's questionnaire. The univariate analysis showed that 64.9% of respondents have good knowledge, and 53.3% have good behavior. The bivariate analysis, which used the Pearson Chi-Square test showed a p-value of 0.001 (CI 95%). There was a correlation between family knowledge and behavior in controlling hypertension in patients at the outpatient department. Hospitals and nurses can further optimize family education, socialization, and collaboration in controlling hypertension.
Webinar Edukasi Peran Orang Tua Dalam Tumbuh Kembang Anak Dan Well-Being Keluarga Martina Pakpahan; Lia Kartika; Mega Sampepadang; Novita Susilawati Barus; Martha Octaria; Tirolyn Panjaitan
Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) Volume 4 Nomor 6 Desember 2021
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/jkpm.v4i6.4516

Abstract

ABSTRAK Terdapat berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Peran orang tua sangat menentukan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak selain bertanggung jawab dalam pendidikan anak. Sekolah dan guru turut mendukung tidak hanya pendidikan anak namun juga pengembangan identitas diri, eksistensi diri, serta eksplorasi diri anak. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) berupa ‘Webinar Edukasi Peran Orang Tua dalam Tumbuh Kembang Anak dan Well-Being Keluarga’ dilakukan di SMP Sekolah Tunas Indonesia yang berlokasi di Bintaro, pada tanggal 26 Maret 2021. Kegiatan bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan peran orang tua dalam tumbuh kembang anak dan membangun Well-Being keluarga. Metode yang digunakan adalah edukasi yang terdiri dari dua sesi, yaitu: ‘Konsep Well-Being Keluarga’ dan ‘Peran Orang Tua dalam Optimalisasi Tumbuh Kembang Anak’. Webinar diikuti oleh 63 peserta yang terdiri dari 10 Guru, 21 orang tua dan 32 sisw/i. Hasil kegiatan didapatkan sebagai berikut: (1) Karakteristik keluarga; 82.6% peserta memiliki tipe keluarga inti, 95.7% peserta memiliki relasi yang dekat dalam keluarga, 95.7% peserta memiliki quality time bersama keluarga secara rutin (minggu/bulan), dan 43.5% peserta memiliki prioritas untuk membangun hubungan keluarga, (2) Tumbuh kembang anak; mayoritas anak terpenuhi tugas perkembangannya pada aspek fisik dan psikososial, (3) Pengetahuan orang tua dan guru terkait topik masih rendah, hal ini terlihat dari rerata nilai pre-test (n=23) sebesar 4,58 dan rerata nilai post-test sebesar 3,56 (n=18), (4) Peserta dan sekolah (lembaga mitra) antusias mengikuti kegiatan dari awal sampai dengan akhir dan menilai kegiatan baik dan memuaskan. Kegiatan dapat berkelanjutan dan orang tua bersama pihak sekolah dapat lebih terlibat dalam mengoptimalkan tumbuh kembang anak.  Kata Kunci:  Keluarga, Peran Orang Tua, Tumbuh Kembang Anak, Well-Being  ABSTRACT There are various factors that influence the growth and development of children. The role of parents greatly determines the Child's growth and development, in addition to being responsible for children's education. Schools and teachers also promote not only children's education but also the development of self-identity, self-existence, and self-exploration. Community Service activities, namely 'Educational Webinar on the Role of Parents in Child Development and Family Well-being'. The activity was held in the Tunas Indonesia Junior High School in Bintaro, on March 26, 2021. This activity aims to optimize the role of parents in the child's growth and development and build a Family Well-Being. The method used was a health education which consists of two sessions, namely: 'The Concept of Family Welfare' and 'The Role of Parents in Optimizing Children's Growth and Development. The webinar was attended by 63 participants including 10 teachers, 21 parents, and 32 students. The following were the outcomes of the activities: (1) Family characteristics; 82.6% of participants belonged to a nuclear family, 95.7% of participants had close family ties, 95.7% spent quality time on a regular basis (weeks/months), and 43.5% prioritized family ties, (2) Child growth and development; the majority of the child's accomplishments in physical and psychosocial aspects, (3) The knowledge of parents and teachers related to the topic is still low, as evidenced by the average pre-test score (n = 23) of 4.58 and the average post-test score of 3,56 (n=18), (4) Participants and school (partner institution) passionately participated in the activity from beginning to end and rated it acceptable and satisfactory. Activities can be sustainable and parents may become more involved in their children's growth and development. Keyword: Family, Role of Parents, Child Growth and Development, Well-Being
Penyuluhan Dan Pengobatan Gratis Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Buhit, Kecamatan Pangururan, Kabupaten Samosir, Sumatera Utara Martina Pakpahan; Juhdeliena Juhdeliena; Eva Berthy; Riama Marlyn
Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat dan Corporate Social Responsibility (PKM-CSR) Vol 1 (2018): Prosiding PKM-CSR Konferensi Nasional Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat dan Corporate Socia
Publisher : Asosiasi Sinergi Pengabdi dan Pemberdaya Indonesia (ASPPI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (475.263 KB)

Abstract

Trend penyakit degeneratif berkaitan erat dengan perilaku tidak sehat. Menurut Riskesdas tahun 2013, capaian proporsi rumah tangga berperilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) secara nasional sebesar 32,3 %, provinsi Sumatera Utara sebesar 24,6 % sedangkan di Kabupaten Samosir sebesar 14,7 %. Penelitian yang dilakukan penulis pada tahun 2016 mengenai determinan perilaku sehat rumah tangga di Kabupaten Samosir, diketahui bahwa capaian perilaku sehat rumah tangga di Kabupaten Samosir sebesar 12,8 %. Variabel yang berhubungan bermakna yaitu; sikap (nilai p=0.001), penghasilan (nilai p=0.001), serta ketersediaan dan keterjangkauan fasilitas kesehatan (nilai p=0.049). Perilaku konsumsi sayur dan buah sebagai salah satu bentuk PHBS rumah tangga (keluarga) dapat menjadi perilaku pencegahan penyakit degeneratif, namun capaian nasional masih sangat rendah yaitu sebesar 10,7 % (Kemenkes, 2013). Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan penulis menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga yang mengkonsumsi sayur dan buah dengan frekuensi minimal satu porsi perhari yaitu sebesar 34,2 %. Sedangkan standar yang direkomendasikan WHO, konsumsi sayur dan buah sebesar 400 gram (5 porsi) setiap hari untuk semua kelompok usia. Rendahnya capaian tersebut kontras dengan profesi mayoritas masyarakat sebagai petani dan ketersediaan lahan bercocok tanam yang luas yang dimiliki keluarga. Edukasi yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, membangun sikap positif dan merubah perilaku masyarakat di Pangururan untuk hidup sehat terutama dalam perilaku konsumsi sayur dan buah. Hasil post test menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan peserta sebesar 25,37 % serta tingginya minat masyarakat untuk mengkonsumsi sayur dan buah setiap hari.
DETERMINAN PERILAKU KONSUMSI SAYUR DAN BUAH PADA RUMAH TANGGA DI KABUPATEN SAMOSIR TAHUN 2016 [DETERMINANT OF VEGETABLES AND FRUIT CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN HOUSEHOLDS IN SAMOSIR DISTRICT, YEAR 2016] Martina Pakpahan; Dian Ayubi
Nursing Current: Jurnal Keperawatan Vol 5, No 1 (2017): June
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/nc.v5i1.1097

Abstract

The Relationship between Workload and Nursing Job Satisfaction in One Private Hospital in The West Region of Indonesia Dora Irene Purimahua; Gita Martinaningtyas; Lenceria Girsang; Widia Astuti; Martina Pakpahan
Ners Jurnal Keperawatan Vol 16, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/njk.16.2.95-102.2020

Abstract

Nurse as a profession and caregiver who composed the large portion of healthcare service workers is required to have high expertise in carrying out nursing practice, the speed at work, and high work volume. With these important roles, the income earned by nurses is still in the low category as a healthcare provider that makes nurses feel dissatisfied in their work. The purpose of this study was to describe the workload of nurses, level of work satisfaction and to find out the relationship between the workloads in nursing and the job satisfaction in one private hospital in the west region of Indonesia. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire of nursing workload and nursing job satisfaction on 126 nurses in one private hospital in the west region of Indonesia with a total sampling technique. Univariate and bivariate were conducted to analyze the collected data. This study found that there were 55% of nurses with high workload and 52% of nurses with job dissatisfaction. There was a relationship between workloads to nursing job satisfaction (p-value 0.001). This research recommend the hospitals to re-evaluate nurses job satisfaction, give reward and set excellent and evident career path in nursing.
Waspadai dan Cegah Pneumonia dan Diare di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Deborah Siregar; Martina Pakpahan; Peggy Sara Tahulending; Evanny Indah Manurung; Yenni Ferawati Sitanggang; Marisa Junianti Manik
PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol 7 No 3 (2022): PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/pengabdianmu.v7i3.2752

Abstract

The leading causes of death in children vary according to age. Children under five years are vulnerable to infectious diseases such as malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea, HIV, and tuberculosis. Pneumonia is a contagious infectious disease and the most significant cause of death in children under five. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five. Diarrhea is the leading cause of malnutrition in children under five. Indonesia is included in the top ten countries with the highest number of deaths in children under five years in 2019. This activity aims to increase knowledge of the community, especially mothers, about pneumonia and diarrhea. The method used was a virtual seminar. The webinar was held on May 7, 2021, using a zoom meeting with 87 participants. The majority of participants had never had pneumonia (98.8%). And the number of participants who had experienced diarrhea was 64 participants (80%). The results showed an increase in knowledge after attending the virtual seminar. The average (mean) knowledge score increased by 1.97. The majority of participants gave excellent marks on activities related to the topic/theme of the event, speakers, audiovisual quality, and question and answer sessions.