Jurnal Ilmiah Scriptura is published biannually, in January and July, by Petra Christian University. Jurnal Ilmiah Scriptura aims to promote a comprehensive approach to communication incorporating viewpoints of different disciplines, strengthen academic exchange with other institutions, and encourage scientist, practicing engineers, and others to conduct research and other similar activities. Jurnal Ilmiah Scriptura welcomes papers with the above aims and scopes. The editorial board decides papers to be published in Scriptura after review by reviewers appointed by the board. Authors will be advised of reviewers comments and suggestions.