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Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115
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PHARMACON
Published by Universitas Sam Ratulangi
ISSN : 23022493     EISSN : 27214923     DOI : 10.35799
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon is the journal published by Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Indonesia (P-ISSN: 2302-2493 E-ISSN: 2721-4923). Pharmacon was established in 2012 and published four times a year. Pharmacon is an open access journal and has been indexed by main indexing Google Scholar, GARUDA, Crossref.
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KTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BINTANG LAUT Linckia laevigata YANG DIPEROLEH DARI TELUK MANADO Runtuwene, Reynander .
PHARMACON Vol 6, No 4 (2017): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.6.2017.17721

Abstract

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BINTANG LAUT Linckia laevigata YANG DIPEROLEH DARI TELUK MANADOReynander Kurnia Runtuwene1), Defny S. Wewengkang1), Gayatri Citraningtyas1)1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACTLinckia laevigata is one of the starfish species in the class of Asteroids, which have the antibacterial potential. Linckia laevigata itself is often found in the tropics where Manado Bay is located within these areas. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the starfish Linckia laevigata  extract obtained from Manado bay against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Samples were extracted  by maceration and fractionated using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane. Antibacterial activity was performed  by agar diffusion method (Kirby and Bauer). The results showed that the crude extract of ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane and methanol fraction effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, extract and fraction were categorized weak based on Davis and Stout criteria. Keywords: Linckia laevigata Starfish, Antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli ABSTRAKLinckia laevigata merupakan salah satu spesies bintang laut yang berada dalam kelas Asteroida yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Linckia laevigata sendiri sering ditemukan di daerah tropis di mana Teluk Manado berada dalam kawasan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetukan adanya aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak bintang laut Linckia laevigata yang diperoleh dari teluk Manado terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Sampel diekstraksi secara maserasi dan fraksinasi menggunakan etanol, metanol, kloroform dan n-heksan. Aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar (Kirby dan Bauer). Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar etanol, fraksi Kloroform, fraksi n-heksan dan fraksi methanol efektif menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli, ekstrak dan fraksi dikategorikan lemah berdasarkan kriteria Davis dan Stout.Kata Kunci: Bintang Laut Linckia laevigata, Aktivitas antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli         
UJI EFEK ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SUJI (DRACAENA ANGUSTIFOLIA ROXB) TERHADAP EDEMA KAKI TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR Narande, Julia Megawati; Wulur, Anne; Yudistira, Adithya
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 3 (2013): pharmacon
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Abstract

ABSTRACTSuji (Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.) has been used empirically by the people of NorthSulawesi to cure the disease. Flavonoids and steroids in suji leaves suspected to haveantiinflammatroy effects. This study aims to examine the antiinflammatory effects of ethanolextract from suji leaves (Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.) on edema of white males wistar footinduced with 5% white egg solution, and to determine an effective dose of extract to decreasethe edema volume ofrat foot. The test was done using rat hind paw edema or esthablished anartificial inflammation in left foot of white male rats.The treatments were carried out on fivegroups, the positive control group was administered with diclofenac sodium, the negativecontrol group was administered with aquadest, and the extract groups were administered with100 mg/KgBB, 300 mg/KgBB and 1000 mg/KgBB of suji leaf extract. Edema volume weremeasured every hour for 7 hours using a glass tube. The average of edema volume (mL) andtime (hour) was plotted in a curve to form Area Under Curve (AUC). The AUC values wereused to calculate the percentage of antiinflammatory on each group compared to the negativecontrol group. Obtained data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test withconfident level was 0,05. The result of this study indicate that suji leaf can reduce edemavolume of rat foot that induced with 5% white egg solution and antiinflamatory of ethanolextract from suji leaf 100 mg/KgBB by 33,19 %, 300 mg/KgBB by 14,04 % and 1000mg/KgBB by 5,80 %.Keywords: Suji(Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.), antiinflammatory, edema
UJI KONSENTRASI HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) EKSTRAK KULIT NANAS (Ananas comosus L) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus Wiharningtias, Indria
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 4 (2016): Pharmacon
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.13969

Abstract

UJI KONSENTRASI HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) EKSTRAK KULIT NANAS (Ananas comosus L) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus Indria Wiharningtias1) , Olivia Waworuntu2), Juliatri1) 1) Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT Manado, 95115 2)Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT Manado, 95115     ABSTRACT      Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria in oral cavity that can lead to an abscess. Treatment of abscesses can be done by use of systemic antibiotics, but now the increasingly of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a problem in the medical. Various alternatives have been developed, one of them using natural materials to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L) was a plant that grows in Indonesia. The peel of pineapple contains of bromelain enzyme and has anti-bacterial effect, but the pineapple’s peel were not widely used in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus L) to Staphylococcus aureus growth. This research is a true experimental research with randomized pretes- posttest control group design. The method used in this research is serial dilution methods with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry as the test methods. Pineapple peel was extracted with maceration method using ethanol 96%. The extract used in this study are 0.39 %, 0.78 %, 1.56%, 3.125 %, 6.25%, 12.5 %, 25 %, 50 % and 100 %.The result of this research showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus  L) to Staphylococcus aureus was 1,56%. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), pineapple peel   ABSTRAK Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu bakteri di dalam rongga mulut yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya abses. Perawatan terhadap abses dapat dilakukan secara sistemik yaitu dengan penggunaan antibiotik, namun saat ini peningkatan resistensi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus terhadap antibiotik telah menjadi permasalahan dalam bidang kesehatan. Berbagai cara alternatif telah dikembangkan, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Nanas (Ananas comosus L) merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia. Kulit buah nanas mengandung enzim bromelain dan memiliki efek sebagai anti bakteri, namun pemanfaatan kulit nanas belum banyak dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari ekstrak kulit nanas terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental murni (true experimental design) dengan rancangan penelitian randomized pretes- posttest control group design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan metode pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Ekstrak kulit nanas didapat dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 0,39%, 0,78%, 1,56%, 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, dan 100%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, konsentrasi hambat minumum ekstrak kulit nanas (Ananas comosus L) terhadap  Staphylococcus aureus yaitu konsentrasi 1,56%. Kata kunci: Staphylococcus aureus, Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM), kulit nanas  
AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA DARI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI ORGANISME LAUT SPONS STYLISSA CARTERI YANG DIKOLEKSI DARI PERAIRAN SELAT LEMBEH KOTA BITUNG Watupongoh, Cavieta; Wewengkang, Defny; Rotinsulu, Henki
PHARMACON Vol 8, No 3 (2019)
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Abstract

ABSTRACTSponge is a multi-cell marine biota whose tissue and organ functions are very simple. Sponges have considerable potentially in producing active compounds that can be used in the pharmaceutical world. This study aimed to determine the presence of antimicrobial activity from extracts and fractions of the Stylissa carteri Sponge on against the microbes of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The extraction process was carried out by maceration using ethanol solvent, and fractionation was carried out using methanol, n-hexane and chloroform solvents. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disk diffusion agar method. The results showed that the crude ethanol extracts and methanol fractions of the Stylissa carteri sponge actively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans microbes. Keywords: Stylissa carteri, antimicrobial, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans.  ABSTRAKSpons merupakan biota laut multi sel yang fungsi jaringan dan organnya sangat sederhana. Spons memiliki potensi cukup besar dalam  menghasilkan senyawa aktif yang dapat digunakan dalam dunia farmasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan adanya Aktivitas Antimikroba dari ekstrak dan fraksi Spons Stylissa carteri terhadap mikroba Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Candida albicans. Dilakukan proses ekstraksi dengan cara maserasi terhadap sampel menggunakan pelarut etanol, dan dilakukan fraksinasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, n-heksan dan kloroform. Aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar dan fraksi metanol dari spons Stylissa carteri aktif menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Candida albicans.  Kata Kunci : Stylissa carteri, antimikroba, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans.
AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI TUNIKATA (POLYCARPA AURATA) YANG DIKOLEKSI DI SELAT LEMBEH, BITUNG TERHADAP ESCHERICHIA COLI, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DAN CANDIDA ALBICANS Manoppo, Cinlye; Yudistira, Adithya; Wewengkang, Defny
PHARMACON Vol 8, No 2 (2019)
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ABSTRACTTunicate is an invertebrate that lives in a coral reef ecosystem and produces many compounds such as, antibacterial, antitumor and anticancer. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fraction of tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) collected in the Lembeh Strait, Bitung against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, fractination using liquid-liquid partition method with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvent, and antimicrobial testing using Kirby Bauer?s disk diffusion method. The results showed that ethanol extract of tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) had antimicrobial activity againts Escherichia coli with an inhibition of 15.12 mm, and againts Candida albicans with an inhibition of 15 mm. While the methanol fraction showed antimicrobial with a strong category and inhibition of 16.17 mm againts Staphylococcus aureus. Keyword: Tunicate (Polycarpa aurata), Extraction, Fractination, Antimicrobials  ABSTRAKTunikata merupakan invertebrata di ekosistem terumbu karang yang banyak menghasilkan senyawa seperti, antibakteri, antitumor dan antikanker.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk  mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak dan fraksi tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) yang dikoleksi di Selat lembeh, Bitung terhadap Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans.  Tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%, fraksinasi menggunakan metode partisi dengan pelarut n-heksan, kloroform dan metanol, dan pengujian antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar Kirby Bauer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba kategori kuat pada fraksi metanol dengan daya hambat sebesar 16, 17 mm terhadap Escherichia coli, pada ekstrak etanol dengan daya hambat sebesar 15, 12 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus sedangkan pada Candida albicans aktivitas yang sangat baik terjadi pada ektraksi etanol sebesar 15 mm. Kata Kunci: Tunikata (Polycarpa aurata), Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi, Antimikroba
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN LAMUN (Syiringodium isoetifolium) TERHADAP BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dhuha, Samsudin
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Pharmacon
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.11246

Abstract

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN LAMUN (Syiringodium isoetifolium) TERHADAP BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa   Samsudin Dhuha­­1), Widdhi Bodhi1), Novel Kojong1) 1)Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA UNSRAT Manado   ABSTRACT The research about antibacterial activity of seagrass leaf ethanol extract (Syringodium isoetifolium) to against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with using method of agar difuse has done. Study has conducted on extraction of seagrass leaf by maseration with 95% ethanol solvent, preparation of positive control solution that uses ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets, preparation negative control solution that uses Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), preparation test solution 10%, 15%, and 20%, preparation of agar medium and well testing, sterilization of tolls, bacterial inoculation and preparation of bacterial suspention that based on Mc. Farland standard solution, and then Testing antibacterial activity that based on diameter of its inhibition. Based on the testing the highest diameter of inhibition was the solution test 20% is equal to 18.17 mm and then followed by the solution test 15% and 10% are equal to 17.50 mm and 15.67 mm, whereas the negative and positive control solution respectively ar equal to 8 mm and 28.67 mm. Key words: Seagrass Leaf (Syringodium isoetifolium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibacterial. ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun lamun terhadap bakteri uji Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan menggunakan meode difusi agar. Kajian yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi daun lamun secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 95%, penyiapan larutan control positif yang menggunakan tablet ciprofloxacin 500 mg, penyiapan larutan kontrol negatif yang menggunakan Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), penyiapan larutan uji 10%, 15% dan 20%, penyiapan media agar dan sumur pengujian, sterilisasi alat, inokulasi bakteri dan penyiapan suspense bakteri berdasarkan larutan standar Mc. Farland, serta pengujian aktivitas antibakteri yang berdasarkan diameter daya hambatnya. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diameter daya hambat yang paling tinggi dari larutan uji adalah larutan uji 20% yaitu sebesar 18.17 nm kemudian diikuti larutan uji 15% dan 10% sebesar 17.50 mm dan 15.67 mm, sedangkan larutan kontrol negatif dan kontrol positif berturut-turut sebesar 8 mm dan 28.67 mm.   Kata kunci: Daun lamun (Syringodium isoetifolium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibakteri.  
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SALEP EKSTRAK DAUN KEMBANG SEPATU (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) TERHADAP LUKA YANG TERINFEKSI BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus PADA KELINCI (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Yamlean, Paulina V.Y.
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 4 (2016): Pharmacon
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.18837

Abstract

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SALEP EKSTRAK DAUN KEMBANG SEPATU (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) TERHADAP LUKA YANG TERINFEKSI BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus PADA KELINCI (Oryctolagus cuniculus)Paulina V. Y. Yamlean1) dan Widya Astuty Lolo1)1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT, 95115 ABSTRACT Healthy living is the primary needs of every individual in his life. Because that since the society has used various plant as drug for cure disease . The one plants that are hereditary has been used as drug traditional for treat wounds infection is Hibiscus leaf ( Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.). its have been done research about antibacterial activity by Moh . Andrianto (2007) and give results that Hibiscus leaf extract have antimicrobials activity to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria shown with concentration minimum inhibitory for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by 12.5% and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by 25%. This is lead the researchers for do the more continue testing about antibacterial activity of Hibiscus leaf ( Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) extract  ointment has antibacterial activity to infected wounds Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). The method used is experiments laboratory method. Based on results research obtained that Hibiscus leaf extract ointment with concentrations 10%, 12.5% and 15% were filled requirement testing of ointment that includes Organolaptic test, pH test and power spread test. While for Homogeneity test has no find requirement . The results of antimicrobials test to infected wounds Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentrations 10%, 12.5% and 15% pointing that Hibiscus leaf extract ointment have healing effect to infected wounds Staphylococcus aureus bacteria this showed with shrink it wounds on rabbit from day 2 to day 4 and day 5 has closed.Keywords : Hibiscus leaf extract ointment, wounds infection and antibacterialABSTRAKHidup sehat merupakan kebutuhan utama setiap individu dalam hidupnya. Oleh karena itu sejak dahulu masyarakat telah banyak menggunakan berbagai tanaman sebagai obat untuk menyebuhkan penyakit. Salah satu tanaman yang secara turun-temurun telah digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional untuk mengobati luka infeksi adalah daun kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.). Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antibakteri daun kembang sepatu oleh Moh. Andrianto (2007) dan memberikan hasil bahwa ekstrak daun kembang sepatu memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang ditunjukkan dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum untuk bakteri Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 12,5 % dan untuk bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa sebesar 25 %.Hal inilah yang mendorong peneliti untuk melakukan pengujian lebih lanjut mengenai aktivitas antibakteri sediaan salep ekstrak daun Kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap luka yang terinfeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Metode yang digunakan ialah metode eksperiman laboratorium. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa salep ekstrak daun Kembang sepatu dengan konsentrasi 10%, 12,5% dan 15 % memenuhi syarat pengujian salep yang meliputi uji Organolaptik, Uji pH dan Uji daya sebar. Sedangkan untuk Uji Homogenitas tidak memenuhi syarat. Hasil uji antimikroba terhadap luka yang terinfeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan konsentrasi 10%, 12,5% dan 15 % menunjukaan bahwa salep ekstrak etanol daun Kembang sepatu memiliki efek penyembuhan terhadap luka yang terinfeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus hal ini ditunjukan dengan mengecilnya luka sayat pada kelinci dari hari ke 2 sampai hari ke 4 dan hari ke 5 telah menutup..Kata kunci : Salep ekstrak daun Kembang Sepatu, luka infeksi dan antibakteri.
THE DISCOVERY OF MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM SARIO RIVER ESTUARY THAT CAN BE USED TO DETOXIFY INORGANIK MERCURY WASTES Fatimawali, Fatimawali
PHARMACON Vol 2, No 2 (2013): pharmacon
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Mercury is well known for its high toxicity and strong affinity toward the thiol group of proteins. Mercury-resistant bacteria can  be used for detoxify mercury wastes due to the ability of these bacteria to reduce toxic inorganic mercury into mercury metal which is volatile and less toxic. The aim of this study was the selection of bacterial strains resistant to inorganic mercury, as well as to show their capacity to reduce mercury  in pure culture media Nutrient Broth. Six strains bacteria was isolated  and one of them,  A1.1.1. isolate was selected for its capacity to reduce mercury HgCl2 in culture media nutrient broth. The one bacterial strains belong to the spesies Klebsiella pneumoniae. Inoculated in pure culture, these strain showed a mercury reduction of 75% in 1 hour, 92% in 12 hours, and  99,4% in 24 hours. Therefore, this bacterium could be useful in detoxification of inorganic mercury wastes.   Keywords : Bacteria,  Klebsiella pneumoniae, Hg-resistant, detoxification
IDENTIFIKASI DAN UJI SENSITIFITAS BAKTERI YANG DIISOLASI DARI SPUTUM PENDERITA PNEUMONIA DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK ERITROMISIN, SEFTRIAKSON DAN SEFADROKSIL Joel, Karundeng Raynaldi
PHARMACON Vol 5, No 4 (2016): Pharmacon
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/pha.5.2016.14010

Abstract

IDENTIFIKASI DAN UJI SENSITIFITAS BAKTERI YANG DIISOLASI DARI SPUTUM PENDERITA PNEUMONIA DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK ERITROMISIN, SEFTRIAKSON DAN SEFADROKSIL   Karundeng Raynaldi Joel1), Fatimawali1), Widya Astuty Lolo1) 1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT Pneumonia is one of disease problem with a high mortality rate. This disease is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria. The purposes of this study were to isolate, to identify and to test the sensitivity of bacteria that presents in the sputum of pneumonia patients against antibiotics Erythromycin, Ceftriaxone and Cefadroxil. Biochemical tests, physiological tests and the Gram stain was used to identify the bacteria obtained from the three sputum samples of patients with pneumonia. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of identified bacteria was performed by the agar diffusion method using antibiotic discs inoculated with Erythromycin, Ceftriaxone and Cefadroxil. The bacteria were obtained from the isolation were Erythrobacter sp., Enterococcus sp., Klabsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. Where these five isolated bacteria shown the highest sensitivity against antibiotic Cefadroxil (100%), intermediate against Erythromycin (16 %) and resistance to the Ceftriaxone (50 %). Keywords: Identification, Sensitivity Test, Pneumonia, Antibiotics, and Microorganis ABSTRAK Pneumonia adalah masalah  dengan angka kematian yang tinggi. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme, diantaranya adalah bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri yang terdapat dalam sputum penderita pneumonia dan menguji kepekaan bakteri hasil isolasi dan identifikasi dari sputum penderita pneumonia tersebut terhadap antibiotik Eritromisin, Seftriakson dan Sefadroksil.  Bakteri diperoleh dari tiga sampel sputum penderita pneumonia dan didentifikasi dengan uji biokimia, uji fisiologi dan pewarnaan Gram. Uji sensitivitas antibiotik terhadap bakteri hasil identifikasi dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dengan menggunakan cakram antibiotik Eritromisin, Seftriakson dan Sefadroksil. Bakteri yang diperoleh dari hasil isolasi adalah bakteri Erythrobacter sp., Enterococcus sp., Klabsiella pneumonia., Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus sp. dimana antibiotik dengan sensitivitas terbesar pada Sefadroksil (100 %), intermediet pada Eritromisin (16%) dan resistensi terbesar pada Seftriakson (50 %). Kata kunci : Identifikasi, Uji sensitivitas, Pneumonia, Antibiotik dan Mikroorganisme.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERURISEMIA EKSTRAK ETANOL TUMBUHAN SURUHAN (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA L.KUNTH) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (GALLUR WISTAR) YANG DI INDUKSI KAFEIN Imbar, Agista; Queljoe, Edwin De; Rotinsulu, Henki
PHARMACON Vol 8, No 4 (2019)
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ABSTRACTPepper elder plant (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) is one of the plants that has the potential to cure various diseases, one of which is to reduce blood uric acid levels. The order contains chemical compounds namely flavonoids and saponins whose mechanism of action inhibits the activity of xantin oxsidase. The aim of this study was to determine the antihyperurismic activity of ethanol extracts of pepper elder plants (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) aginst male white rats wistar strain induced with caffeine. This research is experimental. Fifteen rats were divided into 5 treatment groups; each group consisted of 3 rats. The first group was the  negative control (K-) given CMC suspension, the second group was positive control (K+) given allopurinol, the three groups were 50mg dose variation groups, the four groups were 100 mg dose variation groups, and the five groups were variations a dose 200 mg. The rats were examined their fasting uric acid levels, then rats were induced by caffeine at dose 300 mg/kgBW. Orally. On the 6th day the uric acid level was examined and then treated according to the group for 9 days, the measurement of uric acid levels was done 3 days. The data obtained were then analyzed statistic using SPSS. Includes test (Levene), test (One sample kolmogrove smirnov-test), ANNOVA, kruskall wallis test. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of the pepper elder plant (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) could have a great effect on reducing hyperuricemia at a dose 200mg. Keywords: Antihyperuricemia, Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth.ABSTRAKSuruhan (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit, salah satunya adalah dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat darah. Suruhan mengandung senyawa kimia yaitu flavonoid dan saponin yang mekanisme kerjanya menghambat aktivitas Xantin Oksidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas Antihiperurisemia ekstrak etanol tumbuhan suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) terhadap tikus putih jantan galur wistar yang di induksi kafein. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental. 15 ekor tikus dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan masing- masing kelompok terdiri dari 3 ekor tikus. Kelompok pertama kelompok Kontrol negatif (K-) yang diberikan suspensi CMC, Kelompok kedua kontrol positif (K+) yang diberikan allopurinol, kelompok tiga kelompok variasi dosis 50 mg, kelompok empat kelompok variasi dosis 100 mg, dan kelompok lima kelompok variasi dosis 200 mg. Sebelumnya tikus dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar asam urat puasa, selanjutnya tikus diinduksi kafein dosis 300 mg. secara oral. Pada hari ke 6 diperiksa kadar asam urat kemudian dilakukan perlakuan sesuai kelompok selama 9 hari, pengukuran kadar asam  urat dilakukan 3 hari sekali. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS. Meliputi uji (Levene), uji (One-Sample kolmogorove Smirnov-test), ANNOVA, uji kruskall wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol tumbuhan Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth) dapat memberikan efek penurunan Hiperurisemia yang besar pada dosis 200 mgKata kunci: Antihiperurisemia, Peperomia pellucida L.Kunth.

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