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Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25490257     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on July 11, 2015, and is published four times yearly. JMCH aims to improve the policy, program, service, and practice, as they impact infant, children, mother, women, adolescent, and family health.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 446 Documents
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Effect of Family Income, Education, Occupation, and Birth Weight on Child Growth at Aisyiyah III Kindergarten, in Kadipiro, Indonesia Haryanti, Rusiana Sri; Murti, Bhisma; Poncorini, Eti
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (151.809 KB) | DOI: 10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.01

Abstract

Background: Children under five years old are the future generation. Stages of child development during the golden period require stimulation to increase the potential of healthy children. As such the growth and development of children under five need serious attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of family income, education, maternal occupation, and birth weight, on the development of children under five.Subjects and Method: The study was observational analytic using cross sectional design. The study was conducted in Kindergarten of Aisyiyah III Kadipiro in May-June 2016. A total sample of 50 subjects was selected for this study. The independent variables were family income, education, maternal occupation, and birth weight. The dependent variable was child development. The data were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model.Results: Family income had a negative relationship with child development, but was not statistically significant (OR= 0:13; 95% CI <0.01 to 5.02; p= 0.274). Maternal education (OR= 22.22; 95% CI= 1.35 to 365.07; p= 0.030), occupation (OR= 96.18; 95% CI= 1.69 to 5644.84; p=0.027), and birth weight (OR= 32.21; 95% CI= 1.76 to 588.84; p= 0.019), had positive and statistically significant relationship with child development.Conclusion: Maternal education, maternal occupation, and birth weight have positive effect on child development.Keywords: family income, education, occupation, birth weightCorrespondence:Rusiana Sri Haryanti. School of Health, STIKes PKU Muhammadiyah, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: rusianamolyn@gmail.com.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1 (1): 1-6https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.01
Biopsychosocial and Economic Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Jambi, South Sumatera: Path Analysis Trisnawati, Iga; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the main risk factors of neonatal mortality and morbidity. It is an important public health issue particularly in developing countries. Worldwide, LBW shares around 15-20% of birth outcome. In Indonesia, LBW shares about 10.2% of birth outcome. In theory, the risk factors of LBW include not only biological aspect but also psychosocial and economic aspects. This study sought to estimate the biopsychosocial and economic determinants of LBW in Jambi, South Sumatera, using path analysis approach.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. The study was carried out at 20 community health centers in Jambi, South Sumatera, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 200 newborn infants consisting of 50 LBW and 150 normal birth weight newborn infants were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was birth weight. The independent variables were gestational age, infant sex, maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), maternal gestational stress, maternal education, family income at gestational period, and sanitation. Data on birth weight and MUAC were taken from obstetric record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of LBW directly decreased with gestational age ≥37 weeks (b= -5.06; 95% CI= -6.49 to -3.62; p<0.001), male sex (b= -0.99; 95% CI= -2.12 to -0.12; p= 0.081), low maternal stress (b= -2.35; 95% CI= 14.01 to -0.70; p= 0.005), and good sanitation (b= -1.04; 95% CI= -2.13 to -0.05; p= 0.062). Gestational age increased with family income (b= 1.74; 95% CI= 0.96 to 2.52; p<0.001). Low maternal stress was positively affected by high family income (b= 1.34; 95% CI= 0.197 to 2.50; p= 0.022). Good sanitation was positively affected by high family income (b= 0.71; 95% CI= 0.01 to 1.41; p= 0.046). High family income was positively affected by high education level (b= 1.37; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.18; p= 0.001)Conclusion: The risk of LBW directly decreases with gestational age ≥37 weeks, male sex, low maternal stress, and good sanitation. LBW is indirectly affected by maternal education and family income.Keywords: biopsychosocial, economic, determinant, LBWCorrespondence: Iga Trisnawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Uiversitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: trisnawatiiga27@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282377277992Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(1): 385-394https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.03.01.01 
Effect of Play Group and Biopsychosocial Factors on the Independence Development of Preschool Children in Surakarta Marlinawati, Iin Tri; Salimo, Harsono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The development of childrens independence is important for their future competitiveness in the rapidly increasing social changes. Disturbance in the development of children’s independence may have a negative future impact in adult life and children become dependent individuals. Efforts are needed to help children develop optimally. Some play groups have been introduced to meet this need in Surakarta, but no studies have been carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine the effect of play group on the independence development of preschool children while controlling for the effect of biopsychosocial factors .Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at 3 kindergartens in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to April 2017. A sample of 120 kindergarten pupils were selected for this study by purposive sampling and random sampling. The dependent variable was independence development. The independent variables were play group participation status, parenting style (autoritarian, democratic, and permissive), parental education, and child age. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Maternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 8.77; 95% CI= 1.89 to 15.65; p= 0.012), paternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 9.82; 95% CI = 2.70 to 16.93; p= 0.007), child age ≥5 years old (b= 5.59; 95% CI = 1.50 to 9.68; p= 0.007), participation in play group (b= 9.45; 95% CI = 2.19 to 16.71; p= 0.011), and democratic parenting style (b= 0.12; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.23; p= 0.018) increased child independence. Autoritarian parenting style (b= -0.15; 95% CI= -0.26 to -0.04; p= 0.006) and permissive parenting style (b= -0.09; 95% CI= -0.20 to 0.01; p= 0.092) decreased child independence. Participation in play group was determined by democratic parenting style (b= 0.01; 95% CI -<0.01 to 0.03; p= 0.080), permissive parenting style (b= -0.03; 95% CI -0.05 to <0.01; p= 0.027), paternal education ≥Senior High School (b= 2.06; 95% CI= 0.88 to 3.24; p= 0.001), and child age ≥5 years old (b= 1.42; 95% CI= 0.63 to 2.21; p <0.001).Conclusion: Maternal education ≥Senior High School, paternal education ≥Senior High School, child age ≥5 years old, participation in play group, and democratic parenting style, positively and directly affect child independence. Autoritarian parenting style and permissive parenting style negatively and directly affect child independence.Keywords: play group, parenting style, biopsychosocial factor, independence, development, preschool childrenCorrespondence: Iin Tri Marlinawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: iin3marlina@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285600252256Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(4): 284-296https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.04.01
The Effectiveness of Hypnobirthing in Reducing Anxiety Level During Delivery Imannura, Pramita Sandy Ulya; Budhiastuti, Uki Retno; Poncorini, Eti
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Neonatus given birth by pregnant mothers suffering from excessive anxiety and stress have higher risk of low-birthweight, small head circumference, low APGAR score at birth, in adequate neurologyc development, premature birth, weak immunity system, and emotional disorder, than those given birth by happy mothers. This study aimed to examine the effect of effectiveness of hypnobirthing in reducing anxiety level during delivery.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic experimental study with Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. A sample of 30 pregnant mothers near delivery date was selected for this study and allocated into hypnobirthing group and no-hypnobirthing group. The dependent variable was anxiety during delivery. The independent variable was hypnobirthing. The anxiety level between the two groups was tested by Mann Whitney.Results: After intervention, pregnant mothers who received hypnobirthing had anxiety level as low as 41.33 (p=0.003). Pregnant mothers who did not receive hypnobirthing had anxiety level as low as 51.60 (p=0.003). The reduction of anxiety between the two groups was statistically significant.Conclusion: Hypnobirthing can effectively reduce anxiety among pregnant mothers during birth delivery.Keywords: hypnobirthing, anxietyCorrespondence: Pramita Sandy Ulya Imannura. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: oxytocinyoga@gmail.com.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(3): 200-204https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.03.08
Associations of Self-efficacy, Family Support, Peer Support, and Posyandu Facility, with Mothers Visit to Posyandu in Karanganyar, Central Java Ernawati, Ernawati; Sulaeman, Endang Sutisna; Indarto, Dono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Integrated service delivery has been defined as the organization and management of health services so that people get the care they need, when they need it, in ways that are user-friendly, achieve the desired results and provide value for money. In Indonesia, the integrated service delivery at the village level is called as posyandu (integrated health post) with the support of community health workers working together with formal primary health care workers. This study aimed to examine the associations of self-efficacy, family support, peer support, and posyandu facility, with mothers visit to posyandu in Karanganyar, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at 25 posyandus in Karanganyar, Central Java, from April 16 to May 15, 2018. A sample of 200 mothers was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was mothers visit to posyandu. The independent variables were self-efficacy, family support, peer support, and posyandu facility. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression using Stata 13 program.Results: Mothers visit to posyandu was positively associated with self-efficacy (b= 1.90; 95 CI= 0.43 to 3.36; p= 0.011), family support (b= 2.24; 95% CI= 0.81 to 3.67; p= 0.002), peer support (b= 1.98; 95% CI= 0.63 to 3.34; p= 0.004), and posyandu facility (b= 3.86; 95% CI= 1.93 to 5.80; p<0.001). Posyandu had a contextual effect on mothers visit to posyandu with ICC 24.79%.Conclusion: Mothers visit to posyandu is positively associated with self-efficacy, family support, peer support, and posyandu facility. Posyandu has a considerable contextual effect on mothers visit to posyandu.Keywords: integrated health post, mothers visit, self-efficacy, family support, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Ernawati. Vocational High School of Empat Lima Surakarta, Nursing Academy Insan Husada Surakarta. Email: 3rn4wati.ew@gmail.comJournal of Maternal and Child Health 2018, 3(3): 233-241https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.03.08
Biopsychosocial Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five: A Path Analysis Evidence from the Border Area West Kalimantan Indriyani, Eny; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno; Salimo, Harsono
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Stunting is a form of nutritional deficiency associated with delayed of children growth and development. Stunting is a lack of linear development due to long-term malnutrition. This study aimed to examine factors associated with stunting in children under-five in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A sample of 200 children under five consisting of 100 stunting children and 100 normal children was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were birth length, maternal education, family income, maternal nutritional intake, maternal middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC), child nutritional intake, and the number of children. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of stunting directly increased with child nutritional intake less than recommended nutritional allowance (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.36; p<0.001), birth length <48 cm (b= 2.13; 95% CI= 0.95 to 3.31; p<0.001), and low current maternal education (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.21 to 2.72; p<0.001). The risk of stunting was indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation.Conclusion: The risk of stunting directly increases with child nutritional intakes than recommended nutritional allowance, birth length <48 cm, and low current maternal education. The risk of stunting is indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation.Keywords: stunting, biopsikososial factors, gestationCorrespondence: Eny Indriyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: zubair.alhafizh@yahoo.com. Mobile:+6282158338438.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(2): 146-155https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.07
Role of Biopsychosocial Factors on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under-Five Years Old at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta Lestari, Nining; Salimo, Harsono; -, Suradi
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: It is estimated that the worldwide annual incidence of child pneumonia is approximately 156 million cases. Sixty-one million new cases occure in Southeast Asia with death rate of 3.1 million deaths per year. Prevalence of infant pneumonia in Indonesia is high at 1.8% in 2013 with mortality of 0.16% in 2015. This study aimed to determine the role of bio-psychosocial factors on the risk of pneumonia in children under-five years old. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moe¬wardi Hospital, Surakarta, from April to May 2017. A sample 120 children under five years old, consisting of 30 children with pneumonia and 90 children without pneumonia, were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was incidence of pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, low birthweight, maternal stress, maternal education, maternal employment, family income, and home environment. Nutritional status was measured by anthropometry, while other variables were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed to analyze data. Results: Pneumonia in children under-five was directly affected by nutritional status (b= -1.23; 95% CI=-2.45 to -0.02; p=0.047), exclusive breastfeeding (b=-1.09; 95% CI=-2.26 to 0.07; p= 0.065), maternal stress (b= 1.70; 95% CI =0.36 to 3.04; p=0.013), maternal education (b=-1.96; 95% CI=-3.31 to -0.61; p=0.004), and home environment (b=-1.83; 95% CI = -3.02 to -0.64; p=0.002). Nutritional status was affected by maternal education (b=3.48; 95% CI=1.79 to 5.17; p<0.001), maternal stress (b=-2.55; 95% CI=-4.06 to -1.04; p=0.001), family income (b=3.26; CI 95%=1.67 to 4.84; p<0.001), and low birthweight (b= -1.84; 95% CI=-3.12 to -0.57; p= 0.005). Exclusive breastfeeding was affected by maternal education (b=0.97; 95% CI=0.09 to 1.86; p=0.031), maternal stress (b=-0.74; 95% CI=-1.69 to 0.19; p=0.112), family income (b=1.39; CI 95%=0.54 to 2.23; p=0.001), and maternal employment (b=-1.29; 95% CI=-2.14 to -0.45; p=0.003). Maternal stress was affected by home environment (b=-1.12; 95% CI=-1.96 to -0.29; p=0.009 Home environment was affected by maternal education (b=0.76; 95% CI=-0.03 to 1.54; p=0.059). Low birthweight was affected by maternal education (b=-1.21; 95% CI=-2.08 to -0.35; p=0.006) and family income (b=-1.50; 95% CI=-2.35 to -0.66; p<0.001). Conclusion: Pneumonia in children under-five is directly affected by nutritional status children, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, maternal stress, and home environment. Keywords: pneumonia, biopsychosocial factors Correspondence: Nining Lestari. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Email: dr.nining.lestari.nl@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285229390353.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(2): 162-175https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.02.07
Association betweenMaternal Age at Pregnancy, Socioeconomic Status, Physical Environment, Prenatal, Perinatal, Postnatal History, and the Risk of Mental Retardation Nurochim, Erna; Indarto, Dono; Prayitno, Adi
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Mental retardation (MR) is a serious public health problem for an country. The prevalence of mental retardation in Indonesia was estimated at 1-3% of the population. About 0.1% of whichneed treatment and guidance the whole life. This study aimed to determine the association between maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, physical environment, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal history, and mental retardation.Subject and methods: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted in Pare, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia,from October to December 2016. A total 105 study subjects, consisting of 35 MR cases and 70 controls were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, physical environment, prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history. The dependent variable was mental retardation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression model.Results: Maternal age ≥35 years at pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of MR, and it was statistically significant The result showed that mother’s age while pregnant (OR=10.18; 95%CI=2.77 to 37.39; p<0.001). High socioeconomic status (OR=0.23;95%CI=0.07 to 0.81; p=0.022), good physical environment (OR=0.13; 95%CI=0.04 to 0.45; p=<0.001), good prenatal history (OR=0.24;95%CI=0.07 to 0.82; p=0.022), good perinatal history (OR=0.45;95%CI=0.15 to 1.40; p=0.168), good postnatal (OR=0.43;95%CI=0.14 to 1.35; p=0.148), were associated with a decreased risk of MR. Nagelkerke R2=53.8% for this model.Conclusion: Maternal age ≥35 years at pregnancy increases the risk of MR. High socioeconomic status, good physical environment, good prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history, decrease the risk of MR.Keywords: mental retardation, maternal age at pregnancy, socioeconomic status, environment, pregnancy history.Correspondence: Erna Nurochim. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(2): 119-130https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.02.07
Effect of Soft Drink, Electronic Media Exposure, Family Income, Pocket Money, and Nutritional Status, on Age at Menarche Among Adolescents in Surakarta Latifah, Mirzawati; Murti, Bhisma; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Age at menarche has become earlier for the last 100 years. This situation poses worrying problem as it may be lead to an increased risk of premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, mental unpreparedness, and increased risk of malignant diseases such as ovarial cancer and breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the effect of soft drink, electronic media exposure, family income, pocket money, and nutritional status, on age at menarche among adolescents in Surakarta. Subjects and Methods: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to March, 2017. A sample of 100 female adolescents was selected by simple random sampling from several Junior High Schools in Surakarta. The exogenous variables were nutritional status, family income, and electronic media exposure. The endogenous variables were age at menarche, soft drink consumption, and pocket money. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Age at menarche was affected by electronic media exposure (b=-0.65; SE=0.25;  p= 0.010), pocket money (b= -7.48; SE= 1.52, p<0.001), soft drink (b= -3.43; SE= 1.11; p=0.002), and nutritional status (b=-1.31; SE=-0.59; p=0.025). Nutritional status was affected by family income (b<0.01, SE<0.01, p=0.323) and pocket money (b=0.24; SE= 0.29; p=0.401). Electronic media exposure was affected by pocket money  (b=0.69; SE=0.58; p=0.234). Soft drink was affected by pocket money (b=0.23; SE=0.13; p=0.074). Pocket money was affected by family income (b<0.01; SE<0.01; p<0.001).Conclusion: Age at menarche is directly affected by electronic media exposure, pocket money, soft drink, and nutritional status. Age at menarche is indirectly affected by family income, pocket money, and electronic media exposure.Keywords: path analysis, menarche, soft drink, reproduction healthCorrespondence: Mirzawati Latifah. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: Mirzawati.Latifah@gmail.com. Mobile: 082218490968.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2017), 2(1): 54-63https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.02.01.06
Factors Associated with Development in Children Under Five Amir, Nikmah Ayu Ramadhani; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The first five years of a childs life are critical for development. The experiences children have in these years help shape the adults they will become. Parent relationship with their children plays a big part in the way children learn and develop. This study aimed to examine factors associated with development in children under five years of age.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at 20 posyandus (integrated health posts), Ngemplak, Boyolali, Central Java, from May 5 to June 10, 2018. A total sample of 203 children under five years of age was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was child development. The independent variables were maternal age at pregnancy, prolonged labor, birthweight, birth asphyxia, and family income. Data on child development were measured by pre-screening questionnaire. The other variables were measured by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multilevel logistic regressionrun on Stata 13.Results: Child development was positively affected by maternal age at pregnancy (b= 0.33; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.64; p= 0.032) and absence of birth asphyxia (b= 0.60; 95% CI= 0.16 to 1.05; p= 0.007), birthweight (b= 0.01; 95% CI= -0.01 to 0.01; p= 0.111), and family income (b= 0.27; 95% CI= -0.04 to 0.58; p= 0.087). Children development was negatively affected by prolonged labor (b= -0.30; 95% CI= -0.57 to -0.03; p= 0.029). Posyandu had a strong contextual effect on child development with ICC= 16.16%.Conclusion: Child development is positively affected by maternal age at pregnancy and absence of birth asphyxia, birthweight, and family income. Children development is negatively affected by prolonged labor. Posyandu has a strong contextual effect on child development.Keywords: child development, maternal age at pregnant, prolonged labor, birth asphyxia, birthweight, family incomeCorrespondence:Nikmah Ayu Ramadhani Amir. Masters Program of Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ad1892nr@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282323957575Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(1): 40-48https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.01.06

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