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Contact Name
Joko Waluyo
Contact Email
jokowaluyo@staff.uns.ac.id
Phone
+62271-632112
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equilibrium@ft.uns.ac.id
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Jl. Sutami 36A, Kentingan, Surakarta
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Kota surakarta,
Jawa tengah
INDONESIA
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering (EJChE) publishes communication articles, original research articles and review articles in :. Material Development Biochemical Process Exploration and Optimization Chemical Education Chemical Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Membrane Technology Food Technology Bioprocess Technology Chemurgy Technology Waste Treatment Technology Separation and Purification Technology Natural Dyes Technology
Articles 99 Documents
Sintesis Carbon Nanodots dari Molase Menggunakan Metode Pemanasan Terbantukan Gelombang Mikro Mentik Hulupi; Nida Nabilah; Tiana Hasna Nabilah; Keryanti Keryanti; Fauzi Abdilah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.61212

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) merupakan nanomaterial yang berukuran dibawah 10 nm. CNDs memiliki keunggulan diantaranya yaitu fotostabilitas tinggi, biokompatibilitas baik, toksisitas yang rendah, mudah dibuat, dan ramah lingkungan. Sumber karbon yang digunakan berasal dari molase karena murah dan mudah didapat serta merupakan hasil samping dari pengolahan tebu. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode pemanasan terbantukan gelombang mikro atau Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) yang memberikan hasil suspensi yang homogen, pemanasan efisien, dan waktu yang singkat. Waktu iradiasi mempengaruhi energi gap CNDs dari molase yang dihasilkan. Waktu yang optimum untuk sintesis CNDs dari molase menggunakan metode MAE yaitu selama 3 menit. Efek fluoresensi telah diamati untuk suspensi CNDs yang mengubah warna kuning menjadi warna biru dibawah sinar UV 366 nm. Karakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis menunjukan serapan maksimum CNDs dari molase pada panjang gelombang 255 nm dengan energi gap sebesar 4,55 eV.Kata kunci: Carbon Nanodots, Microwave, MolaseABSTRACT. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are nanomaterials with a size below 10 nm. CNDs have advantages such as high photostability, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, easy to manufacture, and environmentally friendly. The carbon source used comes from molasses because it is cheap and easy to obtain and is a by-product of sugarcane processing. In this study, the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method was used which gave homogeneous suspension results, efficient heating, and short time. The irradiation time affects the energy gap of the CNDs of the molasses produced. The optimum time for the synthesis of CNDs from molasses using the MAE method is 3 minutes. Fluorescence effects have been observed for suspensions of CNDs which turn yellow to blue under 366 nm UV light. Characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed the maximum absorption of CNDs from molasses at a wavelength of 255 nm with an energy gap of 4.55 eV.Keywords: Carbon Nanodots, Microwave, Molasses 
Brewery Effluent Treatment with Conventional and Natural Coagulants Ramesh Babu Aremanda; Filmon Berhane; Heaven Daniel; Abiel Mehari; Arsiema Tekle
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.66528

Abstract

ABSTRACT. In water scarce countries such as Eritrea, maintaining brewery industry remain ever challenging task. Currently, Asmara breweries is the only beer producing factory consuming 8.46 L of water per every L of beer produced which is notably higher than Brewer’s Association (BA) benchmark and consequently generates 7.53 L of wastewater/L of beer. Bottle cleaning and brewery activities ascertain ample effluent bases. Wastewater from bottle cleaning (BCWW), brewery (BWW) and mixed (MWW) have attributed a wide spectrum of 3500-160000 mg/L of COD and 327-26667 mg/L of BOD5, which are significantly overtops other reported brewery effluents. Physicochemical treatments including coagulation with conventional (alum) and natural (MO seed) flocculants have tested to remove higher COD and BOD5 concentrations of brewery effluents. Optimal coagulant dosage determined by accounting turbidity as a key performance indicator. Alum treatment of BCWW and MO seed flocculation of MWW have resulted in lower turbidity levels of 0.49 and 6.17 NTU at 60 mg/L of dosages respectively. The optimal quantities of 92.2 % and 86.6% (by weight) of water recovered from alum treatment of BCWW and MO seed coagulation of MWW respectively. Higher sludge volumes recorded as a major disadvantage in alum coagulation whereas natural coagulant, MO seed manifested competitive results in removal of COD, BOD5, Chlorine, Nitrogen, Sulphate, Sodium, TDS and TSS along with PH stabilization. In addition, 97.2% of influent turbidity removed through MO seed coagulation treatment, an equipollent to alum despite of four fold increment in potassium levels.Keywords: Brewery Wastewater Coagulation Alum Moringa Oliefera Effluent Treatment
Kajian Teknoekonomi Bioetanol Berbahan Molasses Sebagai Alternatif Substitusi BBM Awaludin Fitroh Rifa'i; Widya Anggraini Pamungkas; Rosana Budi Setyawati; Candra Pangesti Setiawan; Joko Waluyo
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.63158

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Konsumsi energi pada sektor transportasi di Indonesia sangat besar dikarenakan penggunaan BBM yang sangat besar. Besarnya proporsi penggunaan BBM untuk transportasi juga diikuti dengan besarnya subsidi pemerintah untuk BBM. Data sepanjang tahun 2010-2020 menunjukkan realisasi subsidi BBM selalu lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang dianggarkan. Sehingga perlunya alternatif untuk mengurangi konsumsi BBM pada sektor transportasi. Dari sisi teknis peluang penggunaan bioetanol generasi 1 (G1) berbahan molasses mudah di aplikasikan karena proses yang sederhana. Dari analisis ekonomi terlihaat bahawa projek ini layak dilakukan ketika NPV dan DCFROR bernilai positif, sehingga saat harga molasses 1.500,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 15.000,00/ liter projek ini layak dilakukan, begitu juga ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 16.000,00/ liter serta ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 15.000,00/ liter, namun ketika harga molasses 2.061,00/ Kg dan harga bioetanol 12.113,00/ liter projek ini tidak layak dilakukan karena NPV dan DCFROR bernilai negatif. Dari hasil simulasi tersebut diketahui bahwa harga molases dan bioetanol sangat berpengaruh terhadap realisasi substitusi BBM dengan bioetanol, selain itu ketersedian bahan baku yaitu molasses juga perlu diperhatikan untuk menjaga kontinuitas proses. Kata Kunci: Bahan Bakar, Bioetanol, Ekonomi, Transportasi  ABSTRACT. Energy consumption in the transportation sector in Indonesia is very large due to the very large use of fuel. A large proportion of the use of fuel for transportation is also followed by the number of government subsidies for fuel. Data throughout 2010-2020 show that the realization of fuel subsidies is always higher than the budgeted one. So the need for alternatives to reduce fuel consumption in the transportation sector. From a technical point of view, the opportunity to use bioethanol generation 1 (G1) which is made from molasses is easy to apply because of the simple process. From the economic analysis, it can be seen that this project is feasible when the NPV and DCFROR are positive, so when the molasses price is 1.500,00/Kg and the bioethanol price is 15,000.00/liter this project is feasible, as well as when the molasses price is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg. bioethanol 16.000,00/liter and when the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of bioethanol is 15.000,00/liter, but when the price of molasses is 2.061,00/Kg and the price of bioethanol is 12.113,00/liter this project is not feasible because of NPV and DCFROR have a negative value. From the simulation results, it is known that the price of molasses and bioethanol is very influential on the realization of the substitution of fuel with bioethanol, the availability of raw materials or molasses also needs to be considered to maintain the continuity of the process.Keywords: Fuel, Bioethanol, Economy, Transportation
Planning of Granular Activated Carbon Unit to Remove Ammonia and TSS at IPLT X, Kota Jakarta Sri Dewi Handayani; Yesaya Emeraldy Priutama; Intan Rahmalia; Farhan Muhammad Hilmi; Reifaldy Tsany Betta Aryanto; Evi Siti Sofiyah; Ariyanti Sarwono; I Wayan Koko Suryawan
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.61216

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Fecal sludge can be treated by conventional treatment such as pond stabilization which is commonly used to reduce organic concentrations. However, nutrients such as NH3 are still widely measured in the effluent. One of the sewerage treatments in the city of Jakarta, for example, experienced this condition. This study aims to design an appropriate technology to increase the efficiency of nutrient ammonia and total suspended solid (TSS) removal at Duri X IPLT. The unit added in the selected effluent treatment is Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). Design considerations are the characteristics of activated carbon, operating conditions (discharge and contact time), and operating mode (fixed-, expanded-, or fluidized-bed, pumped, or gravity flow). The Carbon Usage Rate for removing ammonia and TSS is 1.384 g/L and 0.378 g/L, respectively. Maintenance is required so that the granular activated carbon (GAC) unit can continue operating and functioning properly. Blockages in carbon transport pipes can occur in many pipes. This can occur due to a too-small pipe, a short bend radius of the pipe, a lack of speed, and a lack of cleaning of the pipe. The eroded pipe is also a common problem that often occurs in unlined mild steel and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), usually in sharp bends.Keywords: Sewerage, ammonia, TSS, design, GAC
A Review on Antimony-based Perovskite Solar Cells Ankit Stephen Thomas
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.64322

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Over the past decade, lead halide perovskite light absorbers have been the conventionally used perovskite light absorbers. However, there is an urgent call for alternative perovskite materials with toxicity levels and poor stability to UV radiations. Antimony-based perovskites have proven to be a material with unique optoelectronic properties, conventional fabrication processes, low-toxicity levels and high stability values. In this review, we look into the structure of antimony perovskites, the various research achievements over recent years, and the challenges and opportunities ahead for this budding technology. The review also highlights the various computational, theoretical and experimental studies done by researchers to highlight the peculiar Lead-free perovskite materials and their distinctive features. Although the efficiency levels of these devices are not very high, the improvements they have made with remarkable stability characteristics make them a viable candidate for commercial perovskite photovoltaics.Keywords: Perovskite Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Technology, Leadfree Perovskites, Solar Cell Materials, Antimony-based Perovskites
Evaluasi Kinerja IPAL Individual SANFAB ST 600 dengan Penambahan Anaerobic Granule Bacteria terhadap Outlet IPAL Domestik di Dusun Karangmojo, Boyolali Joko Waluyo; Paryanto Paryanto; Margono Margono; Sofiana Mukti Wigati; Shafira Rachmadhani; Ibnu Singgih Pranoto; Yulinar Pramesti Cahyani
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.61498

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Kabupaten Boyolali memiliki jumlah penduduk tertinggi kedua di eks-Karesidenan Surakarta sehingga limbah cair domestik yang dihasilkan juga tinggi. Hal ini mendorong upaya pengelolaan limbah domestik menggunakan SANFAB ST 600. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas kinerja IPAL Individual SANFAB ST 600 setelah diberi perlakuan dengan Anaerobic Granule Bacteria. SANFAB ST 600 memiliki volume 600 L dan berkapasitas 1-4 orang. Air limbah rumah tangga yang dialirkan ke inlet ST akan menuju ke settler, selanjutnya mengalir secara upstream dalam unit Anaerobic Filter dan terjadi penguraian zat pencemar oleh bakteri anaerobik. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada dua rumah di Dusun Karangmojo, Kabupaten Boyolali. Sampel diuji di BLKK Yogyakarta untuk parameter TSS, COD, BOD, konsentrasi Amonia, pH, dan ORP. Pada minggu ketiga di Rumah Bapak Wahyudi, karakteristik outlet ST memiliki nilai TSS 25,5 mg/L, Amonia 0,255 mg/L, BOD 25,01 mg/L, dan COD 47,92 mg/L sehingga sudah sesuai baku mutu. Dari hasil uji dilakukan perhitungan efektivitas pengolahan TSS, BOD, dan COD dengan cara menghitung selisih konstanta inlet dan outlet dibagi dengan konstanta inlet serta perhitungan rasio BOD/COD dengan membagi kadar COD dan BOD setiap sampel. Dari sumber limbah WC dan kamar mandi (Rumah Bapak Wahyudi) bakteri bekerja lebih efektif dibanding sumber limbah WC (Rumah Bapak Somowirejo) dengan efisiensi lebih dari 80% pada minggu ketiga penambahan bakteri.  Kata kunci: Anaerobic Granule Bacteria, Efisiensi, Limbah Domestik, IPAL ST 600 ABSTRACT. Boyolali Regency has the second highest population in the residence of Surakarta so the domestic wastewater generation is also high. This led to the management of domestic wastewater using Individual WWTP SANFAB ST 600. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Individual WWTP SANFAB ST 600 after being treated with Anaerobic Granule Bacteria. The SANFAB ST 600 has a volume of 600 L and a capacity of 1-4 people. Domestic wastewater that flows into the ST inlet will go to the settler, then flows upstream into the Anaerobic Filter unit and decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Sampling was carried out at two houses in Karangmojo, Boyolali Regency. Samples were tested at BLKK Yogyakarta for parameters of TSS, COD, BOD, Ammonia concentration, pH, and ORP. In the third week at Wahyudi's house, the characteristics of the ST outlet had a value of TSS 25.5 mg/L, Ammonia 0.255 mg/L, BOD 25.01 mg/L, and COD 47.92 mg/L so it already suitable with the standard. From the test results, the effectiveness of TSS, BOD, and COD reduction is calculated by the difference between the inlet and outlet constants divided by the inlet constant and also calculating the BOD/COD ratio by dividing the COD and BOD levels of each sample. From the source of WC and bathroom waste (Mr. Wahyudi's House) the bacteria worked more effectively than the WC source (Mr. Somowirejo's House) with an efficiency of more than 80% in the third week after bacteria addition.Keywords: Anaerobic Granule Bacteria, Efficiency, Domestic Wastewater, IPAL ST 600
Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. Menggunakan Metode Transesterifikasi In-Situ dengan Katalis KOH Faizul Baqi; Rizqyta Subtantia Intan Putri; Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.63257

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Mikroalga Nannochlopsis sp merupakan alternatif bahan baku yang digunakan untuk pembuatan biodiesel karena memiliki kandungan asam lemak dan lipid yang tinggi serta pertumbuhannya yang begitu cepat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu transesterifikasi in situ dimana proses ekstraksi dan transesterifikasi berlangsung secara bersamaan yang terdiri dari 2 tahap, proses transestrifikasi in situ dan pemurnian biodiesel. Proses transeserifikasi in situ berlangsung selama 8 jam setelah itu, dilanjutkan dengan proses distilasi untuk menghilangkan kandungan n-heksana dan di oven selama 2 jam untuk menguapkan air yang tersisa. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio molar minyak mikroalga : metanol dengan variasi katalis yang dimana rasio 1:6 memiliki tingkat kesetimbangan yang tinggi sehingga dapat menghasilkan %yield yang besar. Rasio molar minyak mikroalga : metanol 1:6 dengan variasi katalis KOH 2; 2,5; 3; 3,5; dan 4%w/w, dengan pelarut n-heksana 70%v/v terhadap yield crude dan kandungan FFA. Hasil yield crude biodiesel yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini sebesar 7%, kadar FFA sebesar 0,74 mg NaOH/gr.Kata kunci: Biodiesel, FFA, Nannochloropsis sp, Transesterifikasi In-Situ, Yield CrudeABSTRACT. Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp is an alternative raw material which is used for biodiesel production because it has a high content of fatty acids and increased lipid and its growth is so fast. The method was in situ transesterification in which extraction and transesterification processes took place simultaneously and consisted of 2 steps; in situ transesterification process and biodiesel purification. The in-situ transesterification process lasted for 8 hours after that, followed by a distillation process to remove the n-hexane content and in the oven for 2 hours to evaporate the remaining air. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the molar ratio from microalgae oil: methanol with variations of catalyst where the ratio of 1:6 has a high equilibrium level so that it can produce a large % yield.  the molar ratio from microalgae oil: methanol 1:6 with variations of KOH catalysts 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5; and 4%w/w, with solvent n-hexane is 70%v/v to the yield of crude and FFA biodiesel. The variable used was the molar ratio variation of microalgae oil: methanol 1:6. The yield of biodiesel crude obtained was 7%, and FFA content was 0.74 mg NaOH/gr.Keywords: Biodiesel, FFA, Nannochloropsis sp, Transesterification In-Situ, Yield Crude
Pembuatan Plastik Biodegradable Pati Jagung Terplastisasi Sorbitol dengan Pengisi Selulosa dari Ampas Tebu Ardimas Fauzan Huwaidi; Edy Supriyo
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.62552

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Plastik menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan karena sifatnya yang sulit terurai secara alami. Banyaknya ampas tebu di Indonesia dan tingginya kandungan selulosa dapat digunakan sebagai pengisi pada pembuatan bioplastik. Selulosa memberikan sifat kedap air, menghambat biodegradasai, dan meningkatkan kuat tarik bioplastik. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian pembuatan bioplastik menggunakan ampas tebu sebagai pengisi. Pembuatan bioplastik menggunakan metode solution casting. Hasil terbaik pengujian daya serap air pada rasio pati:ampas tebu 7,5:2,5; massa sorbitol 2,3 gr; dan suhu 75oC dengan nilai 46,638%. Hasil terbaik pengujian biodegradasi pada rasio pati:ampas tebu 8,5:1,5; masssa sorbitol 2,7 gr; dan suhu 65oC dengan nilai 88,253%. Hasil terbaik pengujian kuat tarik dan perpanjangan putus dengan nilai 2.9574 N/mm2 dan 0.8896%. Hasil kedua pengujian masih belum memenuhi standar SNI 7828:2014.Kata kunci: Ampas Tebu, Bioplastik, dan Selulosa ABSTRACT. Plastic causes environmental pollution because it is difficult to decompose in nature. The large amount of bagasse in Indonesia and the high cellulose content can be used as filler for making bioplastics. Cellulose as a bioplastic filler provides water resistance, inhibits biodegradation, and increases tensile strength. Therefore, research was conducted using bagasse as a bioplastic filler. Bioplastics are made by the solution casting method. The best results of water absorption at the ratio of starch: bagasse 7.5:2.5; mass of sorbitol 2,3 g; and temperature of 75oC with a value of 46.638%. The best results of biodegradability at the ratio of starch: bagasse 8.5:1.5; mass of sorbitol 2,7 g; and temperature of 65oC with a value of 88.253%. The best results of tensile strength and elongation at break are 2.9574 N/mm2 and 0.8896%. The results of the both tests still do not meet the requirements of SNI 7818:2014 standard.Keywords: Bagasse, Bioplastic, and Cellulose
Karakterisasi Kelarutan Silika dari Fly Ash Kelapa Sawit dalam Larutan Basa Kuat (NaOH) dan Asam Lemah (C6H8O7) Regna Tri Jayanti; Annisa Aulia Furqana Ramzi; Muhammad Hanif Alfitra
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.67249

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Pertumbuhan industri pabrik kelapa sawit masih cukup potensial di Indonesia. Kajian produk samping hasil produksi pabrik kelapa sawit ini masih belum diolah dengan optimal. Pemanfaatan fly ash sebagai salah satu produk samping masih sangat perlu dikembangkan. Silika merupakan komposisi penyusun fly ash pabrik kelapa sawit yang sangat diminati saat ini karena memiliki potensi aplikasi dalam berbagai tujuan seperti pengolahan limbah, material semikonduktor, dan bahan aditif pertanian. Penelitian pengolahan silika dari abu hasil proses pembakaran tidak terlepas dari metode ektraksi yang sangat bergantung dari karakteristik kelarutan silika terhadap pelarutnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi karakteritik kelarutan silika yang berasal dari fly ash pabrik kelapa sawit dalam larutan berupa basa kuat (NaOH) dan asam lemah (C6H8O7). Aktivitas kelarutan silika dalam pelarut asam dan basa dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi pelarut yaitu 1 M, 2 M, dan 3 M. Proses pelarutan silika dilakukan pada temperatur 60oC dalam waktu 60 menit. Karaketrisasi fly ash dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen XRD, XRF, dan SEM yang menunjukkan bahwa senyawa penyusun utama fly ash adalah CaO 68,894% dan SiO2 19,189 % yang terkandung dalam mineral kalsit, portlandite, dan kuarsa dengan morfologi yang heterogen serta ukuran partikel berkisar 200 μm – 300 μm. Hasil pelarutan menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan silika tertinggi diperoleh dalam pelarut asam sitrat 2 M yaitu sebesar 26,35 %.Kata kunci: Kelarutan, Silika, Asam Lemah, Basa Kuat, NaOH, (C6H8O7) ABSTRACT. The growth of the palm oil mill industry still has quite potential in Indonesia, but the study of by-products produced by palm oil mills is immobile and not managed optimally. The use of fly ash as one of the by-products urgently necessities to be developed. Silica is a constituent composition of palm oil fly ash that is in great demand today because it has potential applications in various purposes such as sewage treatment, semiconductor materials, and agricultural additives. Research on silica processing from ash from the combustion process is inseparable from the extraction method which is highly dependent on the characteristics of silica solubility to the solvent. This study aims to provide information on the characteristics of silica solubility derived from palm oil mill fly ash in a solution in the form of strong bases (NaOH) and weak acids (C6H8O7). The solubility activity of silica in acidic and alkaline solvents is carried out by varying the solvent concentration of 1 M, 2 M, and 3 M. Silica dissolution process is carried out at a temperature of 60oC within 60 minutes. Fly ash characterization was carried out using XRD, XRF, and SEM instruments which showed that the main constituent compounds of fly ash were CaO 68.894% and SiO2 19.189% contained in calcite, portlandite, and quartz minerals with heterogeneous morphology with particle size between 200 μm – 300 μm. The dissolution results showed that the highest silica solubility was obtained in a 2 M citric acid solvent, which was 26.35%.Keywords: Solubility, Silica, Weak Acid, Strong Base, NaOH, (C6H8O7)
Sintesis Metal-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets sebagai Pengurai Limbah Pewarna secara Fotokatalisis Tsabitul Faiz; Tara Nabila; Anatta Wahyu Budiman
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Volume 6, No 1 July 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i1.62258

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Pada perairan Sungai Bengawan Solo, limbah pewarna batik hasil produksi industri sekitar mencemari sungai dalam kadar rhodamine-B yang tinggi. Salah satu upaya yang efektif untuk mengatasi pencemaran di lingkungan perairan adalah melalui proses degradasi menggunakan fotokatalis dengan bantuan sinar-UV. Pada riset ini, digunakan fotokatalis carbon nitride nanosheets dengan doping zirkonium dan kobalt. Penambahan doping pada g-C3N4 nanosheets mampu meningkatkan kinerja fotokalitik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh berbagai jenis doping terhadap kinerja fotoremediasi katalis carbon nitride nanosheets sehingga dapat menentukan jenis doping yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja carbon nitride nanosheets untuk meredemidiasi limbah cair batik. Metode yang digunakan untuk mensintesis Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets dan Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets dilakukan dengan sintesa g-C3N4 nanosheets murni menggunakan melamin dan amonium sulfat yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C. Selanjutnya dilakukan impregnasi doping Zr dan Co pada g-C3N4 nanosheets menggunakan vacuum evaporator. Pengujian efektifitas katalis dalam mendegradasi rhodamine-B dianalisa menggunakan uji X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Spektrofotometer UV-Visible. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan g-C3N4 nanosheets yang terdoping Kobalt dan Zirkonium dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mendegradasi rhodamine B. Berdasarkan data absorbansi dari fotokatalis yang diuji, fotokatalis Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets menunjukkan hasil yang paling optimal dalam mendegradasi rhodamine-B dengan penurunan konsentrasi rhodamine-B hampir mendekati 0.Kata Kunci: Co-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets, Fotokatalis, Fotoremediasi, Zr-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets Abstract. Batik dye waste pollutes the Bengawan Solo River in high levels. One of the effective efforts to overcome pollution in the aquatic environment is through a degradation process using photocatalysts with UV-rays. In this research, carbon nitride nanosheets as photocatalyst with zirconium and cobalt doping was used. The addition of doping on g-C3N4 nanosheets was able to improve the photocatalytic performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various types of doping on the photoremediation performance of carbon nitride nanosheets. Synthesize Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets and Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets was carried out by synthesizing pure g-C3N4 nanosheets using melamine and ammonium sulfate that calcined at 600°C. Afterwards, the mixture was impregnated by Zr and Co-doped using a vacuum evaporator. The effectiveness of the photocatalyst to degrading rhodamine-B was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The result shows that photodegradation performance of Co and Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets has increased. Based on the absorbance data of photocatalysts, the Zr-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets photocatalyst give the most optimal results in degrading rhodamine-B with the final rhodamine-B concentration close to zero.Keywords: Co-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets, Photocatalyst, Photoremediation, Zr-doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets

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