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Ivandini Tribidasari A.
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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss.v26i2.xxx
Core Subject :
Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 783 Documents
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Synthesis of 1-(4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium Bromide and Its Evaluation as Antiplasmodium through Heme Polymerization Inhibitory Activity (HPIA) Assay Fitriastuti, Dhina; Alfiyah, Viny; Mustofa, Mustofa; Jumina, Jumina; Mardjan, Muhammad Idham Darussalam
Makara Journal of Science
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Abstract

This study describes the development of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent. The salt, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, was prepared using vanillin as the starting material in four simple synthetic steps. First, the alkylation of vanillin using diethyl sulfate produced 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in 79% yield. Second, the reduction of the protected vanillin by NaBH4 through the grinding method allowed us to obtain 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol in 96% yield. Next, the bromination of the benzyl alcohol under solvent-free condition led to the formation of the corresponding benzyl bromide, which in turn underwent bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with 1,10-phenanthroline to produce the desired product, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, in 58% yield. The evaluation of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent was conducted through heme polymerization inhibitory activity (HPIA) assay. The results showed that the phenantroline salt and chloroquine displayed the HPIA half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 3.63 and 4.37 mM, respectively. Therefore, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide displays desirable HPIA and has a great potential to be further developed as an antiplasmodium.
Effect of Surfactant Addition on the Dispersion and Antioxidant Performance of Pyrogallol in Biodiesel Yusri, Silvya; Nasikin, Mohammad; Sutanto, Hery
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 24, No. 4
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Biodiesel is one of the most feasible energy sources that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuel. Biodiesel has several advantages over conventional fuels because of its availability, renewability, and high combustion efficiency. However, biodiesel that contains unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters is prone to oxidation during the blending process and storage period. The complete oxidation reaction of biodiesel produces insoluble gums that could potentially plug the fuel engines. This reaction has become the main barrier for biodiesel to compete with other biofuels. Among several methods, the addition of antioxidants is the most cost-effective method to prevent the oxidation reaction in biodiesel. Pyrogallol (PY), which is one of the best antioxidant additives for biodiesel, was used in this research to evaluate its performance. However, the fact that PY is partially soluble in biodiesel is considered a problem in the application of PY as an antioxidant additive in biodiesel. In this research, three different surfactants were added to increase the dispersion and performance of PY in biodiesel. Dispersion test, acid number analysis, and iodine value analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of surfactant addition on the dispersion and antioxidant performance of PY in biodiesel. The surfactant glycerol monostearate showed the best result in increasing the dispersion of PY in biodiesel compared with sorbitan monooleate and polyglyceryl-4-isostearate (PG4IS). By contrast, the best performance of PY in preventing the oxidation of biodiesel was achieved with the addition of PG4IS.
Optimization of pGEX System to Express and Isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inclusion Body Protein in Combining with Modified Refolding Method Rukmana, Andriansjah; Burhanuddin, Burhanuddin; Yasmon, Andi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 22, No. 4
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Antigen sub units for vaccine studies are typically isolated from recombinant proteins in an expression system. However, not all protein expression systems are used to express the specific protein. In this study,we optimized the pGEX system combined with the modified protein refolding to express and isolate M. tuberculosis proteins, especially proteins that are expressed as an inclusion body. Resuscitation promoting factor B (RpfB) protein is one of the Resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf) family of proteins that has been studied for its ability to induce cellular immunity in animal tests. Silico analyses demonstrate how RpfB is included in cell wall and cell processes. The Rpf family proteins are promising antigens that can be used as a TB vaccine candidate. The polymerase chain reaction was briefly performed using specific primers to amplify the full length of the rpfB. PCR amplification products were then purified, cut by restriction endonucleases, and cloned into pGEX 6-P1. Protein expression was done in the Escherichia coli BL21 strain, and expressed protein was isolated using themodified protein refolding and solubilization method. The complex protein expression that appeared as inclusion bodies were successfully isolated and can be detected as complex GST-RpfB through the western blotting process. Our study results indicate that this system and our modified method are suitable for M. tuberculosis inclusion body protein expression and isolation.
Influences of Zn Concentration on Dielectric Properties of ZnxNi1-xFe2O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Suharyadi, Edi; Rahayu, Dwi Indah; Armitasari, Linda; Abraha, Kamsul
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 22, No. 4
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Dielectric properties of ZnxNi1-xFe2O4magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with various Zn concentration (x = 0.2-0.8) havebeen investigated over a wide frequency range 5–120 kHz. Zn-Ni ferriteMNPs have spinel cubic structure. Thecrystallite size of the sample for x = 0.2 was about 21.5 nm and then decreases by increasing Zn concentration. For sample with x = 0.4 at frequency 20 kHz, the real dielectric constant (ε') was 35.9, imaginary dielectric constant (ε") was 20.4 and loss tangent (tanδ) was 0.6. Zn concentration would affect to availability of ferrous and ferric ions in the octahedral site which are preferentially occupied by Zn2+ion. The dielectric constants decrease with increasing frequency. The sample with at x = 0.6 has thehighest dielectric on frequency 5 kHz. The maximum AC conductivity(σAC) was 1.7 x 10-4 Ω-1 at 65 kHz observed for concentration x = 0.3. The dielectric constants and conductivity at low frequency are due to the existence of grains boundary while the dispersion in the high frequency region are due to the conducting grains.
CrCl3·6H2OAs an Environmentally Friendly and Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot,Synthesis of 2-oxo-and 2-thio-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrimidines Under Solvent-Free Conditions Mohamadpour, Farzaneh
Makara Journal of Science
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A one-pot, simple, and eco-friendly synthesis of 2-oxo-and 2-thio-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines using a Biginelli condensation between β-keto esters (methyl or ethyl acetoacetate), aromatic benzaldehydes, and urea or thiourea in the presence of CrCl3·6H2O as an environmentally friendly and mild catalyst under solvent-free conditions has been performed. Based on reaction of benzaldehyde (1.0 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1.0 mmol), and urea (1.5 mmol), as well as 15 mol% of CrCl3·6H2O catalyst, the 82% yield was reached within 30 minute reaction time. The advantages of this methodology are solvent-free conditions, ease of handling, one-pot nature, low-cost, environmental friendliness, simple purification of products, and short reaction time.
A Known Naphthalene, Isoeleutherol, from the Herb of Lygodium microphyllum Kuncoro, Hadi; Farabi, Kindi; Rijai, Laode; Julaeha, Euis; Shiono, Yoshihito; Supratman, Unang
Makara Journal of Science
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A known naphthalene, isoeleutherol (1), was isolated from the herb ofLygodium microphyllum. The chemical structure of 1 was determined on the basis of spectroscopic data mainly UV, IR, HRTOFMS, 1D-and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, aswell as by comparing with compounds previously reported. Isoeleutherol was isolated from this plant for the first timeand showed moderate antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with IC50 value of 53.96 ± 2.87 μg/mL.
Identification of Drought-tolerant Local Cowpea Varieties of Southwest Maluku (Indonesia) Karuwal, Ritha Lusian; Suharsono, Suharsono; Tjahjoleksono, Aris; Hanif, Novriyandi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 22, No. 4
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Cowpeas grown in Southwest Maluku have local potential due to their diversity and ability to adapt to drought stress conditions that otherwise cause low productivity. The purpose of this study was to identify of local cowpea varieties of Southwest Maluku that show tolerance to drought. The experimental samples were seven local varieties and threereference cultivars. The drought stress treatment was altered watering periods, i.e., every two (P0) and ten days (P1) from growth to harvest. The results of this research showed that a ten-day watering period significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves, number of root nodules, root and shoot dry weight, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relative water content, media water content, chlorophyll content, and number and weight of seeds perplant. Drought stress treatment increased proline content and root length. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between plant height with all variables, except for root length, proline content, and weight of seedsper plant. The correlation and cluster analyses showed that the KM7 variety is a drought tolerant genotype among the local cowpea varieties from Southwest Maluku. Therefore, the KM7 variety can be used as plant material in future breeding programs.
The Influence of Nutrient (N and P) Enrichment and Ratios on Phytoplankton Abundance in Keunekai Waters, WehIsland, Indonesia Wisha, Ulung Jantama; Ondara, Koko; Ilham, Ilham
Makara Journal of Science
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The Keunekai waters around Weh Island, Indonesia, have become a prone coastal area because of degradation from climate anomalies and anthropogenic pressure. The high level of coral mortality caused by mass bleaching and fish bombing several years ago may have led to the deterioration of the water conditions and the disruption of the biogeo-chemical cycle, resulting in potential nutrient enrichment and algae blooms (eutrophication). This study aimed to de-termine the influence of nutrient ratios on phytoplankton abundance and monitor the existing waterconditions aroundKeunekai. Spectrophotometry analysis was used to determine the concentrations of the nutrients, and the Sedgewick-Rafter counting method was used to identify the species and abundance of the phytoplankton. A large variation in N content (ranging from 1.1 to 1.6 mg N/L) and, particularly, P content (ranging from 0.02 to 0.18 mg P/L) most likely reflected differences in the supply ratios of N and P, rather than differences in absolute N and P availability. Three taxa of phytoplankton and their relative abundance were identified in the study area: Bacillariophyceae (diatom) (72%), Cyanophyceae (3%), and Dinoflagellate (25%). It was found that P-limitation mostly controls potential algae blooms, which support the density of Dinoflagellates thatmay endanger the water.
Micromagnetic Study on the Magnetization Reversal of Barium Hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) Thin Film Djuhana, Dede; Oktri, Dita; Kurniawan, Candra
Makara Journal of Science
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This study investigates a magnetization reversal mechanism based on the hysteresis curve of Barium Hexaferrite (BFO) thin film by micromagnetic simulation through parallel and perpendicular magnetization directions along the axes. The hexagonal shape of the BFO film was modeled with thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 nm and a diameter size ranging from 50 to 100 nm. It was found that the coercivity field HC and the saturation field HS of the BFO film decreased as thediameter size increased and thickness decreased. It was observed that the nucleation field HN increased as the diametersize increased. An analysis of energies showed that the demagnetization energy was dominantly influenced by the diameter and thickness in comparison to the anisotropic energy. From the hysteresis curve, the switching time was also investigated. Interestingly, the switching time was faster for the thinner BFOs with a diameter under 70 nm. For particles larger than 70 nm in diameter, the switching time showed fluctuation irrespective of the BFO thickness. Based on these results, a diameter size of 70 nm is proposed as the critical size for producing the equal time for switching domain polarity.
Characterization of Protease from Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 as a Bio-Detergent Agent lmiah, Sitti Nur; Mubarik, Nisa Rachmania; Wahyuntari, Budiasih
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 22, No. 3
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Proteases are among the most important enzymes in both food and non-food industries taking up almost 60% of the world enzyme market. This enzyme has been used for many industrial processes, especially in the detergent industry. The purpose of this study was to characterize the protease from Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 as a bio-detergentagent. An enzyme assay of protease activity was used to assess and characterize the protease enzyme from B. licheniformis F11.1. It showed that the highest pH protease activity for alkaline protease occurred at pH 8.0 with a value of 35.00U/mL. Under incubation temperature, the protease had the highest activity at 50 °C with a value of 24.46 U/mL. Protease activity was inhibited by Ca2+,Mn2+, K+, and Na+ions at concentrations of 5 mM. Protease activity can beenhanced by these ions at concentrations of 2 mM. Protease stability can be measured from half-life. Under anincubation temperature of 50 °C, the half-life of the protease at pH 8, 9, and 10 was 108 min, 114 min, and 98 min, respectively. The assay for enzyme stability with an incubation temperature of 60 °C showed half-lives of 92 minutes, 56 minutes, and 61 minutes for pH 6, 9, and 10, respectively. This enzyme was found to be stable with the addition ofdetergent compounds such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and hydrogen peroxide; all under low concentrations. Determination of the molecular weight using SDS-PAGE andzymogram found the molecular weight was 32.90-35.16 kDa. These results showed that the alkaline protease from B.licheniformis F11.1 can be used as a bio-detergent because of its tolerance to various detergent compounds.

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