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Atom Indonesia Journal

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Published by Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

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Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology Starting for 2010 Atom Indonesia published three times a year in April, August, and December The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in all areas of nuclear science and technology. including nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste treatment, fuel element development, radioisotopes and radio pharmaceutical engineering, nuclear and radiation safety, neutron scattering, material science and technology, as well as utilization of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, industry, health and environment.

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Articles 452 Documents

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Preface Atom Indonesia Vol 44 No 1 preface preface
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect in Layered NdMn1.9Ti0.1Si2 M.F. Md Din; J.L. Wang; S.J. Kennedy; S.X. Dou
Atom Indonesia Vol 40, No 1 (2014): April 2014
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The structural and magnetic properties of the NdMn1.9Ti0.1Si2 compund have been studied by high-intensity x-ray and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, specific heat, dc magnetization, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements over the temperature range of 3-450 K. The Curie temperature and Néel temperature of layered NdMn1.9Ti0.1Si2 are indicated as TC ~ 22 K and TN ~ 374 K respectively. The first order magnetic transition from antiferromagnetic [AFil-type] to ferromagnetic [F(Nd)+Fmc] around TC is found in layered NdMn1.9Ti0.1Si2and is associated with large magnetocaloric effect. This behavior has been confirmed as a contribution of the magnetostructural coupling by using neutron and x-ray powder diffraction. The magnetic entropy change –ΔSM ~ 15.3 J kg-1 K-1 and adiabatic temperature change ΔTad ~ 4.7 K have been determined using magnetization and specific heat measurement under 0-5 T applied fields. This compound exhibits almost no thermal and magnetic hysteresis, thus potentially applicable in low temperature region for magnetic refrigerator material.Received: 31 December 2013; Revised:10 February 2014; Accepted: 24 February 2014

Distribution of 226Ra Radionuclide in Upwelling Event Off Ulsan, Gampo and Pohang, Korea Muslim Muslim
Atom Indonesia Vol 35, No 2 (2009): July 2009
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/aij.2009.52

Upwelling is an important event in the sea for it makes the area to become more productive. The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of radium-226 as radiotoxic in the upwelling area in the summer season. Measurements of the horizontal and vertical activities of 226Ra in the Ulsan, Gampo and Pohang waters were conducted in June, August 1999 and June 2000 when the upwelling event was expected to occur. Water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also measured concurrently. The thermocline layer or the layer where the temperature decreased drastically occurred at a depth between 30 m to 100 m for samples dated June 1999 and 30 m to more than 100 m for samples dated August 1999 and June 2000. The salinity decreased with depth but the DO concentration increased in this layer. The condition affected the vertical distribution of 226Ra in the study area, where the 226Ra activities showed to be relatively homogeneous vertically in each station. This indicates that the upwelling which occurred in the study area was capable to distribute the 226Ra activities from the bottom to the surface. Thus, the 226Ra distribution at that time did not increase with depth, opposite to what usually occurs in the ocean at normal condition. The 226Ra activities also did not decrease after elapsed time of one year, in fact, it increased. However, horizontally the 226Ra activities decreased with increasing distance from the coastal zone. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the upwelling event in the Ulsan, Gampo and Pohang was effective for increasing the 226Ra activities and was capable to create homogeneous 226Ra activities from the bottom to the surface in the water column, and the source of 226Ra was likely to originate from outside area (i.e. coastal zone) and bottom area.Received: 25 March 2009; Revised: 24 August 2009; Accepted: 30 September 2009

Study of Cellulose-N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide-Acrylic Acid as Pb2+ Ion Adsorbent M. Suhartini; J. Ginting; S Sudirman; A.D. Putri; Z.R. Mubarak
Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 3 (2018): December 2018
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Cellulose can be used as a metal ion adsorbent. However, it is specific to certain metal ions and has some drawbacks. To increase the capture of certain metal ions,cellulose needs to be modified. Cellulose modification was carried out using N, N'- methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent and acrylic acid (AA) as grafting agent. Gamma rays from Cobalt-60 was used as the initiator by simultaneous irradiation method. The aim of this study is to improve and observe the capture ability of cellulose as Pb2+metal ion adsorbent. The characterization was performed by FTIR, DSC, SEM, and EDX. The thermal analysis and ion exchange capacity measurement showed that the resulting copolymer has a better thermal stability and ion exchange ability thanpure cellulose.The applications of the copolymer on Pb2+ ion adsorption indicated that the maximum adsorption is 99.8 % of 3 ppm Pb2+ ion sorbent at pH ≈ 7. SEM analysis showed that the copolymer is porous while pure cellulose appears fibrous. EDX Analysis showed Pb2+ metal ion adsorption by cellulose-MBA-AA.

Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of 3 MW TRIGA Research Reactor of Bangladesh Considering Different Cycles of Burnup M.H. Altaf; N.H. Badrun
Atom Indonesia Vol 40, No 3 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Burnup dependent steady state thermal hydraulic analysis of TRIGA Mark-II research reactor has been carried out utilizing coupled point kinetics, neutronics and thermal hydraulics code EUREKA-2/RR. From the previous calculations of neutronics parameters including percentage burnup of individual fuel elements performed so far for 700 MWD burnt core of TRIGA reactor showed that the fuel rod predicted as hottest at the beginning of cycle (fresh core) was found to remain as the hottest until 200 MWD of burn, but, with the progress of core burn, the hottest rod was found to be shifted and another rod in the core became the hottest. The present study intends to evaluate the thermal hydraulic parameters of these hottest fuel rods at different cycles of burnup, from beginning to 700 MWD core burnt considering reactor operates under steady state condition. Peak fuel centerline temperature, maximum cladding and coolant temperatures of the hottest channels were calculated. It revealed that maximum temperature reported for fuel clad and fuel centerline found to lie below their melting points which indicate that there is no chance of burnout on the fuel cladding surface and no blister in the fuel meat throughout the considered cycles of core burnt.Received: 09 September 2014; Revised: 21 December 2014; Accepted: 22 December 2014

Effectiveness of Gamma Irradiation for Decontamination of Microbes on Tea Parasite Herb Scurrula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans E. Katrin; M. Yulianti; H. Winarno
Atom Indonesia Vol 37, No 3 (2011): December 2011
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The purpose of this study was to find the minimum and maximum dose of gamma irradiation on dried tea parasite herb that can reduce the number of microbes without reducing the inhibitory activity against leukemia L1210 cells. Samples of tea parasite herbs were irradiated by gamma rays with doses of 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy. The microbial contamination, cytotoxic activities and the chromatogram profiles of irradiated and unirradiated samples were observed. The results revealed that the bacteria contaminants of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 7.5 kGy, meanwhile the mold-yeast contaminants of 5.68 x 108 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 5 kGy. Ethyl acetate extracts of irradiated samples until the dose of 10 kGy were still able to maintain its cytotoxic activity against L1210 leukemia cells proliferation with IC50 values of < 30 µg/ml. Fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts of each sample by open column chromatograph was obtained four fractions from each extract. Among the fractions, fraction 2 was the most active fraction which had a potent as anticancer agent. Cytotoxic activities assay of fraction 2’s showed that this fractions significantly decreased after irradiation of samples with doses up to 10 kGy. The thin layer chromatogram profiles of fraction 2 from irradiated and unirradiated samples showed that spot 2 and 3 gradually tended to fade. It is suggested that 7.5 and 10 kGy were the minimum and maximum irradiation dose for bacterial and mold/yeast decontamination with the initial contamination of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g and 5.68 x 108 cfu/g respectively. At this condition, the bacteria and mold/yeast have been killed, whereas the cytotoxic activities of active components (ethyl acetate extract and fraction 2) in tea parasite herbs decreased, but the decrease was not significant and did not remove these cytotoxic activities.Received: 20 November 2010; Revised: 07 September 2011; Accepted: 19 September 2011

Preface Atom Indonesia Vol 45 No 1 preface preface
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution for (n,γ)99Mo/99mTc Generator Based on Zirconium-Based Material (ZBM) I. Saptiama; M Marlina; E. Sarmini; H Herlina; S Sriyono; A Abidin; H. Setiawan; K Kadarisman; H. Lubis; A. Mutalib
Atom Indonesia Vol 41, No 2 (2015): August 2015
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The many problems in preparing fission product 99Mo led into this work to develop 99Mo/99mTc generator using neutron-irradiated natural MoO3 targets and, more specifically, to develop a zirconium-based material (ZBM) for chromatography columns that have an adsorption capacity of more than 100 mg Mo/g ZBM. This paper reports our recent experiments in the use of sodium hypochlorite solution of various concentrations to improve the yield of 99mTc in performance of (n,γ)99Mo/99mTc generators based on the ZBM. The synthesized ZBM was coated with tetraethyl orthosilicate for improving the hardness of the material. The adsorption of [99Mo]molybdate into ZBM was carried out by reacting ZBM into [99Mo]molybdate solution at 90°C to form ZBM-[99Mo] molybdate. ZBM-[99Mo]molybdate was then packed into generator column, then eluted with 10 × 1 mL of saline followed by 1 × 5 mL of NaOCl solution. The NaOCl solution concentrations used were 0.5%; 1%; 3%; and 5% for each column, respectively. This study resulted in a ZBM which has a 99Mo adsorption capacity of 167.5 ± 3.4 mgMo/g ZBM, as well as in a yield eluate of 99mTc of up to 70%, and the find that the optimum NaOCl concentration was 3%. The use of sodium hypochlorite solution affected 99Mo breakthrough. The higher sodium hypochlorite concentration used, the more 99Mo breaktrough exist on 99mTc eluate.Received: 22 October 2014; Revised: 21 April 2015; Accepted: 21 May 2015

Design Study of Full Scale Accelerator Driven System (ADS), for Transmuting High Level Waste of MA/Pu Marsodi Marsodi; K. Nishihara; Z. Suud
Atom Indonesia Vol 34, No 2 (2008): July 2008
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

The ADS system used in this study consisting of a high intensity proton linear accelerator, a spallation target, and a sub-critical reactor core. The Pb-Bi spallation target is bombarded by high intensity protons coming from the accelerator. The fast neutrons generated from the spallation reaction were used to drive the sub-critical reactor core. In this ADS system, the neutron source is in the center of reactor core region, so that the neutron distribution was concentrated in the center of core region. In this case, the B/T of MA/Pu could be performed effectively in the center of core region. The neutron energy in the outer region of reactor core was decreased due to the moderation of fuel and coolant materials. Such condition gives a chance to perform Burning and/or Transmutation of LLFPs.The basic parameters of this system are shown in the form of neutronic design, neutron spectrum and B/T rate, including other aspects related to the safety operation system. Furthermore, the analysis of the ADS system was accomplished using ATRAS computer code of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAERI[1]. Due to the complexity of the reactor calculation codes, the author has carried out only those calculations needed for analyzing the neutronics system and some parameters related to the safety system. Design study of the transmutation system was a full-scale power level system of 657.53 MWt sub-critical reactor for an accelerator-driven transmutation system. The liquid Pb-Bi was used together as the spallation target materials and coolant of the system, because of some advantages of Pb-Bi in the system concerning the comparison with the sodium coolant. Moreover, they have a possibility to achieve a hard neutron energy spectrum, avoid a positive void reactivity coefficient, allow much lower system operating temperatures, and are favorable for safety in the event of coolant leakage. The multiplication factor of sub-critical core design was adjusted exclusively through the high intensity protons beam accelerator at the spallation target. The fuel was assumed to have homogeneous compositions in the form of (MA-Pu) ZrN mixture with 15N enriched. The compositions of Pu and MA were the same with the compositions of UO2 fuel from 33-GWd/t burn-up in PWRs spent fuel after 5 year cooling. The results have been compared with the spent fuel composition from 45 and 60 GWd/t burn-up in PWRs at the same cooling time. The calculation of the burn-up step was 730 days per one batch reloading by using 4-regions core calculation model. The specific parameters of ADS system used in the calculation are described in Table1.

The Effect of Gamma-Irradiated Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in Decreasing the In Vitro Production of Methane by Buffalo Rumen Liquid R. Rahmani; M.R. Pikoli; I. Sugoro
Atom Indonesia Vol 45, No 3 (2019): December 2019
Publisher : PPIKSN-BATAN

Ruminant livestock undeniably contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases by emitting methane. One strategy used to reduce methane emission is by applying nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB). Utilizing active NRB has a side effect of acidosis in rumen liquid in an uncontrolled condition. Alternatively, NRB can be applied in an inactive form. The aim of this study was to examine the use of gamma irradiation on NRB to be used for decreasing methane production by buffalo rumen liquid. The examination was performed in vitro and involved comparison to other treatments, which were active NRB, autoclaved NRB, and without NRB. The result showed that the NRB in either active or the inactive conditionaffected fermentation of the rumen microorganisms. There were differences in pH values, digestibility of organic matters, ammonia, total and partial volatile fatty acids, and methane production between all treatments after 24 and 48 h of incubation. All treatments showed significant differences for each parameter, except for the gas production (p ≤ 0.05). The irradiated NRB produced slightly more methane, i.e. 3.0 and 10.4 ml/200 mg after 24 and 48 h incubation, respectively, compared to the active NRB, autoclaved NRB, and no-NRB-addition treatments, i.e., 2.0 and 8.0; 7.8 and 11.7; 8.0 and 12.4 ml/200 mg, respectively. In conclusion, the irradiated NRB has a potency as a supplement feed for buffaloes to reduce methane production without the risk of acidosis in the rumen liquid.

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