Atom Indonesia Journal
Exist for publishing the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology
Starting for 2010 Atom Indonesia published three times a year in April, August, and December
The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in all areas of nuclear science and technology. including nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste treatment, fuel element development, radioisotopes and radio pharmaceutical engineering, nuclear and radiation safety, neutron scattering, material science and technology, as well as utilization of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, industry, health and environment.
Articles
452 Documents
<![CDATA[Analysis on Non-Uniform Flow in Steam Generator During Steady State Natural Circulation Cooling ]]>
<![CDATA[Susyadi Susyadi]]>;
<![CDATA[T. Yonomoto]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 33, No 2 (2007): July 2007 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2007.111
<![CDATA[Investigation on non uniform flow behavior among U-tube in steam generator during natural circulation cooling has been conducted using RELAP5. The investigation is performed by modeling the steam generator into multi channel models, i.e. 9-tubes model. Two situations are implemented, high pressure and low pressure cases. Using partial model, the calculation simulates situation similar to the natural circulation test performed in LSTF. The imposed boundary conditions are flow rate, quality, pressure of the primary side, feed water temperature, steam generator liquid level, and pressure in the secondary side. Calculation result shows that simulation using model with nine tubes is capable to capture important non-uniform phenomena such as reverse flow, fill-and-dump, and stagnant vertical stratification. As a result of appropriate simulation of non uniform flow, the calculated steam generator outlet flow in the primary loop is stable as observed in the experiments. The results also clearly indicate the importance of simulation of non-uniform flow in predicting both the flow stability and heat transfer between the primary and secondary side. In addition, the history of transient plays important role on the selection of the flow distribution among tubes. © 2007 Atom Indonesia. All rights reserved]]>
<![CDATA[Separation of Radiocopper 64/67Cu from the Matrix of Neutron-Irradiated Natural Zinc Applicable for 64Cu Production ]]>
<![CDATA[S. Soenarjo]]>;
<![CDATA[Sriyono Sriyono]]>;
<![CDATA[W.Y. Rahman]]>;
<![CDATA[E. Sarmini]]>;
<![CDATA[Hambali Hambali]]>;
<![CDATA[Triyanto Triyanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 38, No 1 (2012): April 2012 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2012.136
<![CDATA[Radioisotope 64Cu is a promising radiometallic-isotope for molecular-targeted-radiopharmaceuticals. Having a half-life of 12.70 hours and emitting β+-radiation (Eβ+ = 0.6531 MeV) as well as β-ray (Eβ- = 0.5787 MeV), it is widely used in the form of biomedical-substrate-radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET) diagnosis and simultaneously for targeted radiotherapy of cancer. The potential needs on the availability of 64Cu-labeled pharmaceuticals for domestic nuclear medicine hospitals lead to a necessity for the local production of carrier-free 64Cu using BATAN’s G.A. Siwabessy reactor because of the technical and economical constraints in the production using BATAN’s cyclotron. The presented work is accordingly to study whether the radioisotope 64Cu can be produced and separated from the matrix of post-neutron-irradiated-natural zinc. This study is expected can be further improved and implemented in production technology of carrier-free 64Cu based on 64Zn (n,p) 64Cu nuclear reaction exploiting the fast neutron fraction among the major thermal fraction due to unavailability of fast-neutron-irradiation facility in the BATAN’s G.A. Siwabessy reactor. The solution of post-neutron-irradiated-natural zinc in 1M acetic acid was loaded into Chelex-100 cation exchanger resin column to pass out the Zn/Zn* fraction whereas the Cu* fraction which remained in the column was then eluted out from the column by using 1.5 M HCl and loaded into the second column containing Dowex-1X8 anion exchanger resin. The second column was then eluted with 0.5 M HCl. The collected eluate was expected to be zinc-free Cu* fraction. It was observed from the half-life and the γ-spectrometric analysis that radioactive copper-64Cu containing 67Cu was produced by neutron activation on the natural Zn-foil target and can be separated from the target matrix by the presented two-steps-column-chromatographic separation technique. The radioactivity measurement showed that wrapping the Zn target with cadmium foil increased the activity of radioactive copper and, thus, the Cu*/Zn*-ratio.Received: 28 June 2011; Revised: 21 February 2012; Accepted: 24 February 2012]]>
<![CDATA[Radiolabeled Antibody Fragment for Preparation of (177Lu-DOTA)m-PAMAM G3.0-F(ab’)2 trastuzumab as a Radiopharmaceutical for Cancer Therapy ]]>
<![CDATA[R.D. Haryuni]]>;
<![CDATA[M. Ramli]]>;
<![CDATA[T Triningsih]]>;
<![CDATA[S Sutari]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 1 (2017): April 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2017.623
<![CDATA[Several radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used as radioimmunotherapy (RIT) agents for cancer therapy. The use of mAbs as RIT agents is due to their ability to carry effectors, in the form of radionuclides which emit alpha (α) particles, beta (β) particles, or auger electrons, and bind specifically to cancer expressed receptor. This paper reports the preparation of radiolabelled trastuzumab in form of (177Lu-DOTA)m-PAMAM G3-F(ab')2-trastuzumab, which will be expected as a potential RIT agent for therapy of breast cancer overexpressed human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Due to its reduced molecular weight, the use of F(ab')2-trastuzumab on the aforementioned RIT agent candidate is expected to reach its target much faster compared to the intact trastuzumab. Meanwhile, the role of PAMAM G3 is to increase the specific activity of the radiotherapeutic agent of Lu-177 due to the ability of its 32 –NH2 functional groups that are able to bind many DOTAs (£ 31) which in turn can bind a large number of 177Lu. The preparation was initiated by fragmentation of trastuzumab using pepsin enzyme in 0.02 M acetic acid buffer with a pH of 4.5 to produce F(ab')2-trastuzumab with a purity of 95 % after purification with PD-10 column. The F(ab')2-trastuzumab was then reacted with succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) to produce SMCC-F(ab')2-trastuzumab. The next reaction was to conjugate SMCC-F(ab')2-trastuzumab with DOTA-PAMAM G3.0-SH, which was prepared by reaction NHS-DOTA with PAMAM G3.0 and followed by reacting it with 2-iminothiolane to give (DOTA)m-PAMAM G3.0-F(ab')2-trastuzumab. Finally, the (DOTA)m-PAMAM G3.0-F(ab')2-trastuzumab was radiolabelled with 177Lu to produce (177Lu-DOTA)m-PAMAM G3.0-F(ab')2-trastuzumab, resulting in a radiochemical purity of 98 % after purification with PD-10 column.Received: 31 October 2015; Revised: 30 June 2016; Accepted: 25 September 2016]]>
<![CDATA[Non-destructive Residual Stress Analysis Around The Weld-Joint of Fuel Cladding Materials of ZrNbMoGe Alloys ]]>
<![CDATA[Parikin Parikin]]>;
<![CDATA[Bandriyana Bandriyana]]>;
<![CDATA[I. Wahyono]]>;
<![CDATA[A.H. Ismoyo]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 39, No 2 (2013): August 2013 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2013.233
<![CDATA[The residual stress measurements around weld-joint of ZrNbMoGe alloy have been carried out by using X-ray diffraction technique in PTBIN-BATAN. The research was performed to investigate the structure of a cladding material with high temperature corrosion resistance and good weldability. The equivalent composition of the specimens (in %wt.) was 97.5%Zr1%Nb1%Mo½%Ge. Welding was carried out by using TIG (tungsten inert gas) technique that completed butt-joint with a current 20 amperes. Three region tests were taken in specimen while diffraction scanning, While diffraction scanning, tests were performed on three regions, i.e., the weldcore, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal. The reference region was determined at the base metal to be compared with other regions of the specimen, in obtaining refinement structure parameters. Base metal, HAZ and weldcore were diffracted by X-ray, and lattice strain changes were calculated by using Rietveld analysis program. The results show that while the quantity of minor phases tend to increase in the direction from the base metal to the HAZ and to the weldcore, the quantity of the ZrGe phase in the HAZ is less than the quantity of the ZrMo2 phase due to tGe element evaporation. The residual stress behavior in the material shows that minor phases, i.e., Zr3Ge and ZrMo2, are more dominant than the Zr matrix. The Zr3Ge and ZrMo2 experienced sharp straining, while the Zr phase was weak-lined from HAZ to weldcore. The hydrostatic residual stress (σ) in around weld-joint of ZrNbMoGe alloy is compressive stress which has minimum value at about -2.73 GPa in weldcore region. Received: 16 January 2013; Revised: 25 April 2013; Accepted: 10 June 2013]]>
<![CDATA[Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (99mTc-DEC) as a New Diagnostic Agent for Lymphatic Filariasis Detection ]]>
<![CDATA[N. K. Oekar]]>;
<![CDATA[A. Hanafiah]]>;
<![CDATA[D. Setiawan]]>;
<![CDATA[E.M. Widyasari]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 43, No 3 (2017): December 2017 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2017.747
<![CDATA[Lymphatic filariasis or more commonly known as elephantiasis disease has infected more than 120 million people in 80 countries; and more than 40 million of them are unable to work, in addition to disruption of aesthetic values. The problem faced by almost all people in combating this infectious disease is delayed diagnosis. The sufferers do not realize that they have been infected with this disease. A specific and accurate method of early detection is therefore needed. 99mTc-labeled Diethylcarbamazine-citrate (99mTc-DEC) has been successfully prepared. However, as part of the discovery and development of new drugs, the fulfillment of pharmaceutical and safety requirements have to be evaluated. Physico-chemical aspects such as stability, purity levels, and other pharmaceutical requirements, as well as pharmacokinetic studies and route of administration, are important parameters to be studied. The stability test showed that after seven months of storage, a preparation in a dry kit retains an efficiency of labeling and a purity level of more than 90 % and its physico-chemical and biological characteristics remained steady. Biodistribution test in Wistar rat showed that the greatest accumulation occurred in the lymphatic system, especially in the popliteal glands and in lumbar and mesenteric lymph nodes. Imaging with a gamma camera after intradermal and intravenous injections to the experimental animals resulted in a positive image that showed 99mTc-DEC accumulation in the target organ. The results of this innovation are expected to contribute significantly to improving public health, particulary in early detection of filarial infections. In addition, this result is expected to be a concrete contribution to the program of "The Global Goal of Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem by the Year 2020”.]]>
<![CDATA[Radiolysis of Reactive Azo Dyes in Aqueous Solution ]]>
<![CDATA[Agustin N.M. Bagyo]]>;
<![CDATA[Winarti Andayani]]>;
<![CDATA[Hendig Winarno]]>;
<![CDATA[Ermin Katrin]]>;
<![CDATA[Yanti S. Soebianto]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 30, No 2 (2004): July 2004 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2004.214
<![CDATA[The effects of radiation on aerated reactive dye solutions i.e Cibacron Violet, Cibacron Orange and Cibacron Yellow solutions have been studied. Parameters analysis were the change of pH after radiation, the change of absorption, degradation products and effects of pH on the radiolysis. The uv-vis absorption of solutions were observed before and after irradiation. pH variation was done from pHs 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12. Irradiation was done at doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy with dose rate of 5 kGy/h and was determined by a Fricke dosimeter. HPLC with UV detector was used to analyze the degradation products. Oxalic acid was the main degradation product and small amount of succinic acid was also detected.]]>
<![CDATA[Simpler and More Accurate: Weighing the Mercury in Electrolytic Cells by Radiotracer Dilution Method ]]>
<![CDATA[Sugiharto Sugiharto]]>;
<![CDATA[S.B. Santoso]]>;
<![CDATA[G.B. Santoso]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 36, No 2 (2010): August 2010 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2010.22
<![CDATA[Weight of mercury in electrolytic cell of soda industry is usually measured gravimetrically, which is typical labor work in character. Error sources of the gravimetric method might have come from the fact that some mercury’s are usually trapped in the cell due to complicated structure of electrolytic cell. This cause unknown errors. In addition, formation of amalgam at the cathode may cause a further uncertainty in the measurement. Total error from gravimetric method is 4% on average. Radiotracer dilution method provides advantages either for simplification of procedure and reduction of measurement error. In this experiment radioisotope mercury 203Hg, which was prepared in nuclear reactor was used to examine 13 of 14 electrolytic cells of soda plant. Each electrolytic cell was designed containing approximately 700 kg inactive mercury. Before injection, the radioisotope mercury was mixed with non radioisotope mercury in a bath to obtain a suitable injection aliquots and standard references. Calibration curve, which was derived from two stage dilution processes taken from standard references, was used to examine degree of mixing between radioisotope and non radioisotope mercury and it was also used in weight calculation of non radioisotope mercury in electrolytic cell. Injection was carried out simply by pouring the injection aliquots into the flowing mercury at the inlet side of the cell. Mercury samples from the cells were extracted at regular time intervals and filled into vials for counting. This was done for the primary conformation of the completeness of mixing of the tracer with the non radioisotope mercury in each cell. When complete mixing is achieved, the unknown quantity of mercury in each cell was calculated based on mass balance principle. From the calculation the weight of mercury in each electrolytic cell was not the same and maximum error of measurement obtained from this method is 2.48 %. Compared to gravimetrically error mentioned above, it was clear that radiotracer dilution method gives better result in terms of higher accuracy and simpler procedure in measurement of the weight of mercury in electrolytic cells. Above all, this method is very suitable to be implemented in soda industry.Received: 20 November 2009; Revised: 31 August 2010; Accepted: 31 August 2010]]>
<![CDATA[Micronucleus Frequencies and DNA Repair Gene XRCC3 Polymorphism in Radiation Workers of Center for Multipurpose Reactor ]]>
<![CDATA[D. Ramadhani]]>;
<![CDATA[Y. Lusiyanti]]>;
<![CDATA[M. Syaifudin]]>;
<![CDATA[S.M.H. Faradz]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 44, No 1 (2018): April 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PPIKSN-BATAN ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2018.851
<![CDATA[The carcinogenic effects of low radiation doses have not been fully understood until now. Studies on individuals that are occupationally exposed to low radiation doses can help to address this question. This study assesses the micronucleus (MN) frequencies as indicator of DNA damage in radiation workers that are occupationally exposed to low radiation dose. The influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC3 gene on the frequency of micronuclei was also evaluated in this study. The effects of confounding factors of gender, age, and smoking status on MN frequencies was assessed in all samples. A total of 60 subjects consisting of 30 radiation workers from Center of Multipurpose Reactor (CMPR), National Nuclear Energy Agency (NNEA) of Indonesia, and 30 control samples were enrolled in this study. The results showed that the difference between MN frequency in radiation workers and in control samples was not statistically significant [0.019 vs. 0.021; p = 0.549]. Age and smoking status did not affect micronucleus frequencies in all samples (p = 0.723 and 0.828). Micronucleus frequencies in females were higher compared to males, even though the difference was not significant (p = 0.3). Radiation workers with variant alleles for XRCC3 olymorphism did not showed higher MN frequencies compared to the controls with the same genotypes. The small numbers of samples with XRCC3 variant alleles found in this study possibly contributed to the insignificant difference of MN frequencies between wild-type allele (Thr/Thr) and mutant alleles (Thr/Met or Met/Met). Further investigations using larger sample sizes and MN assay in combination with human pan-centromeric probe should be conducted to validate this study results. Other SNP in XRCC3 gene also should be evaluated to find out the association between SNP and MN frequencies.]]>
<![CDATA[Fragmentation of Nimotuzumab for Preparation of 125I-F(ab’)2-Nimotuzumab as a Precursor for Preparing 125I-F(ab’)2-Nimotuzumab-NLS Radiopharmaceutical for Cancer Therapy ]]>
<![CDATA[R.D. Haryuni]]>;
<![CDATA[A. Bahtiar]]>;
<![CDATA[S. Soenarjo]]>;
<![CDATA[Y. Harahap]]>;
<![CDATA[A. Mutalib]]>;
<![CDATA[M. Ramli]]>;
<![CDATA[S. Hermanto]]>;
<![CDATA[C.N. Ardiyatno]]>;
<![CDATA[V.Y. Susilo]]>;
<![CDATA[D. Haffid]]>
<![CDATA[ Atom Indonesia Vol 40, No 1 (2014): April 2014 ]]>
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DOI: 10.17146/aij.2014.259
<![CDATA[Nimotuzumab is an anticancer agent which belongs to the inhibitor group of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Thismonoclonal antibody has a relatively high molecular weight which slowspenetration on tumor cells, making it less attractive in imaging kinetics and potentially elicits antibodies responses. Therefore, in this study nimotuzumab was fragmented to form a bivalent antibody [F(ab’)2] and then labeled with 125I to form 125I-F(ab’)2-nimotuzumab which can be used further as a precursor for preparing 125I-F(ab’)2-nimotuzumab-NLS(NLS = nuclear localization sequence) radiopharmaceuticalfor radioimmunotherapy. The aims of this study was to obtain characteristics of 125I-F(ab’)2-nimotuzumab by comparing with the 125I labeled-intact nimotuzumab (125I-nimotuzumab). This study was initiated by purifying nimotuzumab by mean of dialysis. The purified nimotuzumab was then fragmented by using pepsin. The F(ab')2-nimotuzumab formed was then purified from its by-products which formed in fragmentation process by using a PD-10 column (consisted Sephadex G25). The intact nimotuzumab and its F(ab’)2 fragment were then labeled with the 125I to form 125I-nimotuzumab and 125I-F(ab’)2-nimotuzumab. The radiochemical purity are 98.27 % and 93.24 %, respectively. Stability test results show that, both 125I-nimotuzumab and 125I-F(ab’)2-nimotuzumab are more stable at 4 °C than at room temperature storage and 37 °C.Received: 24 May 2013; Revised: 21 February 2014; Accepted: 28 February 2014]]>
