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<![CDATA[The Use of a Jet Column with Different Nozzles as a Reactor for Biodiesel Reaction with Crude Palm Oil as Feedstock ]]>
<![CDATA[Dijan Supramono]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biodiesel may be produced by trans-esterification reaction of vegetable oil, which transforms triglycerides into alkyl esters as biodiesel and glycerol as a byproduct, in the presence of an alcohol reactant and a acid or base catalyst. The major obstacle of preventing biodiesel commercialisation is low mass transfer rates from methanol into oil phase to achieve high yield due to large difference in fluid viscosities, i.e. low viscosity methanol and high viscosity oil. Many techniques have been proposed to overcome this obstacle, most of which involve high mole ratio of methanol to triglycerides exceeding 6, but none of them utilised fluid mechanic techniques to fix up the obstacle. The present research adopts a finding in fluid mechanic field that notched and tabbed nozzles are capable of intensifying shear stress between 2 different flows, which consequently increases the contact areas of the flows considerably. For this purpose, in the present research, a jet column was utilised as a reactor where the mixture of reactants, i.e. crude palm oil (CPO) and methanol with catalyst NaOH were recirculated and injected downward vertically into the reactor column from a nozzle at the top of reactor. The type of nozzles and the mole ratio of methanol to CPO were varied (3.75:1; 4.5:1; 5.25:1 and 6:1) to investigate their effects on yield and conversion of the reaction conducted for 60 minutes at temperatures 53-58oC. Nozzles used were notched, tabbed and conventional circular nozzles for comparison. The highest conversion and yield of biodiesel were achieved at mole ratio 6:1 attaining respectively 87.2% and 96.8% using notched nozzle, 87.8% and 96.6% using tabbed nozzle and 71.2% and 75.1 % using circular nozzle for comparison. Therefore, using notched and tabbed nozzles can reduce the excess of methanol reactant thus saving its separation cost while producing high yield of biodiesel.]]>
<![CDATA[Preparation and Characterization NiMo/Zeolite Catalyst using Microwave Polyol Process Method for Synthesizing Renewable Diesel from Jathropa Oil ]]>
<![CDATA[Bambang Heru Susanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biofuels have great potential to fulfill the energy needs of Indonesia. The process used is hydrodeoxygenation reaction (HDO) whose products are known as renewable diesel. This study focuses on preparation NiMo/Zeolite catalyst for synthesizing renewable diesel from jatropha oil. Preparation of NiMo/Zeolite catalyst is done by using microwave polyol process method. Microwave polyol method is a modification from incipient wetness method to overcome energy consumption and preparation time problem. Microwave polyol method is done by using a fast and uniform electric radiation from microwave as heating medium to dry catalyst. The catalyst result by using microwave polyol method gives the surface area of ​​5.45m2/g and has average crystal size of 62.98nm. NiMo/Zeolit catalyst used to synthesize renewable diesel at 375oC, pressure 12 bar, catalyst loading 1% mass of Jathropa Oil and stirer speed 800 rpm. Based on the characterization results of GC-MS, the catalyst NiMo/Zeolit has conversion of jatropha oil 88,61% with renewable diesel product selectivity and yield are 35.26 and 21.5% respectively. According to result of FTIR and product physical properties, renewable diesel products have similar functional group and have better specifications than commercial diesel with density values​​: 0.833 gr/cm3, viscosity: 3.02 cst, cetane index: 61.01]]>
<![CDATA[The Application of Biodiesel as an Environmental Friendly Drilling Fluid to Drill Oil and Gas Wells ]]>
<![CDATA[Abdul Razak Ismail]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
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<![CDATA[The oil and gas industries need to use oil based drilling fluids to drill troublesome rock layers such as sensitive shale formation or to drill very deep oil and gas wells. However, using oil based drilling fluids will create pollution and therefore, environmental regulations on discharge of such drilling fluids have become more stringent because it will give tremendous impacts on the marine life and ecosystem. This research is conducted to formulate a new environmental friendly drilling fluids using vegetable oils derived biodiesel to replace the oil based drilling fluids without reducing their performances. This study focuses on physical properties and biodegradation rate of biodiesel based drilling fluids with respect to its toxicity and compare with the conventional oil based drilling fluids. Several biodiesels which derived from vegetables oils such as palm oil, corn oil and rice bran oil have been used as base oil in formulating ester based drilling fluids. Acute toxicity test and biodegradation test using closed bottle method were tested using local fishes. The result showed that almost all vegetable oils achieve the required physical properties. However, rice bran oil is almost non-toxic since their 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value is felt in the range of 10,000 to 100,000ppm. Besides, rice bran oil is found to be easily degraded as it showed about 80% of biodegradation rate within 28 days. Therefore, rice bran oil drilling fluid offer the best solution in solving the environmental standards compared to other vegetables oils.]]>
<![CDATA[Use of Condensate Combined with Hydrocking Palm Oil Products for Improving The Quality of Premium ]]>
<![CDATA[Muhammad Said]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[A research about hydrocracking of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) has been conducted using the catalyst Cr/active natural zeolite. Hydrocracking of CPO was conducted at the temperature variations of 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC and 600 oC to determine the optimum temperature based on the density and viscosity of the product of hydrocracking. Hydrocracking of CPO was also varied with the weight of catalysts 0.5 g, 1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g and 2.5 g using an optimum temperature. Products of hydrocraking were vacuum distilled and calculated for the percentage of area products and gasoline fractions. The results showed the optimum temperature at 400 oC the optimum weight of catalyst was 2.5 g with percentage of product was 1.2779 % and the area fraction of gasoline 469.953. Nature additives obtained from hydrocracking products at the optimum conditions blended with premium and condensate to see how it influences on octane number change. Nature additives added to premium increase the octane number from 87.4 to 87.8, while the addition of condensate lower the octane number.]]>
<![CDATA[Biodiesel Production from Chicken Fat Using Tetrahydrofuran ]]>
<![CDATA[Falentina Fransiska]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biodiesel is produced from transesterification process with vegetable oil or animal fats and methanol as reactans. However insolubility of methanol in oil resulted in long reaction time. To improve the process, co-solvent was used to increase the solubility of methanol in oil. In this study, chicken fat was used as feedstock for biodiesel production through transesterification reaction. The reaction of chicken fat used tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent, NaOH as catalyst, and methanol as reactant at a ratio of methanol to oil 6:1. Variables studied were reaction temperature, reaction time, ratio of co-solvent to methanol, and amount of catalyst. The products of reaction were analyzed by gas chromatography to obtain the composition of biodiesel. The biodiesel properties like methyl-ester content, density, flash point, and viscosity was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Biodiesel Standard (SNI). The best result was obtained by using 0,5:1 ratio of co-solvent to methanol (v/v), at 50oC, for a reaction time 15 minutes, in the presence 0,8 wt% of catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of chicken fat is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of Reaction Temperature and Catalyst Concentration ]]>
<![CDATA[Wendi Wendi]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize waste animal fat (beef) for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst. The solid oxide catalyst derived from the industrial waste eggshells. The waste materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts. The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to transesterification to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process produces methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.]]>
<![CDATA[Biodiesel Production from Chicken Fat Using ]]>
<![CDATA[Felicia Felicia]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biodiesel can be produced from either vegetable oil or animal fats through transesterfication process. Problem that usually appears in transesterification process is long reaction time because oil and alcohol are not mutually dissolved. The addition of co-solvent can help mixing the reactants. In this study chicken fat was used as feedstock for biodiesel production through transesterification reaction. The reaction of chicken fat using diethyl ether as co-solvent, NaOH as catalyst, and methanol as reactant at a ratio molar of methanol/ oil 6 : 1. Variables studied were temperature, reaction time, ratio of co-solvent to methanol, and the amount of catalyst on biodiesel characteristics. Products were analyzed by gas chromatography to obtain the composition of biodiesel. The biodiesel properties like methyl-ester content, density, and viscosity was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of chicken fat is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production. The best result was obtained in a ratio of co-solvent/ methanol 0,5 : 1 (v/v), a temperature of 35oC, 20 minutes of reaction time, and 0,8 % (w/w) of catalyst amount.]]>
<![CDATA[Improve Performance of Water-based Drilling Fluids ]]>
<![CDATA[Abdul Razak Ismail]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[The significant of exploring deep wells is increasing rapidly to fulfill the global oil and gas demand. Deepwater drilling in offshore operations found negative impact on the drilling fluids rheological properties when exposed to high pressure high temperature conditions. Hence, designing drilling fluids for drilling in these type of wells are the major challenges. In this study, the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and nano metal oxides (titanium oxide, aluminum oxide and copper oxide) on the rheological properties of water based drilling fluid were investigated. The influence of different concentrations of nanoparticles on the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid was investigated at room and elevated temperatures. The experimental results showed that the filtrate loss of the water-based drilling fluid is reduced around 65% and mud cake thickness is reduced about 30% in the presence of 1 g of MWCNT. Water-based drilling fluid with metal oxide also produced low filtrate loss. For example, water-based drilling fluid plus titanium oxide achieved more than 50% reduction in fluid loss and the filter cake thickness reduced to about 30%. Furthermore, significant improvements are seen in the rheological properties such as yield point, plastic viscosity and gel strength of the water-based drilling fluid with the presence of metal oxide and MWCNT. Overall, the application of nanoparticles on the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid delivers on great benefits.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of Reaction Time and Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Beef Tallow ]]>
<![CDATA[Valentinoh Cuaca]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology ]]>
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<![CDATA[Biodiesel is defined as renewable fuel for diesel engines, derived from vegetable oil or animal fats. Beef tallow is one residual material from slaughterhouses which main destination is the soap industry. The objective of the study was to utilize waste animal fat (beef) for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst. The solid oxide catalyst derived from the industrial waste shells of egg. The waste materials calcined in air with temperature 900 oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts. The oil contains high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.85%. The acid value of the oil was reduced by acid esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to transesterification to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process produces methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as reaction time and molar ratio of alcohol to beef tallow were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, and viscosity was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under best condition, the maximum yield of 82,43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow at 55 oC, for a reaction time 90 minutes in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.]]>
<![CDATA[Lipase in Enzymatic Palm Biodiesel Production ]]>
<![CDATA[Renita Manurung]]>
<![CDATA[ Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy-Environmental Science and Technology Vol 1, No 1 (2014) ]]>
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<![CDATA[Enzymatic biodiesel production process was done by using palm oil as CPO (Crude Palm Oil) as the main raw material in which the first step was screened the enzym that will be used at the next process. The enzyme that we used in screening process was Lipase Candida Antarctica Novozyme 435 and Lipase Mucor miehei Lipozyme IM. The screening process was conducted in 4 run experiments as the CPO was divided into 2 treatments, with and without degumming. As the results of the whole experiments, it was obtained that the highest yield was shown by Candida Antarctica Novozyme 435 with 86,2 %. While Lipase Mucor miehei Lipozyme IM was only able to produce the highest yield of 42 % .]]>
