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All Journal Indonesian Journal of International Law Yuridika Indonesia Law Review (ILREV)
Adhy Riadhy Arafah
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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EVOLUTION OF TERRORISM ACT AGAINST CIVIL AIRCRAFT Arafah, Adhy Riadhy
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Since an aircraft was invented, an aircraft is not only used for transporting person from one place to another, but also can be used in war until revenge terrorism ideology and faith against a state. Furthermore, an aircraft is a representative of state where the aircraft is registered, which is also defined by terrorist as a target to attack a state. Attacking a civil aircraft is categorized as an international crime. Hereinafter, since Tokyo Convention 1960 declared, the evolution of crimes against civil aircraft has been evolved. The main target of offences is still an aircraft, however, the offence is diverted by attacking others target such as all facilitations relating to the security in civil aviation including airport and air navigation. 9/11 accident in USA is a picture how terrorism offence is still evolving. Now, aircraft and ground navigation facilitations are not the only main object in attacking by terrorist. The aircraft now is used to attack others ground target which are represented a state. The evolving of terrorism acts, in the end, is the reason why Beijing Convention 2010 on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation was made.
Indonesia Air Space Liberalization towards ASEAN Community 2015 Arafah, Adhy Riadhy
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

ASEAN integration gives consequence in regional and national aviation. As a part of ASEAN Economy Community (AEC) programme, ASEAN Aviation proclaimed Open Sky as a policy for liberalization. In addition, the policy has dramatically implication in Indonesia aviation market including passenger, destination and facilities which Indonesia is not ready yet. Air space liberalization covers 3rd, 4th, and 5th freedom of the air and some soft right for facilities. For Indonesia these are no easy to face it. Indonesia government with all the limitation has to analyze and raise the capability of its human resources and facilities with international standard. In the other hand, Singapore with Singaporean airlines and some facilities are ready for enforcing the item of this policy. Furthermore, ASEAN integration should have seen from whole aspect, not only political reason as a tool for achieving international recognition but also the readiness of the members.
IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 82 TAHUN 2012 SEBAGAI UPAYA NEGARA MENCEGAH CYBERCRIME DALAM SISTEM TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK Masitoh Indriani; Adhy Riadhy Arafah; Fitri Nuril Islamy
Yuridika Vol. 29 No. 3 (2014): Volume 29 No 3 September 2014
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (331.234 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/ydk.v29i3.375

Abstract

The development of Information Technology (IT) changes the patterns of community’s behavior. The presence of the Internet as the main platform of online activities including electronic transaction is vulnerable to the presence of cyber attacks by irresponsible parties. Criminal acts in cyberspace (cybercrime) pose a major threat in the governance of online activities and other electronic transactions. One of the efforts of the Government of Republic of Indonesia to face those challenges is by authorising the Government Regulations Number 82 Year 2012 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Transaction Systems in order to govern the electronic transaction activities. This article will discuss about how the Government of Republic of Indonesia copes the issue of the threat on electronic transactions.Keywords: cybercrime, electronic transactions system, goverment regulation No. 82/ 2012
SOVEREIGN RIGHT CLAIM ON GEO STATIONARY ORBIT (GSO) Arafah, Adhy Riadhy
Indonesia Law Review
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The potency and unique characteristics of GSO for placing communication satellites located only above equatorial states makes the GSO as part of natural resources. The equatorial states realized that the use of GSO has many advantages and has implications to their national interest. However, basic principle in space law, Outer Space Treaty 1967 (Art.II), states that equatorial states forbidden to claim ownership of any part of outer space, particularly claim in sovereignty. The principle “first come first served” in placing of satellite on GSO, practically only gives the advantage to developed countries which have high satellite technology. Hence, the level of technology of a state plays important role in developing of space law internationally. The equatorial states which are mostly developing states (low and middle level in technology in outer space activities) claimed their right to use natural resources for their national interest based on equatorial position principle
Co-Authors Fitri Nuril Islamy Masitoh Indriani