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Suhardi .
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Education Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

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Synthesis of Xylitol-Polyester from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate(PFAD) Suhardi .; Tranggono .; Amanda Hardiyani SN
Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2003): Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan
Publisher : Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, IPB Indonesia bekerjasama dengan PATPI

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Abstract

This study of xylitol-polyester synthesis was carried out using palm fatty acid distillate as the a source fatty acids. The objective of this study was to obtain the optimum condition with regard to reaction kinetis during synthesis. In the experiment, temperatures were varied at 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150oC; while during reactions samples were drawn at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours for determination of hydroxil value. Results showed that the optimum condition for synthesis was found at 145„b2.5oC for 3.5„b0.5 hours. It was noted, that the reaction was reversible, first order with the activation energy 4475.57 cal/mol for synthesis and 4499.21 cal/mol for hydrolisis.
Groundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr.  The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells.  The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable.  A research wa Suhardi .; Hidayat Pawitan; Budi Indra Setiawan; Roh Santoso B. Waspodo
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Abstract

Groundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr.  The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells.  The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable.  A research was conducted with the objectives to study the aquifer characteristics and to develop environmentally friendly groundwater management.  Mathematical models were developed by combining equations of conservation of fluid mass (continuity equations) and Darcy’s law, whereas models of groundwater management were based on crop water requirement and aquifer characteristics.  Test of the model resulted in coefficient of determination equal to 0.848 for the prediction of the drawdown groundwater head.  The result of the model optimization indicated the optimum discharge of each of the wells was different.  One of the wells had a the biggest discharge of 1,268.33 m3/day irrigating 27.58 ha and one other  of the wells had a the smallest discharge of 279.54 m3/day irrigating 6.08 ha of paddy fields based on the irrigation water requirement of 45.99 m3/ha.day.  The reasonable minimum area (ha) determined with equation of power function in x, where x are irrigated hours per season.  For one of planting season/yr, the coefficients of the power (α) equal to 0.0123 and the power functions (β) equal to 0.7247, while for two of planting season/yr with α equal to 0.0047 and β equal to 0.8413.   Key words: sustainable groundwater utilization, paddy field irrigation, groundwater management model
Co-Authors Amanda Hardiyani SN Budi Indra Setiawan Hidayat Pawitan Roh Santoso B. Waspodo Tranggono .