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Memahami Investasi Minyak Cina di Sudan: Analisis Interaksi Strategis Cina pada Situasi Konflik Fajar Ajie Setiawan
Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional Vol. 13 No. 2 (2017): Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional
Publisher : Parahyangan Center for International Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (399.211 KB) | DOI: 10.26593/jihi.v13i2.2277.119-133

Abstract

AbstrakPerkembangan pesat perekonomian Cina khususnya dalam dua dekade terakhir mendorong tingginya ketergantungan Cina akan impor minyak bumi melebihi kapasitas produksi domestiknya. Cina untuk pertama kalinya melewati Amerika Serikat sebagai importir minyak terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2015 dengan kawasan Afrika khususnya negara-negara ‘bermasalah’ seperti Sudan menjadi tujuannya. Investasi berbasis minyak Cina di Sudan kemudian menjadi perhatian dunia internasional karena kebijakan non-interferensi Cina dianggap tidak memedulikan permasalahan domestik Sudan. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk menjelaskan bagaimana investasi berbasis minyak Cina di Sudan dengan fokus analisis terhadap interaksi strategis antar negara yaitu Cina dengan Sudan yang dilanda konflik dengan menggunakan tiga variabel analisis yaitu kepentingan negara, spesifikasi setting strategis, dan perhatian terhadap faktor ketidakpastian. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa kebutuhan minyak sebagai penggerak pertumbuhan ekonomi Cina merupakan kepentingan krusial sehingga menjadi prioritas yang dijalankan oleh SOEs Cina sebagai instrumen strategis berdasarkan kebijakan “China First” yang permisif terhadap isu domestik. Kata Kunci: investasi minyak; politik luar negeri cina; konflik sudan; ekonomi politik internasionalAbstract The rapid economic development of PRC especially during the last two decades has prompted its dependence on oil imports exceeding its domestic production. China for the first time exceeded US as the biggest oil importer in 2015 with Africa particularly ‘troubled’ countries such as Sudan as its destination. China’s oil-based investment in Sudan later becomes international concern since China’s non-interference policy was perceived as ignoring Sudan’s domestic problems. This research attempts to explain China’s oil-based investment in Sudan with focus of analysis on China’s strategic interaction with conflict-troubled Sudan using three analytical variables: the identification of state interest, the specification of strategic setting, and the attention to the role of uncertainty. Analysis result shows that China’s need for oil to secure its economic growth is China’s vital interest as being prioritized by its SOEs as China’s strategic instrument based on ‘China First’ policy that is permissive towards Sudan’s domestic issue.Keywords: oil investment; china’s foreign policy; sudan conflict; IPE
Securitizing e-Waste: Framing Environmental Issue as a Threat to Human Security Fajar Ajie Setiawan; Fitriana Putri Hapsari
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol 6, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/hi.62115

Abstract

Isu limbah elektronik (e-waste), sebagai akibat pesatnya perkembangan teknologi elektronik dan sering melihat produk-produk elektronik dari sisi komersial yang terlepas dari siklus akhirnya, mendorong revolusi keberadaan limbah ini sebagai masalah global karena praktik pembuangan dan penggunaan ulang yang diterapkan seringkali tidak mengindahkan bahaya yang mungkin terjadi. Hal ini terutama menjadi perhatian di dunia bagian selatan karena adanya perspektif umum bahwa polusi dan limbah dipandang sebagai “harga” dari proses pembangunan, serta terkait juga dengan pandangan bahwa pengelolaan limbah elektronik adalah praktik yang mahal, sulit, dan tidak praktis serta asumsi bahwa lingkungan dan masyarakat dapat dipertahankan di masa depan, yang dengan demikian menunda upaya-upaya preventif. Kurangnya kesadaran akan permasalahan e-waste dari perhatian publik menimbulkan ancaman pada dimensi keamanan manusia. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa mencegah limbah elektronik menjadi isu keamanan utama dapat memberikan keuntungan dengan melakukan sekuritisasi masalah ini sebagai ancaman terhadap keamanan manusia. Tulisan ini akan dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi isu global tentang limbah elektronik dan bagaimana hal itu dapat membahayakan kesehatan dan keamanan manusia pada umumnya. Kerangka sekuritisasi kemudian akan diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan konsep komprehensif keamanan manusia dalam menjelaskan fenomena e-waste, karena dapat mengeksplorasi ranah normatif politik dan di sisi lain juga melakukan pendekatan dari berbagai sudut pandang, yang memungkinkan pemahaman dan solusi multidimensional. The issue of electronic waste (e-waste), as an effect of the rapid development of electronic technology and often view products from the commercial side regardless of its end-cycle, evolved its existence as a global problem because of the implemented disposal and reuse practices are often not heeding the dangers that may be resulted. This is especially a concern in the global south due to general perspective that pollution and waste is seen as the price of development, which also linked to the view that the management of electronic waste is a costly, difficult, and impractical practice as well as assumption that the environment and society can be maintained in the future. The omission of e-waste issue from public concern raises an impending threat to human security dimension. This paper argues that preventing e-waste from becoming a major security issue may benefit from securitizing the issue as a threat to human security. This paper will start by identifying the global issue of e-waste and how it can harm human’s health and security in general. Securitization framework will then be implemented using the comprehensive concept of human security in explaining the e-waste phenomenon since it explores the normative realm of politics while also a multi-faceted approach, enabling multidimensional understanding and solutions. 
Re-interpreting the Environmentally Sound Management under Basel Convention Fajar Ajie Setiawan
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 6, Number 2, Juni 2022
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v6i2.786

Abstract

One of the fundamental principles of Basel Convention is the environmentally sound management (ESM), serving as a ‘meta-rule’, which establish the context within which bargaining under the Basel Convention takes place to develop more specific norms, such as rules regarding PIC, partnerships or management and technical guidelines of specific waste streams, regarding the management and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Yet, Basel Convention defines the crucial notion of ESM only in general terms, and has been subject to widely different interpretations and extensively criticized. Employing teleological approach which relies on the purpose of the Convention, this study argues that Basel Convention intended to establish a global convention with three principal aims: 1) minimization of hazardous wastes; 2) environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes; and 3) minimizing the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. The central element of these aims was to limit such movements, as opposed to current practices of establishing ESM as the “least standard” for which transboundary movement of hazardous wastes would be allowed. Reinterpretation of ESM is also needed in light of the recent entry into force of Ban Amendment, which introduced ‘high risk’ as an element of consideration when addressing transboundary movements from developed countries to developing countries, which entails the applicability of precautionary principle in ESM interpretation.