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All Journal Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Perspektif : Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri (Littri) Perspektif, Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri
SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO
Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Education Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

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REKAYASA OVEN PORTABEL-HORISONTAL PADA PENGOLAHAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO; ABI DWI HASTONO; . DARMONO
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Vol 10, No 3 (2004): September, 2004
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jlittri.v10n3.2004.96-105

Abstract

Oven portabel-horisontal (4m x 8m x 4m) untuk pengovenan daun tembakau Virginia menjadi krosok fc (flue-cured) telah direkayasa di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang, Indonesia. Konstruksi oven terdiri alas komponen dinding oven berisolasi (80cm x 200cm), kerangka dari besi siku dan bcsi U, kolektor surya datar (solar flat- collector) yang dipasang pada atap oven. Sistem pcmanas kompor Bros dengan pemanasan tidak langsung. Pengujian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan Oktober 2002 di Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Model oven portabel-horisontal ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan suhu niang oven yang seragam sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengoven daun tembakau yang persentase masak optimalnya tinggi (90- 95%), hemat bahan bakar, dapat dipasang mendekati areal tanaman sehingga hemat ongkos angkut dan dapat menekan kerusakan pasca panen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata selisih suhu ruang atas dan ruang bawah, serta ruang sebclah kanan dan sebelah kiri, masing-masing 2.53°C dan 2.30°C sedangkan selisih kelembaban udara pada posisi yang sama masing-masing hanya 4.55% dan 3.64%. Kadar gula krosok yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 17.19-19.47% dan nikotin 3.16-3.73%. Konsumsi minyak tanah 1.09 l/kg krosok atau 1.16 l/kg krosok jika tanpa kolektor surya dan hanya 40.92% dibanding oven biasa yang memeriukan 2.39-2.80 l/kg krosok. Kolektor surya datar menyumbang 952 625 kJ setara 28.24 I minyak tanah atau 5.80% dari konsumsi minyak tanah, meskipun alat ini memeriukan 17.16% dari total investasi oven. Panas yang hilang melalui dinding karena konduksi hanya mencapai 3.57%, lebih rendah dibanding kehilangan panas pada dinding bata yang mencapai 12.7% - 16.0%. Hasil grading krosok menghasilkan harga jual rata-rata Rp. 12.275/kg kosok, sedangkan hasil analisis ekonomi menunjukkan rasio BC = 1.29; NPV = Rp. 41 962 590 dan IRR = 51.83% atau masih membei peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Hasil perhitungan simulasi jika digunakan oven horisontal sederhana dengan harga Rp. 8 000 000 tiap unit, harga krosok Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, dan Rp. 15 000 tiap kg dan harga minyak tanah Rp. 1 000, Rp. I 250 dan Rp. I 500 tiap liter masih memberi indikasi peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Konstruksi oven akan lebih sederhana jika digunakan kerangka kayu dan tanpa kolektor surya.Kata kunci : Nicotiana tabacum, L, tembakau, prosesing, oven, portabel- horisontal, kolektor surya, analisis energi, mutu krosok, aspek ekonomi ABSTRACT Engineering of horizontal-potabel curing-barn of Virgi¬ nia tobacco curingEngineeing of the horizontal-portable curing-barn (4m x 8m x 4m) of Virginia tobacco curing lo produce Virginia fc (flue-cured) tobacco conducted in Indonesian Tobacco and Fibers Crops Research Institute, Malang, Indonesia. The curing-bam construction consisted of portable isolation wall, metal frame from L and U iron-bar and flat solar collector which was installed in curing-bam roof. Bros buner and air indirect heating system were used. This curing-bam was tested in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara on virgina tobacco harvested in August to October 2002. This horizontal-portable curing-bam was expected to be able to96 produce the homogen temperature and humidity in all space of the curing- bam so that it is suitable for curing the harvesting tobacco leaves which high percentage of mature leaves (90-95%), fuel efficienct and liable to be constructed near tobacco plant area, so that it can decrease the transpotation cost and postharvest damage. The result of the research showed that there were significant difference between above-space and lower-space, let-space and right-space, even it was only 2.53°C and 2.30°C, respectively. The same position for air humidity, 4.55% and 3.64%, respectivelly. Kerosene fuel consumption 1.09 I each kg cured- leaves or 1.16 I each kg cured leaves if without lat solar collector, lower than farmers conventional curing-bam which consumpt 2.39-2.80 I each kg cured-leaves. Flat solar-collector contributed 952 625 Id only or 5.80% of kerosene consumption or equal lo 28.24 I kerosene, even though this equipment needed 17.16% of total curing-bam in vestal ion Heat conduction lost through the portable wall only 3.57%, lower than brickwall conventional curing-bam which reach 12.7-16.0%. Result of the cured-leaves grading gave the average price Rp 12 275,- each kg cured- leaves and economic analysis showed that BC-ratio-1.29, NPV-41 962 590 and IRR=51.83% or still gave the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. Result of simulate calculation by simple construction curing-bam, Rp. 8 000 000 price each unit, still gave BC-ratio above one percent. This indicated the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. In this simulate calculation three price of cured-leaves and kerosene was used, as followed Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, and Rp. 15 000 each kg cured leaves, and Rp. I 000, Rp. 1 250 and Rp. I 500 each liter of kerosene, respectivelly. The construction of the curing-bam will be simpler if using wood frame and without lat solar collector.Key words : Nicotiana tabacum, L., tobacco, processing, oven, horizontal- portable curing-bam, lat solar-collector, energy analysis, cured-leaves grade, economical-aspect
PEREKAYASAAN INSTALASI PEMANFAATAN UDARA PANAS BUANG PADA PENGOVENAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO; ABI DWI HASTONO; . DARMONO
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Vol 9, No 1 (2003): Maret, 2003
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jlittri.v9n1.2003.17-24

Abstract

Pcrekayasaan instalasi pemanfaatan udara panas buang pada pengolahan daun tembakau Virginia menjadi krosok fc (flue-cured) telah dilaksanakan di Balai Penelitian lanaman lembakau dan Serat, Malang, Jawa Timur. Pengujian alal dilakukan di lombok Timur, Nusa Tcnggara Barat, pada musim panen antara bulan Agustus sampai dengan Oktober 2000 di sentra produksi tembakau Virginia Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendukung efisiensi penggunaan biaya bahan bakar sekaligus mengurangi subsidi bahan bakar minyak dari Pemerintah Konstruksi instalasi pemanfaatan udara panas buang terdii atas pipa penghubung (d~ 15.24 cm) dua oven dan blower 0 75 TK untuk mcngalirkan udara panas buang dari oven pertama ke oven kedua. Kapasitas oven pertama yang digunakan 3 547 kg, sedangkan oven kedua 2 617 kg daun lembakau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa. pemasangan instalasi udara panas buang dapat menekan konsumsi bahan bakar oven kedua 12 39% yaitu dari 1 352 liter minyak tanah tiap kg krosok menjadi 1.141 liter tiap kg krosok. Analisis ekonomi pada harga minyak tanah Rp 700/1 penggunaan alat tersebut belum memberikan keuntungan yang bcrati karena nilai rasio BC ■ 1.29. NPV ■ Rp 99 835 885 dan IRR - 52 73%, dibandingkan tidak memasang instalasi tersebut dengan nilai rasio BC 1.29, NPV Rp 98 547 176, dan IRR 52 78%. Namun bila harga minyak tanah Rp. 1 000/1 maka pemasangan instalasi udara panas buang membeikan nilai rasio BC 1.25, NPV Rp. 88 246 683 dan IRR -52 58%. lebih baik dibanding tidak memasang instalasi tersebut (rasio BC 1 24. NPV Rp. 85 977 099 dan IRR - 52 63%) Peluang keuntungan rclatif makin besar jika harga minyak lanah makin linggi. Keuntungan lain pemasangan instalasi ini adalah menekan subsidi bahan bakar minyak.Kata kunci : Nicotiana tabacum 1. , oven, instalasi udara, panas buang, mutu, aspek ekonomi ABSTRACTUtilization of waste heat-air installation in Virginia tobacco curingInstallation of me waste hcal-air utilization in Virginia tobacco curing to produce flue-cured tobacco has been conducted in Indonesian Tobacco and fiber Crops Research Institute. Malang, Indonesia. The equipment test was taken place in Virginia tobacco production centre. East lombok. West Nusa Tcnggara Province on harvesting-time between August and October 2000 Ihe result of the research was expected to suppot fuel efficiency, and decrease the government fuel-oil subsidiary. Construction of Ihe waste hcat- air installation consisted of connecting-pipe (d 15.24 cm) between two eunng-bams. and 0 75 HP blower for blowing the waste heat-air to the second cunng-barn The capacity of the irst curing-barn was 3 547 kg tobacco leaves and second curing-bam was 2 617 kg tobacco leaves. The results of the experiment showed that the installation of the waste hea(-air equipment could reduce 12.39% of fuel consumption of second curing-bam, from 1.352 I kerosene per kg to 1 141 I kerosene per kg of the cured leaves The economic analysis of the equipment al kerosene price Rp 700/1 was that equipment did nol give meaning-full benefit, because the value of B'C ratio 1.29, NPV Rp 99 835 885 and IRR 52.73%, compared to those without waste heal air installation, with BC ratio 1 29, NPV Rp. 98 547 176 and IRR 52.78%. Nevertheless al Rp I 000 1 kerosene price the installation of waste heal-air equipment gave the B'C ratio -1 25. NPV ■ Rp. 88 835 885 and IRR 52 58%, was better than those without equipment installation (BC ratio I 24. NPV Rp. 85 977 099 and IRR' 52 63%). Relative beneit chance would be beter if there was higher kerosene price. Ihe other benefit from the installation of Ihe equipment was to reduce government fuel subsidiary.Key words Nicotiana tabacum I... curing-bam. waste heat-air, installation, quality, economic aspect
Penerapan Standar Mutu Tembakau di Indonesia SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO
Perspektif Vol 3, No 1 (2004): Juni 2004
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v3n1.2004.24-34

Abstract

Untuk memperbaiki sistem perdagangan tembakau, pemerintah telah membuat standar mutu tembakau bersama pihak terkait, khususnya petani sebagai produsen dan industi rokok sebagai konsumen. Standar mutu yang disusun secara kesepakatan (voluntary) tersebut selanjutnya ditetapkan oleh Badan Standardisasi Nasional dalam bentuk Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia (SNI) dan diharapkan menjadi ketenruan yang mengikat (mandatory) dalam sisem perdagangan tembakau di Indonesia. Namun demikian usaha standardisasi tersebut belum berhasil baik dan perdagangan tembakau masih menggunakan cara lama, yaitu penentuan mutu dan harga secara subyekif oleh konsumen. Penyebab belum berhasilnya penerapan standar mutu tersebut karena standar mutu belum seluruhnya sesuai dengan selera konsumen dan juga maraknya pemalsuan mutu. Mutu tembakau hendaknya dibagi dalam kelas, tipe, grade, grup, warna dan mutu. Agar pembagian inci ini dapat terlaksana, komoditas tembakau harus distandardisasi cara penanaman, panen, pengolahan, sortasi, pembungkusan atau pengebalannya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut diperlukan pembinaan petani tembakau dalam hal teknik budidaya dan pengolahan yang sesuai untuk menghasilkan mutu sesuai selera konsumen. Sistem pembinaan petani melalui kemitraan antara petani dan perusahaan tembakau sebagai pengelola merupakan langkah paling baik. Perusahaan hendaknya dapat merakit teknologi yang sesuai, mengantar kepada petani, mengawal teknologi tersebut dan menyediakan pasar serta membantu menyediakan sarana produksi dan mengusahakan pinjaman modal jika diperlukan.Kata Kunci Tembakau, Nicotiana tabacum, standar mutu, unsur mutu, kemitraan petani perusahaan, peran pemerintah. ABSTRACT Application of standard tobacco quality in IndonesiaFor improving the tobacco markeing system, the government has tried to introduce quality standard of tobacco commodities. The government made the tobacco qualiy standard together with all quarters that have the relation to tobacco commodity, especially farmers as tobacco producers and cigarette factoies as tobacco consumers. The quality standard that was set up by agreement (voluntary) further was determined by the Badan Standardisasi Nasional to become Indonesian Naional Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia) format. This standard is expeced to become the hold regulaion (mandatory) for tobacco markeing sysem in Indonesia. Nevertheless, this standarizaion effort has not given good result yet. Unil now the tobacco markeing system sill use the old tradiional method, i.e. the quality and pice are set by the subjecivity of the consumers. The reasons why the tobacco quality standard applicaion has not a succeded yet, because the quality standard has not accommodaed all of the consumer expectaion, and the tobacco standard has not had the details of classificaion and there were also the large of the tobacco quality adulteraion. The tobacco quality is better to be classified as class, type, grade, group, colour and quality. In order that the details of classificaion can be caried out, the tobacco commodity should be standardized in its preparation since cultivaion, harvesing, curing, soring, and packaging. To reach this purpose, it needs guidance for farmers, especially technical-cultivation, harvesting, curing, grading, packaging and also marketing system. The objecive of the guidance was to produce tobacco quality suitable with the consumers needs. Collaboraion in in form of partnership between farmers and consumers is very important to me this program successfull. The consumers provide suitable technology, give the technology to the farmers, escorting the technology in its applicaion, credit investment and prepare the tobacco market.Key Words : Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, quality standard, quality factor, partnership collaboraion, government role
REKAYASA OVEN PORTABEL-HORISONTAL PADA PENGOLAHAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO; ABI DWI HASTONO; . DARMONO
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Vol 10, No 3 (2004): September, 2004
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jlittri.v10n3.2004.96-105

Abstract

Oven portabel-horisontal (4m x 8m x 4m) untuk pengovenan daun tembakau Virginia menjadi krosok fc (flue-cured) telah direkayasa di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang, Indonesia. Konstruksi oven terdiri alas komponen dinding oven berisolasi (80cm x 200cm), kerangka dari besi siku dan bcsi U, kolektor surya datar (solar flat- collector) yang dipasang pada atap oven. Sistem pcmanas kompor Bros dengan pemanasan tidak langsung. Pengujian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan Oktober 2002 di Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Model oven portabel-horisontal ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan suhu niang oven yang seragam sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengoven daun tembakau yang persentase masak optimalnya tinggi (90- 95%), hemat bahan bakar, dapat dipasang mendekati areal tanaman sehingga hemat ongkos angkut dan dapat menekan kerusakan pasca panen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata selisih suhu ruang atas dan ruang bawah, serta ruang sebclah kanan dan sebelah kiri, masing-masing 2.53°C dan 2.30°C sedangkan selisih kelembaban udara pada posisi yang sama masing-masing hanya 4.55% dan 3.64%. Kadar gula krosok yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 17.19-19.47% dan nikotin 3.16-3.73%. Konsumsi minyak tanah 1.09 l/kg krosok atau 1.16 l/kg krosok jika tanpa kolektor surya dan hanya 40.92% dibanding oven biasa yang memeriukan 2.39-2.80 l/kg krosok. Kolektor surya datar menyumbang 952 625 kJ setara 28.24 I minyak tanah atau 5.80% dari konsumsi minyak tanah, meskipun alat ini memeriukan 17.16% dari total investasi oven. Panas yang hilang melalui dinding karena konduksi hanya mencapai 3.57%, lebih rendah dibanding kehilangan panas pada dinding bata yang mencapai 12.7% - 16.0%. Hasil grading krosok menghasilkan harga jual rata-rata Rp. 12.275/kg kosok, sedangkan hasil analisis ekonomi menunjukkan rasio BC = 1.29; NPV = Rp. 41 962 590 dan IRR = 51.83% atau masih membei peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Hasil perhitungan simulasi jika digunakan oven horisontal sederhana dengan harga Rp. 8 000 000 tiap unit, harga krosok Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, dan Rp. 15 000 tiap kg dan harga minyak tanah Rp. 1 000, Rp. I 250 dan Rp. I 500 tiap liter masih memberi indikasi peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Konstruksi oven akan lebih sederhana jika digunakan kerangka kayu dan tanpa kolektor surya.Kata kunci : Nicotiana tabacum, L, tembakau, prosesing, oven, portabel- horisontal, kolektor surya, analisis energi, mutu krosok, aspek ekonomi ABSTRACT Engineering of horizontal-potabel curing-barn of Virgi¬ nia tobacco curingEngineeing of the horizontal-portable curing-barn (4m x 8m x 4m) of Virginia tobacco curing lo produce Virginia fc (flue-cured) tobacco conducted in Indonesian Tobacco and Fibers Crops Research Institute, Malang, Indonesia. The curing-bam construction consisted of portable isolation wall, metal frame from L and U iron-bar and flat solar collector which was installed in curing-bam roof. Bros buner and air indirect heating system were used. This curing-bam was tested in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara on virgina tobacco harvested in August to October 2002. This horizontal-portable curing-bam was expected to be able to96 produce the homogen temperature and humidity in all space of the curing- bam so that it is suitable for curing the harvesting tobacco leaves which high percentage of mature leaves (90-95%), fuel efficienct and liable to be constructed near tobacco plant area, so that it can decrease the transpotation cost and postharvest damage. The result of the research showed that there were significant difference between above-space and lower-space, let-space and right-space, even it was only 2.53°C and 2.30°C, respectively. The same position for air humidity, 4.55% and 3.64%, respectivelly. Kerosene fuel consumption 1.09 I each kg cured- leaves or 1.16 I each kg cured leaves if without lat solar collector, lower than farmers conventional curing-bam which consumpt 2.39-2.80 I each kg cured-leaves. Flat solar-collector contributed 952 625 Id only or 5.80% of kerosene consumption or equal lo 28.24 I kerosene, even though this equipment needed 17.16% of total curing-bam in vestal ion Heat conduction lost through the portable wall only 3.57%, lower than brickwall conventional curing-bam which reach 12.7-16.0%. Result of the cured-leaves grading gave the average price Rp 12 275,- each kg cured- leaves and economic analysis showed that BC-ratio-1.29, NPV-41 962 590 and IRR=51.83% or still gave the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. Result of simulate calculation by simple construction curing-bam, Rp. 8 000 000 price each unit, still gave BC-ratio above one percent. This indicated the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. In this simulate calculation three price of cured-leaves and kerosene was used, as followed Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, and Rp. 15 000 each kg cured leaves, and Rp. I 000, Rp. 1 250 and Rp. I 500 each liter of kerosene, respectivelly. The construction of the curing-bam will be simpler if using wood frame and without lat solar collector.Key words : Nicotiana tabacum, L., tobacco, processing, oven, horizontal- portable curing-bam, lat solar-collector, energy analysis, cured-leaves grade, economical-aspect
Penerapan Standar Mutu Tembakau di Indonesia SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO
Perspektif Vol 3, No 1 (2004): Juni 2004
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (4372.928 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/p.v3n1.2004.24-34

Abstract

Untuk memperbaiki sistem perdagangan tembakau, pemerintah telah membuat standar mutu tembakau bersama pihak terkait, khususnya petani sebagai produsen dan industi rokok sebagai konsumen. Standar mutu yang disusun secara kesepakatan (voluntary) tersebut selanjutnya ditetapkan oleh Badan Standardisasi Nasional dalam bentuk Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia (SNI) dan diharapkan menjadi ketenruan yang mengikat (mandatory) dalam sisem perdagangan tembakau di Indonesia. Namun demikian usaha standardisasi tersebut belum berhasil baik dan perdagangan tembakau masih menggunakan cara lama, yaitu penentuan mutu dan harga secara subyekif oleh konsumen. Penyebab belum berhasilnya penerapan standar mutu tersebut karena standar mutu belum seluruhnya sesuai dengan selera konsumen dan juga maraknya pemalsuan mutu. Mutu tembakau hendaknya dibagi dalam kelas, tipe, grade, grup, warna dan mutu. Agar pembagian inci ini dapat terlaksana, komoditas tembakau harus distandardisasi cara penanaman, panen, pengolahan, sortasi, pembungkusan atau pengebalannya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut diperlukan pembinaan petani tembakau dalam hal teknik budidaya dan pengolahan yang sesuai untuk menghasilkan mutu sesuai selera konsumen. Sistem pembinaan petani melalui kemitraan antara petani dan perusahaan tembakau sebagai pengelola merupakan langkah paling baik. Perusahaan hendaknya dapat merakit teknologi yang sesuai, mengantar kepada petani, mengawal teknologi tersebut dan menyediakan pasar serta membantu menyediakan sarana produksi dan mengusahakan pinjaman modal jika diperlukan.Kata Kunci Tembakau, Nicotiana tabacum, standar mutu, unsur mutu, kemitraan petani perusahaan, peran pemerintah. ABSTRACT Application of standard tobacco quality in IndonesiaFor improving the tobacco markeing system, the government has tried to introduce quality standard of tobacco commodities. The government made the tobacco qualiy standard together with all quarters that have the relation to tobacco commodity, especially farmers as tobacco producers and cigarette factoies as tobacco consumers. The quality standard that was set up by agreement (voluntary) further was determined by the Badan Standardisasi Nasional to become Indonesian Naional Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia) format. This standard is expeced to become the hold regulaion (mandatory) for tobacco markeing sysem in Indonesia. Nevertheless, this standarizaion effort has not given good result yet. Unil now the tobacco markeing system sill use the old tradiional method, i.e. the quality and pice are set by the subjecivity of the consumers. The reasons why the tobacco quality standard applicaion has not a succeded yet, because the quality standard has not accommodaed all of the consumer expectaion, and the tobacco standard has not had the details of classificaion and there were also the large of the tobacco quality adulteraion. The tobacco quality is better to be classified as class, type, grade, group, colour and quality. In order that the details of classificaion can be caried out, the tobacco commodity should be standardized in its preparation since cultivaion, harvesing, curing, soring, and packaging. To reach this purpose, it needs guidance for farmers, especially technical-cultivation, harvesting, curing, grading, packaging and also marketing system. The objecive of the guidance was to produce tobacco quality suitable with the consumers needs. Collaboraion in in form of partnership between farmers and consumers is very important to me this program successfull. The consumers provide suitable technology, give the technology to the farmers, escorting the technology in its applicaion, credit investment and prepare the tobacco market.Key Words : Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, quality standard, quality factor, partnership collaboraion, government role
Co-Authors . DARMONO ABI DWI HASTONO