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ANALISIS NILAI KAPASITANSI SPESIFIK PADA ELEKTRODA KARBON AKTIF/PVDF Fidiyanti, Yuvita Nur; Rohmawati, Lydia; Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Setyarsih, Woro
Sains & Matematika Vol 4, No 2 (2016): April, Sains & Matematika
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Tanaman kelapa merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman serba guna. Bagian luar buah kelapa yaitu batok kelapa dapat memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi jika diubah menjadi karbon aktif yang merupakan bahan dasar elektroda superkapasitor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan persen berat PVDF terhadap ukuran pori, luas permukaan dan nilai kapasitansi karbon aktif  batok kelapa (cocos nucifera). Karbon hasil karbonisasi dilakukan aktivasi kimia dengan perendaman selama 24 jam dan dipanaskan pada suhu 800ºC selama 5 jam. Setelah itu,  dicuci dengan aquades dan HCl 1 kemudian dikeringkan pada suhu 110ºC selama 10 menit untuk didapatkan karbon aktif. Selanjutnya, karbon aktif dipadukan dengan PVDF variasi % berat yaitu, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, dan 10% dengan metode mixing. Hasil paduan, dilakukan karakterisasi BET dan voltametri siklik. Hasil voltametri siklik menunjukkan bahwa dengan penambahan 8% berat PVDF, elektroda memiliki nilai kapasitansi terbaik sebesar 197,680 F/g dengan ukuran pori dan luas permukaan sebesar 2,53 nm dan 56,85 m2/g (hasil BET).Coconut plants are one type of multipurpose plants. The outside of the coconut fruit, coconut shell, can have high economic value if it is converted into activated carbon which is the basic material of super capacitor electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding weight percent PVDF to pore size, surface area and the value of the coconut shell activated carbon capacitance (cocos nucifera). Carbonized carbon is chemically activated by immersion for 24 hours and heated at 800ºC for 5 hours. After that, washed with distilled water and HCl 1 then dried at 110ºC for 10 minutes to obtain activated carbon. Furthermore, activated carbon is combined with PVDF% by weight variation, that is, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10% by mixing method. The results of the alloys were characterized by BET and cyclic voltammetry. The results of cyclic voltammetry showed that with the addition of 8% by weight of PVDF, the electrodes had the best capacitance values of 197,680 F / g with pore size and surface area of 2.53 nm and 56.85 m2 / g (BET results).
KARAKTERISTIK REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (RGO) BERBAHAN DASAR LIMBAH BATANG PADI Rahayu, Puji; Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Rohmawati, Lydia
Sains & Matematika Vol 6, No 1 (2017): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Sebagai negara agraris, Indonesia memiliki lahan persawahan yang sangat luas. Padi yang kemudian diolah menjadi beras merupakan bahan pangan utama masyarakat Indonesia. Batang padi selama ini dibuang sebagai limbah dan tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik, padahal dengan kandungan karbon didalamnya, batang padi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi suhu pemanasan terhadap nilai kapasitansi dan morfologi rGO berbahan dasar limbah batang padi. Pembuatan rGO meliputi beberapa tahap, yaitu dehidrasi, karbonasi dan kalsinasi. Tahap dehidrasi dilakukan pada suhu 110?C selama 12 jam yang dilanjutkan dengan karbonasi pada suhu 400?C selama 1,5 jam. Sampel karbon hasil karbonasi diuji proximate untuk menentukan kandungan fixed carbon pada sampel, dan diuji Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) untuk mengetahui posisi perubahan massa bila dikenai perubahan suhu. Dari hasil uji proximate dan TGA diketahui bahwa kandungan fixed carbon adalah 18,23% dan perubahan massa terjadi pada suhu 200?C hingga 350?C. Langkah selanjutnya dilakukan tahap karbonasi dengan variasi suhu, dan dilakukan uji X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) dan Voltametri siklik. Hasil karakerterisasi XRD diidentifikasi keberadaan puncak rGO dan GO. Nilai kapasitansi rGO dari batang padi cukup kecil bila dibandingkan dengan rGO komersial. As an agrarian country, Indonesia has a very large rice field. Rice which is then processed into rice is the main foodstuff of the Indonesian people. Rice stalks have been thrown away as waste and are not utilized properly, whereas with the carbon content in them, rice stems can be used as a basis for reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This study aims to analyze the effect of heating temperature variations on the capacitance and morphological values of rGO based on rice stem waste. Making RGO includes several stages, namely dehydration, carbonation and calcination. The dehydration stage is carried out at 110?C for 12 hours followed by carbonation at 400?C for 1.5 hours. Carbon samples from carbonation results were tested proximate to determine the fixed carbon content of the samples, and tested by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the position of changes in mass when subjected to changes in temperature. From the proximate and TGA test results it is known that the fixed carbon content is 18.23% and mass changes occur at temperatures of 200 ° C to 350 ° C. The next step is the carbonation stage with temperature variations, and the X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry tests are performed. From the results of XRD characterization identified the existence of the peak rGO and GO. The capacitance value of rGO from rice stalks is quite small when compared to commercial ones.
SINTESIS LAPISAN TIPIS PANI/PVA SEBAGAI BAHAN ELEKTROKROMIK Novita, Ria; Putri, Nugrahani Primary
Sains & Matematika Vol 5, No 2 (2017): April, Sains & Matematika
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Abstract

Polianilin (PANi) merupakan bahan polimer konduktif yang banyak diteliti dikarenakan memiliki karakteristik yang unik yaitu, konduktivitas listrik yang baik, sifat optik yang baik dan stabil terhadap lingkungan. PANi dapat digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi, salah satunya sebagai bahan elektrokromik. Bahan elektrokromik merupakan bahan yang dapat berubah warna secara reversible jika diberi beda potensial. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis PANi/PVA dengan metode polimerisasi emulsi dan deposisi lapisan tipis dengan metode spin-coating menggunakan substrat Indium tin Oxide (ITO). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik awal lapisan tipis PANi/PVA sebagai bahan elektrokromik meliputi reversibilitas, nilai band gap dan nilai absorbansi pada pemberian potensial yang berbeda.  Metode karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah Uji FTIR, Uji Voltametri Siklik, Uji UV-Vis, dan SEM. Dari pengujian FTIR PANi/PVA terlihat bahwa pola serapan khas dari kedua polimer masih muncul yaitu pada puncak 669,32 cm-1, 1114,89 cm-1, 1265,35 cm-1, 1458,23 cm-1, dan 1654,98 cm-1yang merupakan puncak khas milik polianilin sedangkan pada puncak 1654,98 cm-1, 2929,97 cm-1, dan 3448,84 cm-1  merupakan puncak khas PVA. Dari data Voltametri Siklik lapisan tipis bersifat reversible dan ada puncak oksidasi pada potensial 0,4 V dan 0,74 V, sedangkan puncak reduksi pada potensial 0,45 V dan 0,22 V. Dari data pengujian UV-Vis didapatkan nilai absorbansi PANi/PVA tertinggi adalah 0,80 pada potensial 0,75 V dan memiliki nilai energi band gap sebesar 3,1-4,1 eV. Dari hasil pengujian SEM didapatkan bahwa persebaran PVA sudah cukup merata dan hanya sedikit terlihat retakan. Polyaniline (PANi) is a conductive polymer material that has been widely studied because it has unique characteristics namely, good electrical conductivity, and good optical properties and is stable to the environment. PANi can be used in a variety of applications, one of which is as an electrochromic material. Electrochromic material is a material that can change color reversibly if given a potential difference. In this research, PANi/PVA synthesis was carried out by emulsion polymerization method and thin layer deposition via spin-coating method using Indium tin Oxide (ITO) substrate. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial characteristics of PANi/PVA thin films as electrochromic materials including reversibility, band gap values and absorbance values at different potential applications. The characterization methods used in this study were FTIR Test, Cyclic Voltammetry Test, UV-Vis Test, and SEM. From the PANi/PVA FTIR test it is seen that the typical absorption patterns of the two polymers still appear at the peak 669.32 cm-1, 1114.89 cm-1, 1265.35 cm-1, 1458.23 cm-1, and 1654, 98 cm-1 which is the typical peak of PANi while at the peak 1654.98 cm-1, 2929.97 cm-1, and 3448.84 cm-1 is the typical peak of PVA. From the data of cyclic voltammetry the film is reversible and there is an oxidation peak at a potential of 0.4 V and 0.74 V, whereas a reduction peak at a potential of 0.45 V and 0.22 V. From the UV-Vis test data, the highest PANi/PVA absorbance value is 0.80 at a potential of 0.75 V and has a band gap energy value of 3.1-4.1 eV. From the SEM test results found that the spread of PVA is quite evenly distributed and only slightly visible cracks.
PENAMBAHAN FLY ASH PADA KOMPOSIT POLIANILIN/HCL/FLY ASH Rosana, Nila; Putri, Nugrahani Primary
Sains & Matematika Vol 1, No 1 (2012): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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In this study has been made composite between polyaniline as one of conductive polymers that has good conductivity by using fly ash as consequence getting a new material with a wider application. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the addition of fly ash on the electrical properties of polyaniline/HCl/fly ash composite. The method of fabrication that we used to get synthesis of polyaniline was chemical oxidation while the composite of polyaniline/HCl/fly ash manufactured by using powder metallurgy, with a composition of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% fly ash. The composite was tested using FTIR to find polyaniline functional groups, LCR meter (f = 50-106 Hz) to determine the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of the composite, to find the content of fly ash was tested by using XRF, where as the morphology of the composite was tested by using SEM EDAX. Based on LCR?s results, the electrical conductivity increased and dielectric constant decreased. The maximum electrical conductivity of the composite reached on the composition 20% fly ash was 3.86 × 10-6 S/cm. The maximum dielectric constant at 20% fly ash composition reached 2.01 × 104. 
PEMURNIAN BATU KAPUR BERBASIS NANO KALSIT DENGAN METODE KOPRESIPITASI Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Kusumawati, Diah Hari
Sains & Matematika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Sintesis nano kalsit yang terbuat dari batu kapur menggunakan metode kopresipitasi berhasil diimplementasikan. Sintesis dilakukan dengan memvariasikan tekanan gas CO2 dan waktu pengendapan untuk mendapatkan kalsit dengan kemurnian tinggi dan ukuran partikel kecil. Data difraksi dikumpulkan menggunakan XRD, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak Match dan Rietica untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang kecocokan, tingkat kemurnian, kepadatan, dan ukuran partikel. Dari analisis menggunakan Match, ditemukan bahwa batu kapur sebagai bahan dasar memiliki fase CaCO3 dan Ca(OH)2, sedangkan sampel yang disintesis dengan metode kopresipitasi memiliki fase kalsit. Hasil analisis berdasarkan Rietica menunjukkan bahwa hasil terbaik adalah sampel yang disintesis dengan variasi tekanan gas CO2 37,5 kgf/cm3 dan waktu pengendapan selama 36 jam.Synthesis nano calcite made of limestone using coprecipitation method has been succesfully implemented. Synthesis is held by varying the CO2 gas pressure and precipitation time in order to obtain calcite with high purity and small particle size. Diffraction data were collected using a XRD, which then analyzed using software Match and Rietica to obtain information about fitness, degree of purity, density and particle size. From analysis using Match, it was found that limestone as base material has CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 phases, while samples which synthesized by coprecipitation method has calcite phase. Analysis result by Rietica shows that the best result is sample which synthesized with CO2 gas pressure variation of 37.5 kgf/cm3 and the settling time for 36 hours.
SIFAT MEKANIK BETON POLIMER EPOKSI DENGAN PENGISI PARTIKEL NANOKALSIT-SILIKA Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Kusumawati, Diah Hari; Rohmawati, Lydia
Sains & Matematika Vol 2, No 2 (2014): April, Sains & Matematika
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Polymer concrete environmentally friendly by utilizing the waste has been developed, one with waste mussel shells and sidoarjomud. Utilization of the waste is not optimal, for it to be used as filler in polymer concrete waste will be expected to have a highereconomic value. This research aimed to utilize the waste of cockle's shells and sidoarjo mud as filler of polymer concrete. Both waste firstsynthesized into nano particles by taking calcite and silica alone (mussel shells into nanocalsite and sidoarjo mud into nanosilica), beforebeing used as a filler. Once formed nanocalsite and nanosilica, composites with epoxy resin matrix and filler nanocalsite and nanosilicacreated by varying the percentage weight of each filler 5-10% by weight. Then the characterization was conducted in the form of tensiletest, hardness, bending and impact test. The test results showed that the resulting polymer concrete has physical properties, mechanical,thermal and microscopic good and has an optimum value at 10% filler calcite + 10% silica, which is 218.39 MPa compressive strength,tensile strength of 3.32 MPa, a strong fracture of 8.04 MPa and hardness values ranged from 16.08 to 18.3 HVN. Overall the resultshave met the standards for the characterization of polymer concrete.
Sintesis Lapisan Tipis PANi/PVA sebagai Bahan Elektrokromik Novita, Ria; Putri, Nugrahani Primary
Sains & Matematika Vol 5, No 2 (2017): April, Sains & Matematika
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Abstract

Polianilin (PANi) merupakan bahan polimer konduktif yang banyak diteliti dikarenakan memiliki karakteristik yang unik yaitu, konduktivitas listrik yang baik, sifat optik yang baik dan stabil terhadap lingkungan. PANi dapat digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi, salah satunya sebagai bahan elektrokromik. Bahan elektrokromik merupakan bahan yang dapat berubah warna secara reversible jika diberi beda potensial. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis PANi/PVA dengan metode polimerisasi emulsi dan deposisi lapisan tipis dengan metode spin-coating menggunakan substrat Indium tin Oxide (ITO). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik awal lapisan tipis PANi/PVA sebagai bahan elektrokromik meliputi reversibilitas, nilai band gap dan nilai absorbansi pada pemberian potensial yang berbeda.  Metode karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah Uji FTIR, Uji Voltametri Siklik, Uji UV-Vis, dan SEM. Dari pengujian FTIR PANi/PVA terlihat bahwa pola serapan khas dari kedua polimer masih muncul yaitu pada puncak 669,32 cm-1, 1114,89 cm-1, 1265,35 cm-1, 1458,23 cm-1, dan 1654,98 cm-1yang merupakan puncak khas milik polianilin sedangkan pada puncak 1654,98 cm-1, 2929,97 cm-1, dan 3448,84 cm-1  merupakan puncak khas PVA. Dari data Voltametri Siklik lapisan tipis bersifat reversible dan ada puncak oksidasi pada potensial 0,4 V dan 0,74 V, sedangkan puncak reduksi pada potensial 0,45 V dan 0,22 V. Dari data pengujian UV-Vis didapatkan nilai absorbansi PANi/PVA tertinggi adalah 0,80 pada potensial 0,75 V dan memiliki nilai energi band gap sebesar 3,1-4,1 eV. Dari hasil pengujian SEM didapatkan bahwa persebaran PVA sudah cukup merata dan hanya sedikit terlihat retakan. Polyaniline (PANi) is a conductive polymer material that has been widely studied because it has unique characteristics namely, good electrical conductivity, and good optical properties and is stable to the environment. PANi can be used in a variety of applications, one of which is as an electrochromic material. Electrochromic material is a material that can change color reversibly if given a potential difference. In this research, PANi/PVA synthesis was carried out by emulsion polymerization method and thin layer deposition via spin-coating method using Indium tin Oxide (ITO) substrate. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial characteristics of PANi/PVA thin films as electrochromic materials including reversibility, band gap values and absorbance values at different potential applications. The characterization methods used in this study were FTIR Test, Cyclic Voltammetry Test, UV-Vis Test, and SEM. From the PANi/PVA FTIR test it is seen that the typical absorption patterns of the two polymers still appear at the peak 669.32 cm-1, 1114.89 cm-1, 1265.35 cm-1, 1458.23 cm-1, and 1654, 98 cm-1 which is the typical peak of PANi while at the peak 1654.98 cm-1, 2929.97 cm-1, and 3448.84 cm-1 is the typical peak of PVA. From the data of cyclic voltammetry the film is reversible and there is an oxidation peak at a potential of 0.4 V and 0.74 V, whereas a reduction peak at a potential of 0.45 V and 0.22 V. From the UV-Vis test data, the highest PANi/PVA absorbance value is 0.80 at a potential of 0.75 V and has a band gap energy value of 3.1-4.1 eV. From the SEM test results found that the spread of PVA is quite evenly distributed and only slightly visible cracks.
Karakteristik Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Berbahan Dasar Limbah Batang Padi Rahayu, Puji; Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Rohmawati, Lydia
Sains & Matematika Vol 6, No 1 (2017): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Abstract

Sebagai negara agraris, Indonesia memiliki lahan persawahan yang sangat luas. Padi yang kemudian diolah menjadi beras merupakan bahan pangan utama masyarakat Indonesia. Batang padi selama ini dibuang sebagai limbah dan tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik, padahal dengan kandungan karbon didalamnya, batang padi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi suhu pemanasan terhadap nilai kapasitansi dan morfologi rGO berbahan dasar limbah batang padi. Pembuatan rGO meliputi beberapa tahap, yaitu dehidrasi, karbonasi dan kalsinasi. Tahap dehidrasi dilakukan pada suhu 110˚C selama 12 jam yang dilanjutkan dengan karbonasi pada suhu 400˚C selama 1,5 jam. Sampel karbon hasil karbonasi diuji proximate untuk menentukan kandungan fixed carbon pada sampel, dan diuji Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) untuk mengetahui posisi perubahan massa bila dikenai perubahan suhu. Dari hasil uji proximate dan TGA diketahui bahwa kandungan fixed carbon adalah 18,23% dan perubahan massa terjadi pada suhu 200˚C hingga 350˚C. Langkah selanjutnya dilakukan tahap karbonasi dengan variasi suhu, dan dilakukan uji X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) dan Voltametri siklik. Hasil karakerterisasi XRD diidentifikasi keberadaan puncak rGO dan GO. Nilai kapasitansi rGO dari batang padi cukup kecil bila dibandingkan dengan rGO komersial. As an agrarian country, Indonesia has a very large rice field. Rice which is then processed into rice is the main foodstuff of the Indonesian people. Rice stalks have been thrown away as waste and are not utilized properly, whereas with the carbon content in them, rice stems can be used as a basis for reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This study aims to analyze the effect of heating temperature variations on the capacitance and morphological values of rGO based on rice stem waste. Making RGO includes several stages, namely dehydration, carbonation and calcination. The dehydration stage is carried out at 110˚C for 12 hours followed by carbonation at 400˚C for 1.5 hours. Carbon samples from carbonation results were tested proximate to determine the fixed carbon content of the samples, and tested by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the position of changes in mass when subjected to changes in temperature. From the proximate and TGA test results it is known that the fixed carbon content is 18.23% and mass changes occur at temperatures of 200 ° C to 350 ° C. The next step is the carbonation stage with temperature variations, and the X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry tests are performed. From the results of XRD characterization identified the existence of the peak rGO and GO. The capacitance value of rGO from rice stalks is quite small when compared to commercial ones.
Pemurnian Batu Kapur Berbasis Nano Kalsit dengan Metode Kopresipitasi Putri, Nugrahani Primary; Kusumawati, Diah Hari
Sains & Matematika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
Publisher : Sains & Matematika

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Abstract

Sintesis nano kalsit yang terbuat dari batu kapur menggunakan metode kopresipitasi berhasil diimplementasikan. Sintesis dilakukan dengan memvariasikan tekanan gas CO2 dan waktu pengendapan untuk mendapatkan kalsit dengan kemurnian tinggi dan ukuran partikel kecil. Data difraksi dikumpulkan menggunakan XRD, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak Match dan Rietica untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang kecocokan, tingkat kemurnian, kepadatan, dan ukuran partikel. Dari analisis menggunakan Match, ditemukan bahwa batu kapur sebagai bahan dasar memiliki fase CaCO3 dan Ca(OH)2, sedangkan sampel yang disintesis dengan metode kopresipitasi memiliki fase kalsit. Hasil analisis berdasarkan Rietica menunjukkan bahwa hasil terbaik adalah sampel yang disintesis dengan variasi tekanan gas CO2 37,5 kgf/cm3 dan waktu pengendapan selama 36 jam.Synthesis nano calcite made of limestone using coprecipitation method has been succesfully implemented. Synthesis is held by varying the CO2 gas pressure and precipitation time in order to obtain calcite with high purity and small particle size. Diffraction data were collected using a XRD, which then analyzed using software Match and Rietica to obtain information about fitness, degree of purity, density and particle size. From analysis using Match, it was found that limestone as base material has CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 phases, while samples which synthesized by coprecipitation method has calcite phase. Analysis result by Rietica shows that the best result is sample which synthesized with CO2 gas pressure variation of 37.5 kgf/cm3 and the settling time for 36 hours.
Co-Authors Diah Hari Kusumawati Fidiyanti, Yuvita Nur Lydia Rohmawati Novita, Ria Puji Rahayu Rosana, Nila Woro Setyarsih