Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Analisa Pendugaan Laju Erosi Dengan Menggunakan Model Agricultural Non Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) di Sub Das Lesti Kabupaten Malang Muhammad Fariz Kasyful Haq; Moh Sholichin; Runi Asmaranto
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.01.16

Changes in landuse and the topographic are undulating and hilly with a slope of 8-45%, as well as the intensity of precipitation impacts on increased erosion rates in sub-watershed Lesti area. Continuous erosion of land causes shallows rivers in Sub-watershed Lesti. An analysis and mapping of the greater existential rates on erosion and sedimentation along with the erosion of sub-watershed Lesti as well as land conservation efforts to reduce the effects of such erosion.Calculations using a model Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) obtained an average watershed erosion rate of 163,119 tons / ha / year. The results analysis of the danger erosion levels and area based on erosion danger index by hammer (1981) is obtained with a low level index (<1) 13,770 km2, a moderate level (index 1-4) 13,521 km2, a high level (index 4-10) 14,623 km2, and an exorbitant level (index >10) 16,342 km2. Based on sediment delivery ratio (SDR), results of sediment are 144,820.54 tons / year or 120,683.96 m3 / year. The conservation of land to reduce the rate of erosion are carried out in several ways, either by using vegetative andÂ mechanical methods.

Studi Perencanaan Embung Lapangan Jegreg Kecamatan Lengkong Kabupaten Nganjuk Provinsi Jawa Timur Reja Palevi Al Huda; Runi Asmaranto; Very Dermawan
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.01.14

The problem in dry season is about water availability, while during wet season there are often several puddles in an area in Jegreg Village in Nganjuk Regency. This is due to the increasing need of the population which is not in line with the development of water supply facilities and infrastructure. In this study, the authors make an analysis related to this problem, by planning a reservoir that can be used to accommodate water during the rainy season so that can be used to reduce floods.Based on the analysis, the dead storage volume (Sediment) are 9,49 m3,Â and the effective storage volume are 68,96 m3and then the total storage volume are Â 78,45 m3 . The height of ponds is 3 meters , with the spillway type is side channel spillway with 0,5 meter of Â height. In elevation +40,50 the width of spillway are 17,15 meters. In stability analysis, the analysis used in the slope stability of the reservoir is the Bishop method withÂ Geostudio2012 application and from the results of the analysis, the safety number meets the requirements. For the analysis of spillway safety against shear and rolling forces, in normal, flood condition, and earthquakes condition, the safety figures meet the requirement.

Analisa Keruntuhan Bendungan Kering Ciawi Menggunakan Program HEC-RAS dan InaSAFE Fabian Raditya Pramana; Pitojo Tri Juwono; Runi Asmaranto
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.02.16

Dam is a structure built across a stream to retain water for the purpose of water supply, irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. Beside the high benefits, dams are also a potential threat to public safety, which is dam break/dam failure. The purpose of this study was to discover various scenarios of dam break at Ciawi Dam, with the main modes of failure have been identified as piping or overtopping. Ciawi dam break are modeled and analyzed using HEC-RAS v5.0.7 based on available geometry data. After that, based on regional population data, the economic loss calculated using InaSAFE. The simulation results showed that the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) with a peak discharge of 1845,867 m3/s did not generate an overtopping scenario. From the analysis of 2-D simulation in HEC-RAS, the Ciawi dam break due to piping at Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) has a maximum water depth of 46,419 m with the area of inundation covers 108,04 km2. Those numbers imply that Ciawi Dam break classified as a high-hazard category.

Analisa Banjir Kali Pekalen Kabupaten Probolinggo Menggunakan Aplikasi HEC â€“ RAS Muhammad Adnan Maulana; Runi Asmaranto; Very Dermawan
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2021.001.02.18

The upstream area of the Pekalen watershed has undergone land-use changes, resulting in sedimentation, which resulted in a reduction in the river's existing ability to accommodate water discharge. Therefore, it caused the problem of flooding around the Kali Pekalen area. Hence, to determine the river's existing capabilities and find alternative solutions to the flood problem, an analysis of the Kali Pekalen's capacity using the HEC-RAS application was carried out by the researcher. The research process was conducted in the upstream, middle, and downstream rivers with a Q50 year return period using the Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph. Based on the analysis results that have been carried out, there are 163 stakes in the area unable to accommodate the discharge. As a solution to the problem, the 163 pegs in Kali Pekalen were installed with embankments with the Concrete Sheet Pile (CCSP) design which had a length of 12 m and a depth of 6.45 m from the riverbed.Â Wilayah hulu DAS Pekalen mengalami perubahan tata guna lahan yang menyebabkan terjadinya sedimentasi pada Kali Pekalen. Dengan adanya sedimentasi tersebut, maka dapat mengakibatkan berkurangnya kemampuan eksisting sungai untuk menampung debit, sehingga menyebabkan masalah banjir di sekitar wilayah Kali Pekalen. Dalam hal ini maka dilakukan analisa kapasitas Kali Pekalen dengan menggunakan aplikasi HEC-RAS untuk mengetahui kemampuan eksisting sungai dan juga mengetahui alternatif penyelesaian dari masalah banjir tersebut. Untuk melakukan analisa tersebut diperlukan analisa hidrologi untuk mendapatkan debit banjir rancangan. Metode yang digunakan untuk mencari debit banjir rancangan yaitu dengan menggunakan Hidrograf Satuan Sintetis Nakayasu dengan kala ulang Q50 th untuk wilayah hulu, tengah, dan hilir Kali Pekalen. Setelah mendapatkan hasil perhitungan debit banjir rancangan, maka dilakukan analisa aliran dengan menggunakan aplikasi HEC-RAS 5.0.7. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yang telah dilakukan, terdapat 163 ruas patok di wilayah hulu, tengah dan hilir Kali Pekalen yang tidak mampu menampung debit. Sehingga ada 163 ruas patok di Kali pekalen yang dipasang tanggul dengan desain Concrete Sheet Pile (CCSP) yang memiliki panjang 12 m, dan kedalaman 6,45 m dari dasar sungai.

Analisis Perubahan Penjadwalan Pada Keterlambatan Proyek Dengan Menggunakan Software MS Project (Studi Kasus Proyek Main Dam Bendungan Karian, Lebak, Banten) Irsyad Musthofa Yahya; Pitojo Tri Juwono; Runi Asmaranto
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

The Karian Dam Project in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, is a dam project that used to meet the raw water needs of DKI Jakarta. Based on the planning of Addendum 6, this project is expected to be completed in March 2021. However, this project has been delayed due to the lack of production capacity of stone material (quarry). This study was conducted to optimize the determination of time and cost in construction management. Microsoft Project program is used to analyze the time and relationship between types of work to determine the most effective and efficient time and cost based on optimizing the project schedule. The result shows that alternative two is chosen with an acceleration of 28 days and a duration efficiency of 4.5% with a cost efficiency of 0.80% and a budget reduction of Rp. 5,754,684,438,-. It is the best alternative to pursue project delays in terms of cost and time. With the acceleration of the project owner, the implementation time will be faster than planned, so that the Balai performance will be better. From the service provider's perspective, the overhead is reduced, and increase the provider's profit.Proyek Bendungan Karian di Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten, merupakan proyek bendungan yang salah satunya dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air baku DKI Jakarta. Berdasarkan perencanaan Addendum 6, proyek ini diharapkan selesai pada Maret 2021. Namun pada kenyataannya proyek ini mengalami keterlambatan yang disebabkan kurangnya kapasitas produksi dari material batu (quarry). Studi ini dilakukan untuk membuat optimasi penentuan waktu dan biaya dalam manajemen konstruksi dengan menggunakan program Microsoft Project untuk menganalisa waktu serta hubungan antar jenis pekerjaan sehinggaÂ mampu menentukan waktu dan biaya yang paling efektif dan efisien berdasarkan optimasi jadwal proyek. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan dipilih alternatif 2 dengan percepatan 28 hari dan efisiensi durasi 4,5% dengan efisiensi biaya sebesar 0,80% dan penurunan anggaran sebesar Rp 5.754.684.438,-, sehingga merupakan alternatif terbaik untuk mengejar keterlambatan proyek dari segi biaya dan waktu. Dengan dilakukan percepatan dari pihak owner proyek, maka waktu pelaksanaan akan lebih cepat dari rencana, sehingga kinerja dari Balai menjadi lebih baik. Dari sisi penyedia jasa, overhead berkurang dan keuntungan penyedia menjadi lebih besar.Â

Studi Perbandingan Model Horton dan Model Philip Terhadap Karakteristik Laju Infiltrasi Bima Aji Pangestu; Runi Asmaranto; Emma Yuliani
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Lesti watershed, Malang regency, has run into land use changes due to rapid development in this modern era, which affects the rate of infiltration. This study aims to determine infiltration rate using Horton Model and Philip Model. So, model that has the most appropriate predictions with field measurements was obtained. Infiltration data retrieval in the form of the connection between time and amount of water decreased at the measurement points using Double Ring Infiltrometer. Then the infiltration rate value is calculated using Horton Model and Philip Model. After that, validation tests are carried out using NSE, Determination Coefficient, Relative Error, MAE and RMSE. The results of measurements that were carried out on four types of soil in Lesti watershed obtained the largest early infiltration rate value of 15.0 mm/minute at point 4 and point 11, while the minimum value was 4.00 mm/minute at point 12. From the calculation of the infiltration rate using Horton and Philip models, it was found that Horton model has good suitability to the field value so Hortonâ€™s model is preferred to estimate the infiltration rate in the study area.DAS Lesti, Kabupaten Malang mengalami alih fungsi lahan yang besar akibat pesatnya pembangunan di era modern ini sehingga Â mempengaruhi laju infiltrasi. Studi ini ditujukan guna mengetahui besar laju infiltrasi dengan Model Horton dan Model Philip, kemudian didapatkan model yang memiliki prediksi paling sesuai dengan pengukuran di lapangan. Pengambilan data infiltrasi berupa hubungan antara waktu dan besarnya penurunan air di titik-titik pengukuran menggunakan alat Double Ring Infiltrometer, kemudian nilai laju infiltrasi dihitung dengan Model Horton dan Model Philip, setelah itu dilakukan uji validasi menggunakan NSE, Koefisien Determinasi, Kesalahan Relatif, MAE dan RMSE. Hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan pada empat jenis tanah di DAS Lesti didapatkan laju infiltrasi awal tertinggi dengan nilai 15,0 mm/menit yaitu pada titik 4 dan titik 11, sedangkan nilai terendah sebesar 4,00 mm/menit pada titik 12. Dari perhitungan laju infiltrasi dengan Model Horton dan Philip didapatkan bahwa Model Horton memiliki kesesuaian yang baik terhadap lapangan sehingga Model Horton lebih dipilih untuk mengestimasi laju infiltrasi pada daerah studi.

Aplikasi Stability Chart untuk Idealisasi Desain Tanggul Kali Lamong di Kabupaten Gresik, Provinsi Jawa Timur Niken Wibasari Sanwa; Andre Primantyo Hendrawan; Runi Asmaranto
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Levee failure is one of engineering accidents that cause severe flooding disaster. It is primarily caused by incomplete planning process that didn't meet the required minimum technical standards. One of such cases is Kali Lamong in East Java. Kali Lamong has flooding problems caused by levee failure almost every year. The aim of this study is to create a guideline used to construct a safe and long lasting levee structure. With the help of an applicable simple chart, which is called by a stability chart. The stability chart for this study uses a correlation between the value of the safety factor and the dimensions of the levee. This study uses two parameters, namely dimensional parameters and soil condition parameters. Soil condition parameters are divided into four variations of soil types based on the parameter values. After being inputted into the Geostudio 2018 software, it was found that the variation I and III were safe, while variation II and IV were not safe. The unsafe design required reinforcement so that berm and pile were added and all variations were safe. So the use of berm and pile as reinforcements are considered effective to increase the value of the safety factor.Â Keruntuhan tanggul adalah salah satu kecelakaan di bidang teknik yang menyebabkan bencana banjir. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena proses perencanaan yang tidak benar sehingga tidak memenuhi persyaratan teknis. Salah satu kasusnya terjadi di Kali Lamong, Jawa Timur. Kali Lamong memiliki permasalaan banjir yang disebabkan oleh keruntuhan tanggul hampir setiap tahunnya. Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu adanya suatu pedoman yang digunakan untuk merencanakan struktur tanggul yang aman dan bertahan lama. Dengan bantuan grafik sederhana disebut stability chart yang memiliki hubungan antara nilai faktor keamanan dengan dimensi tanggul. Studi ini menggunakan dua parameter, yaitu parameter dimensi dan parameter jenis tanah. Untuk parameter jenis tanah dibagi lagi menjadi empat variasi jenis tanah berdasarkan nilai parameternya. Setelah diinput ke dalam aplikasi geostudio 2018 didapatkan bahwa desain variasi I dan III dinyatakan aman sedangkan variasi II dan IV tidak aman. Desain yang tidak aman tersebut dibutuhkan perkuatan sehingga ditambahkan berm dan pile dan menghasilkan semua variasi dinyatakan aman. Maka penggunaan berm dan pile sebagai perkuatan dinyatakan efektif untuk meningkatkan nilai faktor keamanan.

Analisa Banjir Akibat Keruntuhan Bendungan Prijetan di Kabupaten Lamongan Menggunakan Aplikasi Zhong Xing HY21 Irsyad Musthofa Yahya; Pitojo Tri Juwono; Runi Asmaranto
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2022.002.02.17

The Prijetan Dam was the first dam built in Indonesia in 1910 â€“ 1916 by the dutch east indies government. This dam was built on the Prijetan River which is located in Sumbergempol Village, Kedungpring District, Lamongan Regency, East Jawa Province. Considering the age of the Prijetan Dam which is more than 100 years old, further analysis are needed on the impact of the dangers that can be caused by the break of the Prijetan Dam. Dams break is the collapse of part or all of the main dam causing the dam to be unable to function again. Dam breaks mostly occur due to overtopping or piping. From the simulation of the dam break of the Prijetan Dam using the Zhong Xing HY21 software, it was found that the largest floods occurred in the bottom piping scenario with the condition of the floodwater level reservoir. The area of the floods reached 26,607 km2 with a maximum flood depth of 6,880 m. The floodsspread to 38 villages located downstream of the Prijetan Dam with an estimated 11.412 people at riskÂ Bendungan Prijetan merupakan bendungan pertama yang dibangun di Indonesia pada sekitar tahun 1910 - 1916 oleh pemerintahan Hindia Belanda. Bendungan ini berdiri diatas Sungai Prijetan yang terletak di Desa Sumbergempol, Kecamatan Kedungpring, Kabupaten Lamongan, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Mengingat usia Bendungan Prijetan yang lebih dari 100 tahun, maka diperlukan analisa lebih lanjut mengenai dampak bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh kegagal Bendungan Prijetan. Kegagalan bendungan yang dimaksud ialah runtuhnya sebagian atau seluruh tubuh bendungan yang menyebabkan bendungan tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi kembali. Kegagalan atau keruntuhan bendungan paling banyak terjadi akibat overtopping ataupun piping. Dari hasil simulasi keruntuhan Bendungan Prijetan menggunakan software Zhong Xing HY21, didapatkan banjir terbesar terjadi pada skenario piping bawah dengan kondisi tampungan waduk muka air banjir (MAB). Luas genangan banjir yang terjadi mencapai 26,607 km2 dengan kedalaman maksimum 6,880 m. Genangan banjir menyebar ke 38 desa yang berada di bagian hilir Bendungan Prijetan dengan perkiraan 11.412 penduduk terkena risiko.

Studi Potensi Air Tanah dan Karakteristik Hidrokimia Di Desa Pelem, Kecamatan Bungkal, Kabupaten Ponorogo Bima Aji Pangestu; Runi Asmaranto; Emma Yuliani
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2022.002.02.18

Pelem Village, Bungkal District, Ponorogo Regency is a location that is affected by drought during the dry season and relies on rain for irrigation needs. The research was conducted to determine the geological structure, potential of groundwater, hydrochemical characteristics, and quality of groundwater for irrigation from these problems. The data used are primary geoelectrical and chemical groundwater data secondary data used are geological map data, hydrogeology, groundwater basin maps (CAT), and elevation model data (DEM). The method used is the geoelectric Schlumberger configuration, Darcy, DHL, SAR, %Na, and RSC. The results show that the geological layers are tuff, clay, breccia, and sandstone. The discharge potential on track 1 is 2,748 l/s and line 2 is 4.236 l/s. The characteristics of anions and cations exhibit various hydrochemical characteristics. DHL's analysis shows a moderate to high-quality hazard. For the calculation of soil, water sodium is still in a good class and is allowed for irrigation. For the analysis of the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) method, the research site is still in the water class which is very good for irrigation, while the sodium carbonate residue (RSC) method at the study site cannot be used for irrigation because the risk of increasing salt levels is very high.Desa Pelem, Kecamatan Bungkal, Kabupaten Ponorogo adalah lokasi yang terdampak kekeringan pada saat musim kemarau dan mengandalkan hujan untuk kebutuhan irigasi. Dari permasalahan tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui struktur geologi, potensi air tanah karakteristik hidrokimia dan kualitas air tanah untuk irigasi. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer geolistrik dan kimia air tanah untuk data sekunder yang digunakan adalah data peta geologi, hidrogeologi, peta cekungan air tanah (CAT) dan data elevasi model (DEM). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode geolistrik schlumberger, darcy, DHL, SAR, %Na dan RSC Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lapisan geologi berupa tufa, lempung, breksi, dan batu pasir. Potensi debit pada lintasan 1 sebesar 2.748 l/det dan lintasan 2 sebesar 4.236 l/det. Karakteristik anion dan kation menunjukkan berbagai karakteristik hidrokimia. Analisa DHL menunjukkan bahaya salitas sedang sampai tinggi. Untuk perhitungan sodium air tanah masih ada di kelas yang baik dan diizinkan untuk irigasi. Untuk analisa metode rasio serapan natrium (SAR) lokasi penelitian masih di kelas air yang sangat baik untuk irigasi sedangkan pada metode residu natrium karbonat (RSC)Â pada lokasi penelitian tidak dapat digunakan untuk irigasi karena resiko peningkatan kadar garam sangat tinggiÂ

Analisis Banjir Sungai Remu Kota Sorong Papua Barat Menggunakan Aplikasi Zhong Xing HY21 Analysis of the Remu River Flood Sorong City West Papua Using the Zhong Xing HY21 Application Muhammad Rafi Siregar; Runi Asmaranto; Pitojo Tri Juwono
Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air (JTRESDA)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtresda.2023.003.01.40

Curah hujan yang tinggi menyebabkan terjadinya luapan di Sungai Remu merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya banjir di Kota Sorong. Terjadinya banjir di sekitar Sungai Remu disebabkan banyak faktor juga, salah satunya perubahan tata guna lahan di bagian hulu yang mengalami perubahan menjadi lahan pertanian, dan juga kegagalan penampang yang ada tidak bisa menampung air yang menyebabkan banjir. Maka dengan adanya hal tersebut perlu dilakukan analisis rambatan banjir Sungai Remu menggunakan aplikasi Zhong Xing HY21. Analisis ini membutuhkan perhitungan hidrologi dan statistika untuk memperoleh debit banjir rencana. Penggunaan metodenya dengan Hidrologi Satuan Sintesis Nakayasu dengan Q25 th. Setelah mendapatkan debit banjir rancangan, kemudian dilakukan analisis rambatan banjir menggunakan aplikasi Zhong Xing HY21. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, didapatkan seluruh desa tergenang banjir dengan total luasan banjir 2.183 km2. Sehingga dibuatnya Rencana Tindak Darurat sangat penting dengan membuat kelas prioritas dengan urutan evakuasi yaitu, Remu Selatan, Remu Utara, Malamso, Remu, Malawei, Malabutor, dan Malaingkedi.High rainfall causes overflow in the Remu River which is one of the causes of flooding in Sorong City. The occurrence of flooding around the Remu River is also caused by many factors, one of which is the change in land use in the upstream area which has changed to agricultural land, and also the failure of the existing cross section to not be able to accommodate water which causes flooding. So with this, it is necessary to analyze the flood propagation of the Remu River using the Zhong Xing HY21 application. This analysis requires hydrological and statistical calculations to obtain the design flood discharge. The use of the method with the Nakayasu Synthesis Unit Hydrology with Q25 th. After getting the design flood discharge, then a flood propagation analysis was carried out using the Zhong Xing HY21 application. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that all villages were flooded with a total flood area of 2,183 km2. So it is very important to make an Emergency Action Plan by making priority classes in the order of evacuation, namely, South Remu, North Remu, Malamso, Remu, Malawei, Malabutor, and Malaingkedi.

Title

Found 12 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 12 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 12 Documents
Search