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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SULFUR PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Hidayat, Herman; Adiarso, Adiarso
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (161.064 KB)

The effect of adding sulfur in Central Banko coal liquefaction is examined usingautoclave reactor with limonite catalyst from Soroako, at 450oC, H2 initialpressure = 9 Mpa, holding time = 60 minutes, and S/Fe ratio varies from 1, 2, 3dan 6. It is found that there is significant increase in distillates yield by 53,81% forthe increase of S/Fe ratio from 1 to 2, and at the same time CLB decreases from53,5% to 29,47%. This is because the amount of pyrrhotite for S/Fe ratio =2 ishigh and enough to promote cracking to convert coal to distillates or oil. For S/Feratio = 3, the increase of distillates or oil yield is not significant, so does for S/Fe= 6. This concludes that adding more sulfur in Central Banko coal liquefactionusing limonite catalyst from Soroako is not effective and therefore does notinfluence much to the oil yield. This is because the particle size and amount ofpyrrhotite already achieves equilibrium for S/Fe ratio = 2. The changing of S/Feratio does not give much effect to the yields of H2O, CO+CO2, C1~C4,andhydrogen consumption as well..Kata Kunci : limonit Soroako, rasio S/Fe,yield distilat, yield CLB, pirhotit, yieldH2O, yield CO+CO2, yield C1~C4, konsumsi gas hidrogen

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PENCAIRAN BATUBARA (DIRECT LIQUEFACTION) Hidayat, Herman; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (172.7 KB)

An investigation of catalytic activities of Soroako limonite ore using 1liter autoclavewas carried out. The comparison of the results with other iron catalysts forliquefaction of Banko coal was also performed to find out the best catalyst forBanko coal liquefaction. Much efforts to improve brown coal liquefaction processefficiency has been conducted at BPPT since 1994 through the design of highlyactive catalysts along with design of good hydrogen donor solvents. Someprevious studies have shown that limonite ore has several superior characteristicscompared to pyrite (FeS2) when used as catalyst in coal liquefaction process. Onemain reason is that limonite ore contains both iron and nickel compound asFeOOH, FeNi2OOH, FeCr2OOH that found to be responsible of high distillate.The use of natural ore for catalyst will implies that the production of industrialcatalyst for coal liquefaction could be obtained with low production cost. Theresults suggest that catalytic activity of Soroako limonite could be achieved at lowtemperature around 300 oC or less changing its crystallite form to pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) species. Such phenomenon is similar to that of highly active Yandi Yellowcatalyst. Moreover, Soroako limonite catalyst also gives higher oil yield withsmaller amount of hydrogen consumption compare to pyrite and Yandi yellowcatalysts. So it concludes that Soroako limonite has high catalytic activity, and itssoft physical nature makes it possible to be pulverized into sub-micron particlesize easily and economically. Soroako limonite, therefore, can be recommendedas one of the most suitable catalysts for commercial coal liquefaction plant to beconstructed in the future.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, soroako limonite, -FeOOH, pyrrhotite, limonitecatalyst

RISET REAKTIFITAS LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA DENGAN GAS FLOW TYPE REACTOR Hidayat, Herman; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (525.279 KB)

B r o w n Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process had been developed through theconstruction and the operation of 50 T/D pilot plant Ill Australia (1985-1990) byKOBE STEEL Group. After the successful completion of the Pilot Plant Project,newly Improved BCL process has been developed1). The feasibility study onthe commercialization of coal liquefaction plant in Indonesia has also beencarried out under the cooperation with BPPT supported by NEDO Limonitore (α-FeOOH) can be used as an industrial catalyst for direct coal liquefactionwith its high activity and low production cost. In this paper, the catalytic activitiesof Indonesian limonit ore, Soroako Limonit were examined using a gas flow typeautoclave comparing with the other iron catalysts for the liquefaction ofIndonesian brows coal. It appeared that the Soroako limonit has a highcatalystic activity while finely pulverizing to sub-micron particle size can bedone economically. It can be concluded that Soroako limonit is one of mostsuitable catalysts for the coal liquefaction plant constricted in Indonesia in thefut-ure.Kata kunci: direct liquefaction, soroako limonit, iron catalyst, phyrrotite, bankocoal

PEMANFAATAN RESIDU KILANG MINYAK PLAJU SEBAGAI PELARUT PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA (Co-Processing) Rasyid, Muhamad Hanif; Hidayat, Herman
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (280.455 KB)

This study presents the investigation on the reactivity of vacuum oil residue(VOR) as solvent in Banko coal liquefaction, so called “Co-processing”. Processsolvent derived from BSU tests is used as reference solvent in this study. Theliquefaction tests are carried out using a gas-flow type autoclave (5L) with 200gcoal (daf), 400g of coal-derived solvent (b.p.300-420 oC), 1.0-3.0 wt% daf as Feof catalyst and elemental sulfur (S/Fe atomic ratio of 2.0) at 14.7MPa, 450oC for60min under a constant gas flow of H2-0.5%H2S. The study suggests that VORas solvent is much more reactive than process solvent under the same condition.Therefore the co-processing gives higher oil yield than coal liquefaction usingprocess solvent derived from BSU tests. It also produces lower CLB, CO+CO2and hydrocarbons yields. This indicates that there is a synergism effect betweenthe VOR as a donor solvent and the coal. The molecular structure of VOR at thefirst time was decomposed into molecular fragments. These fragments were thenattached onto the coal’s structure and lead to decompose the structure of thecoal. It was also found that co-processing consumed less hydrogen gas thanreference liquefaction process. In short, this finding obtained in this study cangive promising sight for implementing the coal liquefaction plant in Indonesia at acommercial scale.Kata kunci: vacuum oil residue, Banko, liquefaction, co-processing reactive,synergism effect

KOMPARASI REAKTIFITAS PELARUT DARI MINYAK BAKAR DAN RESIDU RANTAI PANJANG PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Hidayat, Herman; Nataadmadja, Nasikin
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

The needs of fuel, especially for automotive fuel, in Indonesia keeps onincreasing, while petroleum reserves is getting lessen everyday. One alternativeto achieve the diversified energy strategy for the transportation sector is theutilization of the Indonesian low rank coal reserves through the implementation ofcoal liquefaction technology. Coal liquefaction process that has been done beforewas found economically and technically less effective. Those are the reasons fordoing coal liquefaction research using petroleum residue as the solvent, namelyco-processing, which expected to give a better performance than the standardcoal liquefaction. The feedstocks are lignite coal from Central Banko, petroleumresidue (fuel oil and long residue), limonite catalyst from Soroako and hydrogengas. The reactions were carried out in a stirred batch autoclave reactor at 120Kg/cm2 of initial hydrogen pressure and 450oC for 1 hour, at 2 of S/Fe atomicratio and 2 of solvent/coal weight ratio. The liquid products were fractionated byvacuum distillation and the gaseous products were analyzed by gaschromatography. It showed that co-processing with long residue as the solvent isbetter than fuel oil or standard coal liquefaction, with 39.17 wt% daff of oil yiled.The cetane index of middle oil fraction was 27.8 and the efficiency of hydrogenconsumption was 23.68 (oil yield/hydrogen consumption).Kata kunci: pencairan batubara, co-processing, residu minyak bumi, batubaralignit

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PENCAIRAN BATUBARA (DIRECT LIQUEFACTION) Hidayat, Herman; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

An investigation of catalytic activities of Soroako limonite ore using 1liter autoclavewas carried out. The comparison of the results with other iron catalysts forliquefaction of Banko coal was also performed to find out the best catalyst forBanko coal liquefaction. Much efforts to improve brown coal liquefaction processefficiency has been conducted at BPPT since 1994 through the design of highlyactive catalysts along with design of good hydrogen donor solvents. Someprevious studies have shown that limonite ore has several superior characteristicscompared to pyrite (FeS2) when used as catalyst in coal liquefaction process. Onemain reason is that limonite ore contains both iron and nickel compound asFeOOH, FeNi2OOH, FeCr2OOH that found to be responsible of high distillate.The use of natural ore for catalyst will implies that the production of industrialcatalyst for coal liquefaction could be obtained with low production cost. Theresults suggest that catalytic activity of Soroako limonite could be achieved at lowtemperature around 300 oC or less changing its crystallite form to pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) species. Such phenomenon is similar to that of highly active Yandi Yellowcatalyst. Moreover, Soroako limonite catalyst also gives higher oil yield withsmaller amount of hydrogen consumption compare to pyrite and Yandi yellowcatalysts. So it concludes that Soroako limonite has high catalytic activity, and itssoft physical nature makes it possible to be pulverized into sub-micron particlesize easily and economically. Soroako limonite, therefore, can be recommendedas one of the most suitable catalysts for commercial coal liquefaction plant to beconstructed in the future.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, soroako limonite, ?-FeOOH, pyrrhotite, limonitecatalyst

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SULFUR PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Hidayat, Herman; Adiarso, Adiarso
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

The effect of adding sulfur in Central Banko coal liquefaction is examined usingautoclave reactor with limonite catalyst from Soroako, at 450oC, H2 initialpressure = 9 Mpa, holding time = 60 minutes, and S/Fe ratio varies from 1, 2, 3dan 6. It is found that there is significant increase in distillates yield by 53,81% forthe increase of S/Fe ratio from 1 to 2, and at the same time CLB decreases from53,5% to 29,47%. This is because the amount of pyrrhotite for S/Fe ratio =2 ishigh and enough to promote cracking to convert coal to distillates or oil. For S/Feratio = 3, the increase of distillates or oil yield is not significant, so does for S/Fe= 6. This concludes that adding more sulfur in Central Banko coal liquefactionusing limonite catalyst from Soroako is not effective and therefore does notinfluence much to the oil yield. This is because the particle size and amount ofpyrrhotite already achieves equilibrium for S/Fe ratio = 2. The changing of S/Feratio does not give much effect to the yields of H2O, CO+CO2, C1~C4,andhydrogen consumption as well..Kata Kunci : limonit Soroako, rasio S/Fe,yield distilat, yield CLB, pirhotit, yieldH2O, yield CO+CO2, yield C1~C4, konsumsi gas hidrogen

RISET REAKTIFITAS LIMONIT SOROAKO SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA DENGAN GAS FLOW TYPE REACTOR Hidayat, Herman; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

B r o w n Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process had been developed through theconstruction and the operation of 50 T/D pilot plant Ill Australia (1985-1990) byKOBE STEEL Group. After the successful completion of the Pilot Plant Project,newly Improved BCL process has been developed1). The feasibility study onthe commercialization of coal liquefaction plant in Indonesia has also beencarried out under the cooperation with BPPT supported by NEDO Limonitore (?-FeOOH) can be used as an industrial catalyst for direct coal liquefactionwith its high activity and low production cost. In this paper, the catalytic activitiesof Indonesian limonit ore, Soroako Limonit were examined using a gas flow typeautoclave comparing with the other iron catalysts for the liquefaction ofIndonesian brows coal. It appeared that the Soroako limonit has a highcatalystic activity while finely pulverizing to sub-micron particle size can bedone economically. It can be concluded that Soroako limonit is one of mostsuitable catalysts for the coal liquefaction plant constricted in Indonesia in thefut-ure.Kata kunci: direct liquefaction, soroako limonit, iron catalyst, phyrrotite, bankocoal

PEMANFAATAN RESIDU KILANG MINYAK PLAJU SEBAGAI PELARUT PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA (CO-PROCESSING) Rasyid, Muhamad Hanif; Hidayat, Herman
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

This study presents the investigation on the reactivity of vacuum oil residue(VOR) as solvent in Banko coal liquefaction, so called ?Co-processing?. Processsolvent derived from BSU tests is used as reference solvent in this study. Theliquefaction tests are carried out using a gas-flow type autoclave (5L) with 200gcoal (daf), 400g of coal-derived solvent (b.p.300-420 oC), 1.0-3.0 wt% daf as Feof catalyst and elemental sulfur (S/Fe atomic ratio of 2.0) at 14.7MPa, 450oC for60min under a constant gas flow of H2-0.5%H2S. The study suggests that VORas solvent is much more reactive than process solvent under the same condition.Therefore the co-processing gives higher oil yield than coal liquefaction usingprocess solvent derived from BSU tests. It also produces lower CLB, CO+CO2and hydrocarbons yields. This indicates that there is a synergism effect betweenthe VOR as a donor solvent and the coal. The molecular structure of VOR at thefirst time was decomposed into molecular fragments. These fragments were thenattached onto the coal?s structure and lead to decompose the structure of thecoal. It was also found that co-processing consumed less hydrogen gas thanreference liquefaction process. In short, this finding obtained in this study cangive promising sight for implementing the coal liquefaction plant in Indonesia at acommercial scale.Kata kunci: vacuum oil residue, Banko, liquefaction, co-processing reactive,synergism effect

KOMPARASI REAKTIFITAS PELARUT DARI MINYAK BAKAR DAN RESIDU RANTAI PANJANG PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Hidayat, Herman; Nataadmadja, Nasikin
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1548

The needs of fuel, especially for automotive fuel, in Indonesia keeps onincreasing, while petroleum reserves is getting lessen everyday. One alternativeto achieve the diversified energy strategy for the transportation sector is theutilization of the Indonesian low rank coal reserves through the implementation ofcoal liquefaction technology. Coal liquefaction process that has been done beforewas found economically and technically less effective. Those are the reasons fordoing coal liquefaction research using petroleum residue as the solvent, namelyco-processing, which expected to give a better performance than the standardcoal liquefaction. The feedstocks are lignite coal from Central Banko, petroleumresidue (fuel oil and long residue), limonite catalyst from Soroako and hydrogengas. The reactions were carried out in a stirred batch autoclave reactor at 120Kg/cm2 of initial hydrogen pressure and 450oC for 1 hour, at 2 of S/Fe atomicratio and 2 of solvent/coal weight ratio. The liquid products were fractionated byvacuum distillation and the gaseous products were analyzed by gaschromatography. It showed that co-processing with long residue as the solvent isbetter than fuel oil or standard coal liquefaction, with 39.17 wt% daff of oil yiled.The cetane index of middle oil fraction was 27.8 and the efficiency of hydrogenconsumption was 23.68 (oil yield/hydrogen consumption).Kata kunci: pencairan batubara, co-processing, residu minyak bumi, batubaralignit

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