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Progres Penelitian Austronesia Di Nusantara. Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol 33, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstract. Progress of Austronesian Studies in the Indonesian Archipelago. Austronesian-speaking people in Indonesia, which are part of the global Austronesian-speakers, which is the most denselypopulated, have a strategic role in figuring out the global Austronesians, especially since Indonesia is located in the middle of the dispersal area. As the direct predecessors of recent Indonesian indigenous population, their emergence since ca. 4000 BP has become a highly important field of study in our nation’s life. The increasingly intensive researches within the last decade have resulted in significant progress in the Austronesian studies and have given us a better picture on the origin, dispersal, and development of the Austronesian speakers and their cultures, both synchronically and diachronically. Local evolution resulted from process of adaptation to the environment, as well as external influences, have created a cultural dynamics from the Neolithic to the Palaeometalic and historic periods, until now. Eventually the local evolution and external influences have generated unique local cultures that form a mosaic of diversity of Indonesian people and culture like we see today. The wide scopes of Austronesian studies and limited researches have left some unanswered questions, both in regionalglobal and national contexts. That is a challenge, which encourages us to carry out more intensiveresearches in the near future. Abstrak. Penutur Austronesia di Indonesia menempati posisi yang sangat strategis dalam pemahaman Austronesia global mengingat keletakannya di bagian tengah kawasan sebaran dengan populasi yang terbesar di antara negara-negara penutur Austronesia. Sebagai leluhur langsung populasi Indonesia asli sekarang, kemunculannya ca. 4000 BP menjadikan bidang studi yang sangat penting bagi kehidupanbangsa. Penelitian yang semakin intensif dalam dasawarsa terakhir telah memberikan banyak kemajuan tentang asal usul, persebaran, dan perkembangan secara sinkronis dan diakronis. Evolusi lokal sebagai hasil proses adaptasi lingkungan dan pengaruh luar menciptakan dinamika budaya dari Neolitik ke Paleometalik dan berlanjut ke masa sejarah hingga sekarang. Faktor evolusi lokal dan pengaruh luar itu lambat laun menciptakan kekhasan budaya-budaya lokal, hingga membentuk mozaik kebinekaan bangsa dan budaya Indonesia seperti yang kita lihat sekarang. Luasnya cakupan studi Austronesia dan masih terbatasnya penelitian menyisakan banyak pertanyaan yang belum terjawab, baik dalam kaitannya dengan konteks regional-global maupun konteks nasional. Kondisi ini merupakan tantangan yang mendorong perlunya intensifikasi penelitian di masa datang.

The Homo erectus Site of Trinil: Past, Present and Future of a Historic Place Alink, Gerrit; Roebroeks, Wil; Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol 34, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstrak. Trinil: Masa lalu, Sekarang dan Masa Depan Sebuah Situs Bersejarah. Dusun Trinil menjadi terkenal dengan ditemukannya Pithecanthropus erectus, sekarang Homo erectus, oleh Dubois pada tahun 1891. Setelah ekskavasi Dubois, pada tahun 1907 sebuah ekspedisi besar-besaran dipimpin oleh E. Selenka berlangsung di lokasi yang sama. Selain fosil-fosil sisa manusia, puluhan ribu fosil vertebrata lain dan moluska ditemukan dalam ekskavasi Dubois dan Selenka antara tahun 1891 dan 1907. Koleksi ini sekarang disimpan di Naturalis di Leiden (Belanda) dan di Museum für Naturkunde di Berlin (Jerman). Studi yang berlangsung saat ini terhadap koleksi-koleksi itu mendorong perlunya penelitian baru di lapangan. Tujuannya selain untuk mengetahui potensi situs juga untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang muncul dalam studi koleksi. Parit penggalian Dubois dan ekspedisi Selenka dikontekstualisasikan dalam peta geografi modern berdasarkan data historis, bahan fotografi yang masih ada, dan peninjauan lapangan 2014/2015. Potensi untuk menemukan tinggalan pada ‘Hauptknochenschicht’ (HK) cukup besar di tepi kiri sungai Solo, di selatan penggalian Dubois yang asli, termasuk di tepi kiri disebelah timur lokasi yang digali. Pertanyaan yang masih tersisa, antara lain menyangkut stratigrafi situs, umur fauna Trinil dan Homo erectus, dan homogenitas himpunan HK, diharapkan dapat terjawab melalui penelitian baru yang akan dilaksanakan di situs ini. Abstract. Trinil became famous through the discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus, now Homo erectus, by Dubois in 1891. After Dubois’ excavations it was the expedition led by E. Selenka in 1907 performing large scale fieldwork at the location. Apart from the hominin remains, thousands of other vertebrate and molluscan fossils were excavated by both Dubois and Selenka between 1891 and 1908. These collections are currently housed at Naturalis in Leiden (The Netherlands) and the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin (Germany). Ongoing studies of these collections have raised questions that warrant new fieldwork. This study aimed to establish the site‘s present potential to solve extant research questions. The excavation trenches of Dubois and the Selenka expedition were contextualized within a modern geographical map, based on historical data, extant photographic material and a 2014/2015 field trip. The potential to reach the find bearing Hauptknochenschicht (HK) is high at the left bank of the Solo river, south of Dubois’ original excavations. Also the left bank directly east of the former excavation pits has a good potential. Still remaining questions concerning the site stratigraphy, the age of the Trinil fauna, including the Homo erectus finds, and the homogeneity of the HK assemblage, might be resolved by new fieldwork.

PRASEJARAH AUSTRONESIA DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR: SEBUAH PANDANGAN AWAL Simanjuntak, Truman; Fauzi2, M. Ruly; Galipaud, J.C.; A. Azis, Fadhila; Buckley, Hallie
AMERTA Vol 30, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstrak. Tulisan ini menguraikan gambaran awal tentang kehidupan Penutur Austronesia dan karakter budaya neolitiknya di wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur, berdasarkan penemuan-penemuan data baru yang dilengkapi dengan hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu. Setidaknya di sekitar 3.000 – 2.000 BP berbagai pulau di wilayah ini sudah dihuni Penutur Austronesia. Mereka menghuni wilayah pantai dengan mata pencarian berburu dan meramu dengan penekanan pada pemanfaatan biota laut; mempraktekkan penguburan tempayan dan tanpa wadah; menggunakan peralatan beliung persegi dan peralatan litik lainnya; membuat alat-alat perhiasan (dari cangkang kerang, koral, dan biji-bijian); dan membuat kain dari kulit kayu. Kemiripan bentuk, pola serta variasi tinggalan arkeologis dari situs-situs neolitik di wilayah ini memperlihatkan komunitas antar-pulau telah terlibat kontak dan interaksi yang intensif di kala itu. Abstract. Prehistoric Austronesian in East Nusa Tenggara Timur: a preliminary view. This article discusses a preliminary insight on the presence of the Austronesian Speakers and its neolithic culture in East Nusa Tenggara, based on our new discoveries completed with results from previous studies.At least around 3,000 – 2,000 BP most of islands in this region have been inhabited by Austronesian speaking people. They inhabited coastal areas; practicing hunting and gathering with an emphasison the exploitation of marine resources; practicing burial with and without jar; using polished stone adzes and other lithic tools; manufacturing body ornaments made from shells, coral, and seeds;and making cloth from barks. The similarity observed among the shapes, patterns and variations on archaeological remains from neolithic sites in this area reveal an intensive inter-island contacts and interactions between coastal communities during that period.

The Descriptive Analysis of Palaeolithic Stone Tools from Sulawesi, Collected by the Indonesian-Dutch Expedition in 1970 Alink, Gerrit; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol 35, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstrak. Analisis Deskriptif Alat Batu Palaeolithik dari Sulawesi, Hasil Ekspedisi Indonesia-Belanda pada tahun 1970.Studi ini menganalisis artefak temuan ekspedisi Indonesia-Belanda di tahun 1970 di Marale di hulu dan Beru di hilir Sungai Wallanae; termasuk menguji hipotesis bahwa penghalusan material kasar di hilir terjadi pada artefak kecil. Batu gamping, kersikan, dan rijang merupakan bahan yang dominan. Artefak umumnya mengalami abrasi dan pembundaran dari tingkat moderat hingga kuat. Hampir semua artefak terpatinasi. Teknik ‘crushing’ merupakan tipe dominan dari persiapan bidang dorsal dekat dataran pukul. Dataran pukul umumnya datar dan ujung distal tipis. Himpunan serpih Marale yang umumnya lebih lebar dan panjang dibandingkan himpunan serpih Beru mendukung hipotesis tersebut. Kebanyakan alat serpih merupakan serut samping. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan klasifikasi morfologi yang baru diperkenalkan, umumnya batu inti (70%) memiliki platform tunggal, berbentuk pyramidal atau polihedral, walaupun ada yang double platform. Perkiraan pertanggalan van Heekeren dari 200 dan 100 ka agaknya tepat, sebagaimana publikasi van den Bergh yang mempertanggal artefak in situ dari ekskavasi di daerah yang sama di antara 194 dan 118 ka.Abstract.This study analysis lithic artefacts collected by the Indonesian-Dutch expedition to Sulawesi in 1970. In addition, the hypothesis was tested that downstream fining of coarse material results in smaller artefacts. The artefacts were collected by surveying in Marale (upstream) and Beru (downstream) along the Walanae River. Most artefacts were abraded and rounded. Almost all artefacts were patinated. Silificied limestone and chert were the predominant raw materials for making stone tools. Crushing was the predominant type of dorsal face preparation near the striking platform. The dominant platform type was plain and the dominant distal end feather. The width and the maximal length of the flakes of Marale were significantly larger than those of Beru, confirming the above hypothesis. Most flake tools were side scrapers. In addition to the functional standard classification also a new morphological classification was introduced. Most cores (70%) were single platformed, pyramidal or polyhedral, but also double platformed cores were present. Dating of the stone tools between 200 and 100 ka as earlier suggested by van Heekeren might be plausible based on a recently published study by van den Bergh (2016) who dated in situ artefacts excavated in the same region between 194 and 118 ka.

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