<![CDATA[Background: Pneumonia is an infection of the respiratory system, especially the lungs, which is associated with increased fluid in the alveoli followed by fever and rapid breathing. Under-five pneumonia sufferers in Indonesia in 2017 reached 447,431 cases (46.34%) and caused death in 1,351 under-five sufferers. The study aimed to determine the risk factors for the incidences of pneumonia in children at Regional Public Hospital of Lewoleba, East Nusa Tenggara, IndonesiaSubjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Lewoleba Regional Hospital in 2020. The population of the study was 1,023 toddlers. This study used purposive sampling to select a sample of 126 toddlers. The dependent variable of this study was pneumonia. The independent variable of this study was the history of asthma. Data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regressions.Results: Had history of asthma and cigarette smoke exposure increased the risk of pneumonia (p<0.001).Conclusion: Has history of asthma and cigarette smoke exposure increased the risk of pneumonia. Children with a history of asthma have a risk of having respiratory disorders, impaired mucus and ciliated cell integrity, and decreased local and systemic humoral / cellular immunity.Keywords: pneumonia, history of asthma, children under fiveCorrespondence: Nikosius Dae Sory Wutun, Universitas Negeri Nusa Cendana Kupang. Jl.Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang, NTT. nichosiusdae94@gmail.com, 082340482420Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(02): 218-226https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.02.09 ]]>
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