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Civil Engineering Journal

cej
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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 22 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October" : 22 Documents clear

Developing Water Quality Index to Assess the Quality of the Drinking Water Shahad Esmaeel Mohammed; Khalid Adel Abdulrazzaq
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In the present study, an attempt has been to develop a new water quality index (WQI) method that depends on the Iraqi specifications for drinking water (IQS 417, 2009) to assess the validity of the Euphrates River for drinking by classifying the quality of the river water at different stations along its entire reach inside the Iraqi lands. The proposed classifications by this method are: Excellent, Good, Acceptable, Poor, and Very poor. Eight water quality parameters have been selected to represent the quality of the river water these are: Ion Hydrogen Concentration (pH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO_4), Nitrate (NO_3), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The variation of the water quality parameters along the river have been represented by graphs using Excel.2013 software. The results revealed that the quality of the Euphrates River ranges from “Good” to “Poor”, it enters the Iraqi borders with “Good” water quality and gradually its quality begins to decrease after it receives pollution from many sources such as domestic sewage and different industrial effluents until its quality becomes “Poor” according to the proposed classification. Finally the proposed WQI can be used as a tool to assess the quality of the river with both place and time.

Effects of Site-Dependent Errors on the Accuracy of C/A Code DGPS Positioning Dammalage, Thilantha Lakmal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Several differential GPS processing techniques can be used; for instance, single differencing and double differencing, which are popular in practice. Irrespective of the DGPS processing technique used, the ultimate accuracy of the user-location depends on the existence of non-common or site-dependent errors, which occur at the points of observation and the reference. Of these, the most common and dominant site-dependent error is the multipath. Therefore, this research evaluates the effects of site-dependent errors on C/A code differential GPS correction accuracies by providing special emphasis on the multipath error. For the analyses, four segments of about 24-hour continuous static C/A code based DGPS observations were conducted at three precisely known ground stations and four different multipath environments were introduced by placing three different types of artificial signal reflectors at one of the observation stations. By using the known GPS receiver-reflector configuration, pseudo-range multipath was precisely calculated for each observation segment. C/A code DGPS positioning accuracies before and after multipath mitigation were presented by evaluating the effect of the most dominant site-dependent error, i.e., multipath, on C/A code DGPS correction accuracies.

Characterizing Infrastructure Resilience in Disasters Using Dynamic Network Analysis of Consumersâ Service Disruption Patterns Nazarnia, Hadi; Sarmasti, Hadi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

This study proposes a network analysis framework for characterizing infrastructure resilience in the aftermath of disasters through the use of consumersâ service disruption information. In the presented framework, the notion of âpeersâ is used to construct the network models of consumers experiencing service disruption in the aftermath of a disaster to understand the type and extent of infrastructure damages and specify disruption patterns. Data related to electricity disruption in Bhaktapur, Nepal, in the aftermath of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake is used to construct the network models of consumersâ networks at different points in time in the aftermath of the disaster. The created models are then used in network analysis for examining the network topological characteristics (such as clustering) and specifying the attributes of service disruption. The contribution of this paper lie in: (i) the development and validation of a novel network from disruption information, (ii) identify the extent of infrastructure disruption, type of damage, and recoverability from changes in network topology over time.

Experimental Study on Recycled Concrete Aggregates with Rice Husk Ash as Partial Cement Replacement Naraindas Bheel; Shanker Lal Meghwar; Samiullah Sohu; Ali Raza Khoso; Ashok Kumar; Zubair Hussain Shaikh
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Concrete is highly utilized construction material around the globe and responsible for high depreciation of the raw materials. Consumption of this material in construction industry is arching upward day by day. On the other hand, debris of demolished concrete structures are being dumped as waste. For developing countries such waste is not a good sign and need its proper utilization by recycling it into useful product. In this consequence, this study is an attempt to utilize demolished waste concrete by converting into coarse aggregates. This research was conducted on recycled cement concrete aggregates of demolished structures and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The purpose of this experimental study is to analyze the mechanical properties of concrete; when cement is partially replaced with RHA and natural aggregates by recycled aggregates (RA). In this study, the cement was replaced by RHA up to 10% by weight of cement. For experimental purpose, total 135 concrete specimens were prepared, cured and tested in Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Finally, laboratory results were compared in terms of compressive and splitting tensile strength made with normal and recycled coarse aggregates. All the specimens were prepared at 1:1.5:3 with 0.50 w/c ratio and tested at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days curing ages. It is observed from experimental analysis that the workability of fresh normal concrete is 7% and 10% greater than recycled aggregates concrete blended with 10% RHA and only recycled aggregates concrete without RHA respectively. The compressive strength increases up to 6%, whilst splitting tensile strength increases 4% at 56 days curing, when the cement is replaced 10% by RHA. It is, further, concluded that with more than 10% RHA replacement with cement, the compressive strength decreases. This study would help the construction experts to use such wasted concrete into useable production of new concrete projects.

Application of Nor Sand Constitutive Model in a Highway Fill Embankment Slope Stability Failure Study Jiliang Li; Thiago Fernandes Leao
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

This paper presents a case study of a static load induced liquefaction in a simple roadway widening project constructed in north eastern part of Ohio in 2008. The widening required an embankment fill, which moved nearly 4 feet vertically and 1 foot laterally after two days of installation. The main objective of the work is to demonstrate how a simple Constitutive model, in this case Nor Sand model, can represent the static liquefaction in loose sand layers under specific conditions. A set of parameters is assumed based on the soil properties and an Excel Spreadsheet is used for simulations of triaxial compression of sand. It was considered that the situation which led to the failure, and the situation after the solution adopted. Moreover, slope stability analysis is provided for validation of the original results using a commercial software. It was found that the model can represent through stress strain curves and stress paths the behavior of the soil layer which led to the embankment fill movement. As the original work considered only slope stability analysis to explain this phenomenon, the present study shows a different approach for the case study, and this is the main contribution of this research.

Effect of Soil Types on the Development of Water Levels and Erosion Processes during Overtopping Test Marwan Adil Hassan; Mohd Ashraf Mohamad Ismail
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The construction of dike materials is an essential parameters in controlling the safety of hydraulic engineering. The dike material is an earthfill material constructed from non-cohesive materials or mixed from cohesive and non-cohesive materials. Overtopping failure can affect the dike stability during water cross above dike crest and could threat people lives and property. It is reduced the matric suctions binds soil particles due to the increasing volumetric water content during the transition of water level from the upstream into downstream slopes. In this paper, two spatial overtopping tests are conducted in Hydraulic Geotechnical laboratories at the Universiti Sains of Malaysia to observe the evolution of horizontal and vertical water levels as well as the development of lateral and vertical erosion processes under constant inflow discharge of 30 L/min. The vertical and horizontal water levels as well as the vertical erosion process are measured using one digital camera installed in front of dike embankment, while the horizontal erosion process was measured using another digital camera installed in front of downstream slope. Two types of coarse sand and very silty sand soils are used to construct dike embankment in small flume channel. The small flume is constructed from transparent PVC material to observe the development of water distributions and erosion processes with sediment box to collect the eroded materials. A pilot channel is cut in dike crest along the side wall of small flume channel to initiate breach channel in the dike crest. The initiation of breach channel is crucial for the evolution breach channel failure in the downstream and upstream slopes. The results show that the vertical and horizontal water levels are distributed faster in coarse sand soil compared with those in the very silty sand soil while the horizontal water levels are distributed faster than vertical water levels for both soils. The permeability of coarse sand increases the velocity of water flow for occupation soil particles and beginning failure in dike crest faster. The presence of fine particles in the very silty sand has reduced the rate of erosion processes inside dike particles in horizontal and vertical directions. The fine particles absorb a large amount of water content and, thus reduce the easiest water infiltration into particles with higher matric suctions. The analyzing of the distributions of water levels and erosion process help to understand the behavior of dike embankment during overtopping failure and increase the maintenance for dikes parts to reduce the potential danger.

Equivalent Modulus of Asphalt Concrete Layers Amjad H. Albayati; Hasan Al-Mosawe; Aqeel T. Fadhil; Abbas A. Allawi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

A flexible pavement structure usually comprises more than one asphalt layer, with varying thicknesses and properties, in order to carry the traffic smoothly and safely. It is easy to characterize each asphalt layer with different tests to give a full description of that layer; however, the performance of the whole; asphalt structure needs to be properly understood. Typically, pavement analysis is carried out using multi-layer linear elastic assumptions, via equations and computer programs such as KENPAVE, BISAR, etc. These types of analysis give the response parameters including stress, strain, and deflection at any point under the wheel load. This paper aims to estimate the equivalent Resilient Modulus (MR) of the asphalt concrete layers within a pavement structure by using their individual MR values. To achieve this aim, eight samples were cored from Iraqi Expressway no. 1; they had three layers of asphalt and were tested to obtain the MR of each core by using the uniaxial repeated loading test at 25 and 40 °C. The samples were then cut to separate each layer individually and tested for MR at the same testing temperatures; thus, a total of 60 resilient modulus tests were conducted. A new approach was introduced to estimate the equivalent MR as a function of the MR value for each layer. The results matched the values obtained by KENPAVE analysis.

Adoptability of Lean Construction Techniques in Pakistan’s Construction Industry Aftab Hameed Memon; Muhammad Akram Akhund; Abdul Nasir Laghari; Hafiz Usama Imad; Shadab Noor Bhangwar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

There is a philosophy in the construction industry to reduce the cost of a project by reducing construction waste and improving productivity. With lower expenses, lean construction emphasizes the cost of the project at a minimum cost. Globally, the philosophy has gained a wide range of popularity in the construction sector. The Lean Construction has helped practitioners with several tools and techniques to implement at different stages of a construction project. Following global trends, this study has investigated lean practices in Pakistan. With the potential advantages experienced by its implementation in Pakistan's construction projects and the level of implementation of various types of tools and techniques has been analyzed. To achieve the goal, the study had tried to capture construction projects in which four shareholders are being represented, which are clients, consultants, contractors and material suppliers. Overall 34 completed questionnaires were collected and then analyzed. The results of the analysis have indicated that pull approach, standard of work, time consuming, visualization tools, the integrated project delivery methods and the quality failure in safe limits are common lean techniques which are being implemented to the local construction industry. While there are major benefits of waste reduction, client satisfaction, better communication, visual control and proper task management to build appropriate work are the key benefits of lean construction.

Forensic Evaluation of Compacted Soils using RAMCODES Romer D. Oyola-Guzmán; Rómulo Oyola-Morales
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Unexpected failure of compacted soils was explained using design curves of the Rational Methodology for Compacted Geomaterial’s Density and Strength Analysis (RAMCODES). Forensic geotechnical evaluation, applied to a compacted soil used at a construction site, demonstrated that the bearing capacity of the soil was influenced by the water content and the dry unit weight. At the construction site, the only criterion used for quality control of the compacted soil was the minimum compaction percentage; the maximum dry unit weight (achieved using the standard Proctor test) was used when the soil was compacted with light equipment, and the maximum dry unit weight (achieved using the modified Proctor test) was used when it was compacted with heavy equipment. After changing water content conditions, the soil compacted with heavy equipment and the soil compacted with light equipment exhibited changes in bearing capacity; the soil compacted with light equipment showed a failure, whereas the soil compacted with heavy equipment did not. The causes of failure were evaluated from samples of soil analyzed in the laboratory; analysis was performed using design curves obtained through a factorial experimental design. Our analysis revealed that the criterion of minimum compaction percentage was not adequate to determine the actual mechanical performance of the soil. We sought to determine why the soil compacted with light equipment did not satisfy the bearing capacity expected after compaction, and what other actions should performed at a construction site to avoid failure of soils compacted with light equipment.

Effectiveness of Green Roofs and Green Walls on Energy Consumption and Indoor Comfort in Arid Climates Sherine M. Wahba; Basil A. Kamel; Khaled M. Nassar; Ahmed S. Abdelsalam
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 10 (2018): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Increased urbanization have many negative effects on human well-being, city infrastructure, electricity usage and the increase of indoor temperatures. A solution may be to retrofit existing buildings, with implementing a vegetated layer to roofs and walls, this may enhance building performance, reduce consumption and improve indoor comfort. Cities with tall buildings may be more adequate to implement a green-wall as it have more area to make impact. This paper examines the energy reduction advantages of adding greenery on buildings in the hot arid climate of Egypt by considering three typical types of residential buildings in the city of Cairo as a case study. Designbuilder software was selected to stimulate the buildings chosen in this research. The results shows that an extensive soil thickness of 15cm performs better in the arid climates. electricity consumption for the base case is 52 kWh/m2 annually when used a traditional external envelop and dropped to 43 kWh/m2 when a vegetated layer added to the whole building (roof & wall), annual electricity consumption reduced by 17% to 25% per annum when added a vegetated layer. In addition to enhancing the indoor thermal comfort by 3 PMV values and indoor air temperature by 5°C.

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