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Civil Engineering Journal

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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 21 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December" : 21 Documents clear

Sustainable Development in Cities: A Qualitative Approach to Evaluate Rating Systems Arabi, Soheil; Golabchi, Mahmood; Darabpour, Mehrab
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Sustainable development paradigm is one of the dominant paradigms of the century. In 1987, â€œOur Common Future,â€ the Brundtland Commission adopted the concept of â€œsustainable developmentâ€ to challenge the dominant paradigm of development as equivalent to economic growth. Using rating systems is like a plan in order to implement sustainable development. Moreover, Tehran as the capital of Iran and a megalopolis needs an appropriate rating system to be assessed in context of sustainable development. Be that as it may, Selection of a rating system pivots on the paradigm of the planner that how the planner describes the development and what are the planner's preferences; and also on the priorities of the city planned to be developed. This research has tried to evaluate rating systems to unveil their qualities to afford city planners an opportunity to use an appropriate approach of sustainable development. Authors of this research hold the opinion that if planners' preferences and priorities of a city can be in step with a rating system, the best result will occur. Furthermore, it was decided to do the evaluation in the context of ASTM E2432. In this research rating systems of ISCA, BREEAM, LEED-ND, CASBEE, Green star, DGNB were chosen to be evaluated. On the other hand, the obstacles of implementing sustainable development in Tehran were identified. Finally, LEED-ND was identified as the best rating system among above-mentioned ones. Since the research was exploratory research, a qualitative approach was selected to do the evaluation. Consequently, structured interviewing was applied as a fitting method and the technique of pile sorting was used to collect data in interviews as well.

Risks of Solely Relying on VS30 in Ground Motion Response Studies Amin Ghanbari; Younes Daghigh; Forough Hassanvand
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The average shear wave velocity of the uppermost 30 m of earth (Vs30) is widely used in seismic geotechnical engineering and soil-structure interaction studies. In this regard, any given subsurface profile is assigned to a specific site class according to its average shear wave velocity. However, in a real-world scenario, entirely different velocity models could be considered in the same class type due to their identical average velocities. The objective of the present study is to underline some of the risks associated with solely using Vs30 as a classification tool. To do so, three imaginary soil profiles that are quite different in nature, but all with the same average Vs were considered and were subjected to the same earthquake excitation. Seismic records acquired at the ground surface demonstrated that the three sites have different ground motion amplifications. Then, the different ground responses were used to excite a five-story structure. Results confirmed that even sites from the same class can indeed exhibit different responses under identical seismic excitations. Our results demonstrated that caution should be practiced when large-contrast velocity models are involved as such profiles are prone to pronounced ground motion amplification. This study, which serves as link between soil dynamics and structural dynamics, warns practitioners about the risks associated with oversimplifying the subsurface profile. Such oversimplifications can potentially undermine the safety of existing or future structures.

Risk-Deformed Regulation: What Went Wrong with NFPA 805 Raymond HV Gallucci
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 805 was incorporated into Title 10 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations to allow commercial nuclear plants to transition their existing, deterministic fire protection licensing bases to ones that are “performance-based and risk-informed.” Both the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the commercial reactor industry championed this major leap forward in “risk-informed regulation.” However, hidden behind all the “success” are compromises and manipulations that were necessary to make this “work,” as revealed in this article. It is written by a former employee of the NRC (views do not nor ever did represent an official position), the first to receive a PhD on a thesis specifically related to fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) in nuclear plants, and later hired in 2003 as the expert in fire PRA for the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (NRR). He participated in the NFPA-805 program from the start in 2005 until mid-2014. The perspectives here cover that time period, with some extended time specific to issues that the interested reader can find detailed in “Risk-Deformed Regulation: What Went Wrong with NFPA 805” http://vixra.org/pdf/ (access latest version of entry 1805.0403).NFPA 805 will have been “successful” in that adopting plants are as safe as or safer than before, at a minimum having at least become more knowledgeable of potential safety weaknesses. Plants that made effective changes will be safer than before, although “effective” conveys that some changes only may have “seemingly” reduced risk. If such changes were prompted by questionable risk-reduction credits such as those cited later in this paper, then perhaps actual risk-reduction changes that could have been made were not. At worst, the plant merely missed an opportunity to become “safer,” a consequence of the problems with “risk-deformed regulation.”

Analysis of Route Choice for Pedestrian Two-Stage Crossing at a Signalized Intersection Yongqing Guo; Xiaoyuan Wang; Xinqiang Meng; Yaqi Liu; Jie Wang
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Studying pedestrians’ twice-crossing behavior is of great significance to enhance safety and efficiency for pedestrians at signalized intersections. However, limited attention has been paid to analyze and model pedestrians’ behavior patterns of twice crossing. The purpose of this paper is to determine pedestrians' route choices for twice crossing at a signalized intersection, focusing on the waiting position (to cross the street) and walking route. A goal-oriented and time-driven model was proposed to analyze pedestrians’ twice-crossing behavior at signalized intersections, where the two directions have different pedestrian signal timing. A video-recording method was used to collect field data in order to obtain pedestrian preferences in choosing a walking route. It was found that pedestrians in the two directions present different preferences toward walking route, in waiting position, directional change and route type. The results showed that the proposed model is effective in simulating pedestrian route-choice behavior of twice crossing. This research provides a theoretical basis for identifying pedestrian movement intention, optimizing signal timing, and improving pedestrian infrastructure at signalized intersections.

Anticipating the Compressive Strength of Hydrated Lime Cement Concrete Using Artificial Neural Network Model Chioma Temitope Gloria Awodiji; Davis Ogbonnaya Onwuka; Chinenye Okere; Owus Ibearugbulem
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In this research work, the levernberg Marquardt back propagation neural network was adequately trained to understand the relationship between the 28th day compressive strength values of hydrated lime cement concrete and their corresponding mix ratios with respect to curing age. Data used for the study were generated experimentally. A total of a hundred and fourteen (114) training data set were presented to the network. Eighty (80) of these were used for training the network, seventeen (17) were used for validation, and another seventeen (17) were used for testing the network's performance. Six (6) data set were left out and later used to test the adequacy of the network predictions. The outcome of results of the created network was close to that of the experimental efforts. The lowest and highest correlation coefficient recorded for all data samples used for developing the network were 0.901 and 0.984 for the test and training samples respectively. These values were close to 1. T-value obtained from the adequacy test carried out between experimental and model generated data was 1.437. This is less than 2.064, which is the T values from statistical table at 95% confidence limit. These results proved that the network made reliable predictions. Maximum compressive strength achieved from experimental works was 30.83N/mm2 at a water-cement ratio of 0.562 and a percentage replacement of ordinary portland cement with hydrated lime of 18.75%. Generally, for hydrated lime to be used in making structural concrete, ordinary portland cement percentage replacement with hydrated lime must not be up to 30%. With the use of the developed artificial neural network model, mix design procedure for hydrated lime cement concrete can be carried out with lesser time and energy requirements, when compared to the traditional method. This is because, the need to prepare trial mixes that will be cured, and tested in the laboratory, will no longer be required.

Element Free Galerkin Post-processing Technique Based Error Estimator for Elasticity Problems Mohd. Ahmed; Devender Singh; M. Noor Desmukh
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The study present a Mesh Free based post-processing technique for asymptotically (upper) bounded error estimator for Finite Element Analyses of elastic problems. The proposed technique uses Galerkin Element Free procedure for recovery of the displacement derivatives over a patch of nodes in radial domains. The radial nodes patches are used to construct the trial shape functions utilizing the moving least-squares (MLS) techniques. The proposed technique has been tested on three benchmark elastic problems discretized using 4-node quadrilateral elements. The recovered nodal stresses are utilized to calculate the error in finite element solution in energy norm. The study also demonstrates adaptive analysis application of proposed error estimator. The performance of proposed error estimator based on mesh independent node patches has been compared with that of mesh dependent node patches based Zienkiewicz-Zhu (ZZ) error estimator on structured and unstructured mesh. The improved results of the proposed error estimator in terms of convergence rate and effectivity are obtained. It is shown that present study incorporates the superiority of the Mesh Free Galerkin method into finite element analysis environment.

Versions of Fiber-Optic Sensors for Monitoring the Technical Condition of Aircraft Structures Nikolai Lvov; Stanislav Khabarov; Aleksander Todorov; Aleksander Barabanov
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

It is necessary to monitor the technical condition of various equipment due to the increased requirements for the safe operation of complex technical objects, such as bridges, structures, aircraft, cars and others. Monitoring systems based on the use of fiber-optic sensors measuring various physical quantities (temperature, deformation, pressure, vibration, etc.) are increasingly used for these purposes, since they have significant advantages over electrical sensors. The aim of the study is to compare the various options for the implementation of fiber-optic strain sensors to monitor the stress-strain state of the monitored object. A theoretical and experimental comparison of three types of fiber-optic sensors was carried out: on a mechanical fastener, sensors glued to the surface of a monitored design, and sensors embedded in a polymeric composite material at the stage of its manufacture. The requirements for the elements of the onboard systems of the aircraft according to the document “Environmental conditions and test procedures for airborne equipment QR-160D” are selected as comparison parameters. To assess the characteristics of various types of fiber-optic strain sensors, comparative bench mechanical and environmental tests were carried out. According to the test results, it was concluded that each type of sensor has its own advantages and disadvantages in comparison with each other, and in general, each of them can be used to create new standard systems for structural health monitoring of various units and structures of the aircraft (SHM systems). Also, the article proposed a new method of gluing a fiber-optic sensor to a controlled structure. This method - the use of specialized equipment, providing convenience and stability of gluing.

Correlation between Chemical and Index Properties of Soils of Hyderabad Region Karira, Hemu; Kumar, Aneel; Raja, Anees; Murtaza, Ali
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Each soil has unique nature of the characteristics and its properties are beyond the control of the designer. Since the soil parameters varies from site to site or location to location, thus selecting the reliable properties of soil is always a challenge for the Geotechnical Engineers. One of the option is intense soil investigations. However, there are various soil properties whose determination is time consuming and expansive. Geotechnical Engineer usually tries to develop mathematical equations specific to a particular soil type. However, a mathematical formula that is more reliable for the type of soil in which the link is genuine. In the light of above discussion, index and chemical properties were not investigated in most of the areas of Hyderabad region. Also correlation between chemical and index properties were not investigated. Correlation between chemical and index properties were not well understood. Thus it is important to develop the appropriate mathematical equations to be able to access the local area. The aim of this study is to determine index and chemical properties of soil selected from different locations of Hyderabad Region and also develop correlation between chemical and index properties of soils of Hyderabad region. Regression analysis have been carried out between Index and chemical properties. Such correlations may be of use to geotechnical engineers, in preliminary estimates of index and chemical properties of soils Hyderabad region and perhaps reduce testing requirements. The data obtained from independent laboratory tests on soils sourced from several locations in Hyderabad region were subjected to regression analysis after the samples had been grouped in A-4, A-6, and A-7-6 using AASHTO classification system. The derived Regression equations can be used to estimate the index and chemical properties of soils in Hyderabad region.

Investigating the Influence of Penetration Length of Cut-off Wall on its Dynamic Interaction with Core and Foundation of Earth Dam Javanmard, Mehran; Mottaghi, Reza; Hosseini, S. M. Mir Mohammad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-03091217

Seepage and flow of water in the soil is one of the most important issue and effective elements in designing embankment dams. One of the methods to control seepage in alluvial foundation of earth dams is to use a plastic concrete cutoff-wall. For better seepage control, the cutoff-wall extends inside the clayey core as the one of common method of connection of cut-off wall and the core. Due to the stiffness difference of the core material and cutoff-wall, and also due to geological situation, physical and mechanical properties of rock and foundation, interaction of core and foundation with cut-off wall in different static and dynamic load cases is very considerable. Failure of cut-off wall occurs in cut-off wall and core joint.Â So the study of their interaction, especially during an earthquake is very important. Karkheh dam cut-off wall with an area of about 150000 m2 is chosen for this study. FLAC software has been used to study the effect of cutoff-wall penetration length variation, inside the clay core of Karkheh earth dam under dynamic loading.Â In numerical analysis of Karkheh earth dam model, all construction stages and seepage through dam are modelled. The model is first calibrated according to the results obtained from the dam instrumentations. After calibrating, according to available seismic studies of region, a suitable acceleration was selected and applied to the model. In this research, in order to find the optimum length, the effect of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 meters penetration length of cut-off wall in aforementioned conditions has been investigated. The results of the numerical study showed that the horizontal displacement and the maximum shear strain in the cutoff-wall is occurred adjacent to the clay core and the interface of core and foundation is a critical point for the cut-off wall, and also the stress in cut off wall joint increases with the elongation of penetration depth of the wall.

Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Groundwater Quality Basim Hussein Khudair; Mustafa Malik Jasim; Awatif Soaded Alsaqqar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 12 (2018): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The present article delves into the examination of groundwater quality, based on WQI, for drinking purposes in Baghdad City. Further, for carrying out the investigation, the data was collected from the Ministry of Water Resources of Baghdad, which represents water samples drawn from 114 wells in Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa sides of Baghdad city. With the aim of further determining WQI, four water parameters such as (i) pH, (ii) Chloride (Cl), (iii) Sulfate (SO4), and (iv) Total dissolved solids (TDS), were taken into consideration. According to the computed WQI, the distribution of the groundwater samples, with respect to their quality classes such as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unfit for human drinking purpose, was found to be 14.9 %, 39.5 %, 22.8 %, 6.1 %, and 16.7 %, respectively. Additionally, to anticipate changes in groundwater WQI, IBM® SPSS® Statistics 19 software (SPSS) was used to develop an artificial neural network model (ANNM). With the application of this ANNM model, the results obtained illustrated high prediction efficiency, as the sum of squares error functions (for training and testing samples) and coefficient of determination (R2), were found to be (0.038 and 0.005) and 0.973, respectively. However, the parameters pH and Cl influenced model prediction significantly, thereby becoming crucial factors in the anticipation carried out by using ANNM model.

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