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Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Published by Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society
ISSN : -     EISSN : 19782993     DOI : https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, a reputable international journal, provides a forum for publishing the novel technologies related to the catalyst, catalysis, chemical reactor, kinetics, and chemical reaction engineering. Scientific articles dealing with the following topics in chemical reaction engineering, catalysis science, and engineering, catalyst preparation method and characterization, novel innovation of chemical reactor, kinetic studies, etc. are particularly welcome. However, articles concerned on the general chemical engineering process are not covered and out of the scope of this journal. This journal encompasses Original Research Articles, Review Articles (only selected/invited authors), and Short Communications, including: fundamentals of catalyst and catalysis; materials and nano-materials for catalyst; chemistry of catalyst and catalysis; surface chemistry of catalyst; applied catalysis; applied bio-catalysis; applied chemical reaction engineering; catalyst regeneration; catalyst deactivation; photocatalyst and photocatalysis; electrocatalysis for fuel cell application; applied bio-reactor; membrane bioreactor; fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering; kinetics studies of chemical reaction engineering; chemical reactor design (not process parameter optimization); enzymatic catalytic reaction (not process parameter optimization); kinetic studies of enzymatic reaction (not process parameter optimization); the industrial practice of catalyst; the industrial practice of chemical reactor engineering; application of plasma technology in catalysis and chemical reactor; and advanced technology for chemical reactors design. However, articles concerned about the "General Chemical Engineering Process" are not covered and out of the scope of this journal.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Katalisis
Articles 26 Documents
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Search results for , issue "2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)" : 26 Documents clear
Immobilised Chlorella vulgaris as An Alternative for The Enhancement of Microalgae Oil and Biodiesel Production Nur Hanani Rushan; Nur Hidayah Mat Yasin; Farhan Mohd Said; Nagaarasan Ramesh
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.6905.379-389

Abstract

Microalgae are a promising alternative for biodiesel production and a valuable source of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this research, Chlorella vulgaris has been chosen as the suitable microalgae because this species was able to produce highest oils for biodiesel processing. Previously, sodium alginate (SA) was used to entrap the microalgae in the culturing process due to its low toxicity and high transparency. However, SA have some disadvantages such as bead disruption which leading to the loss of microalgae cell. Therefore, this research has been conducted to evaluate the oil production of immobilised Chlorella vulgaris using different matric systems at different ratios which are 0.3:1, 1:1 and 2:1. Currently, six matric systems have been developed, they are SA as a control, a combination of SA and chitosan (SA+CT), SA and carrageenan (SA+CR), SA and gelatin (SA+GT), SA and calcium alginate (SA+CA), and SA and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SA+CMC). The microalgae was first cultivated, harvested and extracted to produce oil, prior to use in the transesterification process. The SA+GT showed the highest oil yield with 59.14% and a total FAME of 0.56 mg/g. The FAME profile of oil extracted microalgae showed high potential for biodiesel production as it consisted of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). The results proved that the combination of SA+GT had improved the oil yield and fatty acid composition as compared to the other matric systems, which may have useful application for the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Graphitization of Coconut Shell Charcoal for Sulfonated Mesoporous Carbon Catalyst Preparation and Its Catalytic Behavior in Esterification Reaction Fahmi Fahmi; Widiyastuti Widiyastuti; Heru Setyawan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7745.538-544

Abstract

Here, we reported the utilization of coconut shell charcoal used for solid acid catalysts and its performance in the esterification reaction of acetic acid and methanol. The graphitization of coconut shell charcoal was carried out by the calcination and KOH activation at the temperature of 400 °C for an hour and continued at the temperature of 800 °C for an hour under nitrogen flow resulted in graphitic carbon. The effect of the addition of KOH activation was observed by varied the weight ratio of coconut shell charcoal as raw material (RM) and KOH. The selected weight ratio of RM:KOH was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. The resulted graphitic carbon was sulfonated by heating with the sulfuric acid to obtain a solid acid catalyst. The sulfonic time was evaluated for 5 and 10 hours. The generated particles were characterized to examine the morphology, the crystallinity, the specific surface area, the chemical bonding, and the ionic capacity using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen gas absorption-desorption, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and titration method, respectively. The best condition for graphitization of raw material is the use of RM:KOH = 1:4, resulting in the highest surface area reaching 1259.67 m2/g and the most dominant of the sulfonic group of −SO3 bond. Furthermore, increasing the sulfonating time from 5 to 10 hours led to the increase of the yield of esterification reaction from 85% to 96.57% for graphite synthesized using RM:KOH = 1:4. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Product Distribution of Chemical Product Using Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin Damayanti Damayanti; Yeni Ria Wulandari; Ho-Shing Wu
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7249.432-453

Abstract

Lignin depolymerization is a very promising process which can generate value-added products from lignin raw materials. The main objective of lignin depolymerization is to convert the complex molecules of lignin into small molecules. Nevertheless, lignin is natural polymer which the molecules of lignin are extremely complicated due to their natural variability, and it will be a big challenge to depolymerize lignin, particularly high water yield. The various technology and methods are developed to depolymerize lignin into biofuels or bio chemical products including acid/base/metallic catalyzed lignin depolymerization, pyrolysis of lignin, hydroprocessing, and gasification. The distribution and yield of chemical products depend on the reaction operation condition, type of lignin and kind of catalyst. The reactor type, product distributions and specific chemicals (benzene, toluene, xylene, terephthalic acid) production of lignin depolymerization are intensive discussed in this review. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
UV Irradiation and Ozone Treatment of κ-Carrageenan: Kinetics and Products Characteristics Aji Prasetyaningrum; Widayat Widayat; Bakti Jos; Yudhy Dharmawan; Ratnawati Ratnawati
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7047.319-330

Abstract

The low molecular weight (LMW) of sulfated polysaccharides including k-carrageenan, is shows a wide spectrum of biological activities. This research investigates the influence of UV irradiation, ozone (O3), and the combination of O3/UV methods on the depolymerization of k-carrageenan. The depolymerization kinetics of k-carrageenan using the Advanced Oxidation Process (UV/O3) was also studied. Furthermore, the intrinsic viscosity method was used to determine the average molecular weight of the research sample, and a mathematical model was developed to predict the kinetic rate constant, as a function of ozone dosage and UV irradiation intensity. Therefore, the physicochemical and morphological properties of the degraded k-carrageenan were analyzed by FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. The intrinsic viscosity k-carrageenan decreases with increasing UV light intensity and ozone concentration. The combination of UV/O3 treatment appeared to be more effective than the individual approaches, as the highest kinetic rate constant for depolymerization was 1.924×10-4 min-1, using 125 mg/L ozone concentration and 40 mW/cm2 of UV lamp intensity. This research also evaluated the relationship between various experimental conditions, including UV lamp power dissipation and ozone concentration on the reaction kinetics model, and the results suggest that lower effect is contributed by UV irradiation intensity. In addition, FT-IR spectra showed the absence of any significant change in the functional properties of k-carrageenan treated with UV and O3 processes, although the morphological properties of the LMW k-carrageenan were rougher and more porous than the native k-carrageenan. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Kinetics of Starch Degradation during Extrusion Cooking of Steady State Flow Konjac (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tuber Flour in a Single Screw Extruder Andri Cahyo Kumoro; Diah Susetyo Retnowati; Ratnawati Ratnawati
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.8125.591-602

Abstract

The presence of glucomannan in Konjac (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) tuber flour has promoted its various applications, especially in the food, drink, drug delivery and cosmetics. Starch is the main impurity of Konjac tuber flour. Although the common wet refining method may result in a high purity Konjac tuber flour, it is very tedious, time consuming and costly. This research aimed to study the kinetics of starch degradation in the extrusion cooking process of dry refining method to produce high quality Konjac tuber flour. In this research, Konjac tuber flour with 20% (w/w) moisture was extruded in a single screw extruder by varying screw speeds (50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 rpm) and barrel temperatures (353, 373, 393, 413 and 433 K). The results showed that the starch extrusion cooking obeys the first reaction order. The reaction rate constant could be satisfactorily fitted by Arrhenius correlation with total activation energy of 6191 J.mol−1 and pre-exponential factor of 2.8728×10−1 s−1. Accordingly, thermal degradation was found to be the primary cause of starch degradation, which shared more than 99% of the energy used for starch degradation. Based on mass Biot number and Thiele modulus evaluations, chemical reaction was the controlling mechanism of the process. The results of this research offer potential application in Konjac tuber flour refining process to obtain high quality flour product. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).  
Simultaneous Catalytic Oxidation of a Lean Mixture of CO-CH4 over Spinel Type Cobalt Based Oxides Neha Neha; Ram prasad; Satya Vir Singh
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.6499.490-500

Abstract

A series of nickel-cobalt bimetal oxides in varying molar ratios and its single metal oxides were synthesized by reactive calcination of coprecipitated basic-carbonates. Several characterization techniques, such as: Bruneuer Emmett Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and Hydrogen Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR), were performed over the oxides. Activities of oxides were evaluated in methane total oxidation in the presence or the absence of CO. The best catalytic performance was observed over NiCo catalyst with a Ni/Co molar ratio of 1:1, and the complete conversion of CO-CH4 mixture was achieved at 390 °C. Moreover, the presence of carbon monoxide improves CH4 total oxidation over nickel-cobalt mixed oxides. Structural analysis reveals that the insertion of nickel into the spinel lattice of cobalt oxide causes the structural disorder, which probably caused the increase of the amount of octahedrally coordinated divalent nickel cations that are responsible for catalytic activity. Stability of the best-performed catalyst has been tested in the two conditions, showing remarkable long-term stability and thermal stability, however, showed deactivation after thermally ageing at 700 °C. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Totally-green Fuels via CO2 Hydrogenation Lorenzo Spadaro; Alessandra Palella; Francesco Arena
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7168.390-404

Abstract

Hydrogen is the cleanest energy vector among any fuels, nevertheless, many aspects related to its distribution and storage still raise serious questions concerning costs, infrastructure and safety. On this account, the chemical storage of renewable-hydrogen by conversion into green-fuels, such as: methanol, via CO2 hydrogenation assumes a role of primary importance, also in the light of a cost-to-benefit analysis. Therefore, this paper investigates the effects of chemical composition on the structural properties, surface reactivity and catalytic pathway of ternary CuO-ZnO-CeO2 systems, shedding light on the structure-activity relationships. Thus, a series of CuZnCeO2 catalysts, at different CuO/CeO2 ratio (i.e. 0.2-1.2) were performed in the CO2 hydrogenation reactions at 20 bar and 200-300 °C, (GHSV of 4800 STP L∙kg∙cat-1∙h-1). Catalysts were characterized by several techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), N2-physisorption, single-pulse N2O titrations, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Temperature-programmed Reduction with H2 (H2-TPR). Depending on preparation method, the results clearly diagnostics the occurrence of synergistic structural-electronic effects of cerium oxide on copper activity, with an optimal 0.5 copper-to-cerium content. The rise of CuO loading up to 30% drives to a considerable increase of hydrogenation activity: C2Z1-C catalyst obtains the best catalytic performance, reaching methanol yield value of 12% at 300 °C. Catalyst activity proceeds according to volcano-shaped relationships, in agreement with a dual sites mechanism. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).  
CuAl LDH/Rice Husk Biochar Composite for Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solution Neza Rahayu Palapa; Tarmizi Taher; Bakri Rio Rahayu; Risfidian Mohadi; Addy Rachmat; Aldes Lesbani
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7828.525-537

Abstract

The preparation of CuAl LDH and biochar (BC) composite derived from rice husk and its application as a low-cost adsorbent for enhanced adsorptive removal of malachite green has been studied. The composite was prepared by a one-step coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM−EDX). The result indicated that CuAl LDH was successfully incorporated with the biochar that evidenced by the broadening of XRD peak at 2θ = 24° and the appearance of a new peak at 1095 cm−1 on the FTIR spectra. The BET surface area analysis revealed that CuAl/BC composite exhibited a larger surface area (200.9 m2/g) that the original CuAl LDH (46.2 m2/g). Surface morphological changes also confirmed by SEM image, which showed more aggregated particles. The result of the adsorption study indicated the composite material was efficient in removing malachite green with Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of CuAl/BC reaching 470.96 mg/g, which is higher than the original CuAl LDH 59.523 mg/g. The thermodynamic analysis suggested that the adsorption of malachite green occurs spontaneously (ΔG < 0 at all tested temperature) and endothermic nature. Moreover, the CuAl/BC composite showed strong potential as a low-cost adsorbent for cationic dye removal since it showed not only a high adsorption capacity but also good reusability. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Selective Production of Green Hydrocarbons from the Hydrotreatment of Waste Coconut Oil over Ni- and NiMo-supported on Amine-functionalized Mesoporous Silica Wega Trisunaryanti; Savitri Larasati; Triyono Triyono; Cahyarani Paramesti; Nugroho Raka Santoso
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7136.415-431

Abstract

In order to overcome the depletion of energy resources, the production of fuel from a renewable source (green fuel) has aroused attention. The present work serves as a comparative study for green fuel production by utilizing monometallic Ni and bimetallic NiMo loaded on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica (MS). Two types of catalysts, denoted as Ni/NH2-MS and NiMo/NH2-MS, were prepared and evaluated for its catalytic activity in the hydrotreatment of waste coconut oil (WCO) at 450 ℃ under the flow of H2 gas (20 mL.min-1). Each catalysts were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Study of selectivity by GC-MS showed that gasoline-range hydrocarbon, especially n-undecane, was the major compound in the liquid products generated by the two amine-functionalized catalysts prepared in this study. The result showed that monometallic Ni/NH2-MS with surface area, total pore volume, nickel loading and average pore diameter 328.68 m2.g-1, 0.25 cm3.g-1, 1.90 wt%, 3.10 nm, respectively, exhibited the best performance in producing liquid hydrocarbon and generated higher level of liquid product (77.9 wt%) than bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS (76.3 wt%). However, it is highlighted that adding 1.08 wt% of Mo in bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS comprising 0.83 wt% of Ni improved the catalyst selectivity towards producing higher level of gasoline-range hydrocarbon (43 wt%). The bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS prepared was found to have surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter of 325.13 m2.g-1, 0.14 cm3.g-1, 3.22 nm, respectively. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Synergistic Effect of Microwave Calcination and Sonophotocatalytic Activity of TiO2-Montmorillonite on The Degradation of Direct Yellow 106 and Disperse Violet 1 Issma Labib; Hocine Boutoumi; Hussein Khalaf
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 2 Year 2020 (August 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.6999.304-318

Abstract

The TiO2-pillared montmorillonite nanoparticles (TiO2-Mt) were prepared by the sol-gel method, then applied for the elimination of dyes in solution: CI Direct Yellow 106 (DY106) (azo dye) and CI Disperse Violet 1 (DV1) (anthraquinone dye) by the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic processes, in order to test the efficiency of photocatalysts, while photolysis, sonolysis, and sonophotolysis tests have been done previously. The photocatalysts (TiO2-Mt) were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods, thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA) and the zero load point (pHpzc). Aqueous solutions of dye of an initial concentration (50 mg/L), in the presence of 1 g/L of photocatalyst, were irradiated using a mercury lamp (Hg) of 40 Mw/cm2 and put in contact with an ultrasonic probe with a frequency of 20 kHz and a power of 750 W, providing the ultrasound. The results obtained indicate that a weak, good and better dye degradation rate has been observed successively by the application of the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic processes, where the latter has shown a synergistic effect, while the photocatalyst TiO2-Mt/MW showed significant efficiency during the degradation, due to the beneficial effect of the microwave calcination mode. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

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