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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
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Articles 10 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]" : 10 Documents clear
Preparation of Composite Reinforced Agent Based on Sweet Sorghum Stalk Fiber through Alkali Pressure Steam Treated Method
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.39792

Abstract

Increasing global concern to environmental issues and sustainability related to preservation of non-renewable natural resources has encouraged research to develop new environmental friendly materials and products based on renewable natural resources. Sorghum fiber has potential to be a composite reinforcement because it has a good mechanical properties, environmental friendly and inexpensive. The preparation process of sorghum fiber is needed to improve its compatibility with polypropylene (PP). Thermal alkalization is the method used in conducting fiber preparation. In this study, alkalization-thermal treatment with 0%, 5% and 10% NaOH and pressurized steam for 1 and 3 minutes was carried out to change the hydrophobicity of sorghum fiber. The most optimum result was obtained at 5% NaOH concentration with 3 minutes pressure-soaking, showing cleaner and fibrillated morphology based on FESEM testing. It was less lignin and hemicellulose content as indicated by FTIR testing result, better hydrophobicity as indicated through Sessil Drop testing result that showed contact angle of 120.9◦, as well as significant increase in crystallinity index of 6.3% as indicated through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test result. The increase in the hydrophobicity of the modified sorghum fiber indicated the increase of the natural fiber compatibility with polymer matrix.
Water Scrubber and Zeolite Catalyst for Clean Syngas Production on Biomass Gasification of Bagasse in a Downdraft System
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.39674

Abstract

Biomass gasification is one solution that can overcome Indonesia's energy crisis. Indonesia is an agricultural country that has a lot of sources of biomass. This work was focused on clean syngas production with purifying process through a water scrubber and zeolite catalyst as a filter. The syngas was produced from bagasse gasification as solid waste from a sugar factory. The weight of bagasse feedstock was studied on 1000 g, 1500 g, 2000 g, 2500 g, and 3000 g. The influence of burning time and syngas composition were also studied on syngas production. The experiment result showed that the burning time of syngas is related to the amount of bagasse; the higher the bagasse, the longer the burning time. The syngas composition from the gasification process was investigated, and it was found that CO, CH4, and H2 were percentages of 9.294%, 1.348%, and 2.773%, respectively. The water scrubber and zeolite catalyst can affect the cleanness of the syngas.
The Properties of Particleboard Composites Made from Pleurotus ostreatus Baglog Waste Using Citric Acid and Sucrose Adhesive
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.40279

Abstract

Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) is one of the edible mushrooms cultivated in baglog as the medium. Baglog’s productive age is around 4-5 weeks. The more PO produced, the amount of baglog waste also increases. The main component of baglog is wood sawdust, which contains lignocellulose; therefore, baglog has great potential to be used as a raw material for making particleboard. This research aims to make particleboard from baglog waste and determine the effect of the type and adhesive concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard that is produced. Particleboard is made by mixing baglog waste, whose particle size is 40 mesh, with citric acid and sucrose adhesives whose concentrations are varied between 50%, 60%, and 70%. Furthermore, the particleboard was formed using a hot press machine (200 °C, 10 MPa) for 15 minutes. The obtained particleboard will be analyzed for its physical properties, including density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, morphology, and mechanical properties, including modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The test refers to the JIS A 5908-2003 type 8 standard.  As a result, particleboard made using citric acid adhesive (citric acid 70%; C70) has a better physical and mechanical properties compared to sucrose adhesive, with a density value of 0.86 g/cm³, moisture content of 4.118%, thickness expansion of 3.992%, water absorption capacity of 36.89%, 13.456%, MOR 9.682 MPa, and MOE 1.455 GPa.
Turmeric Extraction (Curcuma Longa L) Using The Reflux Method And Characterization
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.39784

Abstract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) is one of the many spices that grow on the Asian continent, especially Southeast and South Asia, which can be utilized to its full potential, especially the antioxidant compounds contained in curcuminoids. This study aims to determine the effect of different forms of turmeric, powder and fresh, on the extraction using the reflux extraction method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl). The reflux extraction process was carried out using distilled water with three variations of sample forms, turmeric powder, fresh turmeric (grated turmeric and pieces of turmeric) with a solute/solvent ratio (w/v) (1:5). The viscous extract in the form of a paste was obtained after the distillation process and solvent evaporation. The best extracts and essential oils obtained were extracts from powdered turmeric samples with yields of 8.28 (% w/w) and essential oils of 0.44 g, which were clearer than the other two samples. The analysis showed that the sample of turmeric with the highest antioxidant activity was a sample of freshly grated turmeric with an IC50 value of 114.7 ppm with a moderate level of antioxidant activity. The cut turmeric sample has an IC50 value of 158.3 ppm, which is included in the weak antioxidant activity. The powdered turmeric sample has an IC50 value of 134.1 ppm with moderate strength.
Optimization of Operating Condition for the Production of Edible Film from Cuttlefish’s Bone Gelatin as Instant Noodle Seasoning Packaging
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.36359

Abstract

Edible film is a thin layer commonly used to coat food, which is biodegradable and can be consumed. The functions of edible film such as an inhibitor of mass transfer, oxygen, aroma and other dissolved substances. Cuttlefish bones contain protein which can be processed into gelatin and applied as edible film. This study aims to determine the quality and optimal operating conditions of edible films. The research method that used in this research is descriptive quantitative method. The experimental design in this study used a factorial design with independent variables including: gelatin concentration (6 and 8%), glycerol concentration (10% and 20%) and pectin concentration (0.5 and 10%). In this study, the ranged of water vapor transmission rate (wvtr) from eight sample are 9.716 - 11.725 g/m2.day, the best result of water vapor transmission rate analysis shown at operating conditions of 8% gelatin concentration, 20% glycerol concentration and 1% chitosan concentration which was 9.716 g/m2.day. In this research the higher gelatin concentration causes an increase in the value of water vapor transmission rate, while the higher the concentration of glycerol causes an increase in the value of wvtr, thickness, elongation but decreases the value of tensile strength an solubility, the higher chitosan concentration causes an decreases in the value of wvtr, tensile strength, elongation, solubility but increase the value of thickness  The best results from the thickness, solubility, tensile strength, elongation tests were 0.22 mm; respectively; 1 minute 17 seconds; 6.30 MPa; 166.5%. The morphological analysis using SEM analysis shows that the surface of the molecular structure of the edible film looks smooth, uneven and slightly porous.
The Effect of Beeswax and Glycerol Addition on the Performance of Bioplastic Film Made of Konjac Glucomannan
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.40122

Abstract

In this study, bioplastics made of Konjac glucomannan have been successfully prepared via film casting method. The effects of addition of beeswax content (i.e. of 0%, 0.5%, and 1%,), as well as glycerol content (i.e. 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) on the properties of the bioplastics have been investigated. The bioplastics produced have been characterized for their tensile strength, percent elongation, swelling degree, and biodegradability. The results of this study, showed that most of the bioplastic samples have weight loss of about 95% after the drying process as well as the finished film. The addition of beeswax and glycerol concentrations also increased tensile strength and percent elongation of the bioplastics. The highest value of tensile strength occurred at bioplastic film with a concentration of 1.5% beeswax and 1% glycerol (i.e. Sample C3) with a value of approximately 3.5 MPa. Whereas, the highest percent elongation value occurred at bioplastic film with a concentration of 1.5% beeswax and 1% glycerol (i.e. Sample C3) with a value of approximately 23.29%. These tensile and percent elongation values were higher or comparable to other bioplastic samples made from starch of different raw materials reported by literatures. In the other hand, the addition of beeswax and glycerol decreased the degree of swelling. The degree of swelling for all the bioplastic film samples were in the range of 316.77 – 481%.
Optimization of Rhizopus Sp. Growth Media for Biofoam Manufacture: Effect of Temperature and Substrate Composition
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.40105

Abstract

Biofoam is a biodegradable material that can substitute the use of styrofoam. Biofoam can be produced from Rhizopus sp. mycelia. In the development of biofoam from fungal mycelia, mycelia act as a reinforcement or binder for the substrate (media) because mycelia grow and spread throughout the substrate. Therefore, optimization of the growth medium of Rhizopus sp. by varying the substrate composition and incubation temperature had been done in this research. The substrate consisted of sugarcane trash (particle size 20, 40, and 60 mesh), starch (soybean, sago, and rice), CaCO3, and distilled water. Rhizopus sp. inoculum that had been mixed with the substrate was incubated at certain temperatures (29 and 35°C) for 7 days. The FESEM-EDS analysis of starches showed that soybean has more nutrients than rice and sago starch. The optimum substrate for the mycelia growth of the Rhizopus sp. is TK 1, which consists of 20 mesh sugarcane trash, soybean flour, CaCO3, and distilled water with an incubation temperature of 29°C. That mycelia grew well and evenly distributed throughout the TK 1 substrate with an average length of ± 1.3 cm. The mycelia distribution throughout the media can also be seen by morphology analysis using Kayence digital microscope.The suitable substrate composition and incubation temperature can optimize the growth of Rhizopus sp. mycelia.
Hybrid Adhesive Made from Citric Acid and Sucrose for Particleboard Composed of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) Veener By-Products and Sorghum Stalk
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.38471

Abstract

Particleboard is a product of wood technology engineering made of wood particles and other lignocellulosic materials which are bonded with synthetic adhesives. As an information, utilization of natural adhesive for particleboard is still limited. This study aimed to determine the influence of hybrid adhesive made from citric acid and sucrose for particleboard properties composed of Sengon veener by-products and sorghum stalk. The hybrid adhesive content used was 15% of citric acid and 25% of sucrose that calculated from the dry weight of particles. The mixture ratio of hybrid adhesive for both citric acid and sucrose were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (% w/w). The manufacture of particleboard was set on target density of 0.8 g/cm3 under a press temperature of 200o C for 10 minutes. Mostly, the properties of particleboard were shown to be affected by the adhesive content and composition ratio between citric acid and sucrose and met the Japan Industrial Standard A 5908:2003. The value of modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond, and screw holding were ranged about 1.21-3.49 GPa, 12.77-20.24 MPa, 0.18-0.90 MPa and 167.71-321.27 N. Particleboard with 15% of citric acid content and the mixture ratio both citric acid and sucrose of 50:50 has the best physical and mechanical properties and met the requirement of Japan Industrial Standard A 5908:2003.
Optimization of Glycerolysis of Free Fatty Acids from Cocoa Bean with MgO Catalyst Using Response Surface Methodology
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.40471

Abstract

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is one of the oil derivatives that have relatively high economic value. It has considerable prospects in the global market, which can be synthesized chemically by glycerolysis of oil/fat containing triacylglycerols. The process uses an alkaline catalyst such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at the temperature of 210-260 °C. The present study utilized a free fatty acid compound from cocoa bean processing waste as alternative raw material for producing DAG. The reaction system using a MgO catalyst and tert-butanol as solvent was known to be more favorable. The solvent can increase the solubility of oil in glycerol so that the reaction temperature can be lowered to 70-90 °C. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and the ratio of glycerol/FFA on the glycerolysis process and to determine the optimized variables that result in a maximum conversion. The glycolysis reaction was optimized with two factors using a central composite design, i.e., reaction temperature and glycerol/FFA ratio. The selected fixed variables were catalyst loading (3.5 wt%), the mass of FFA (10 grams), stirring speed (400 rpm), reaction time (4 hours), and volume of solvent (20 mL). The optimization process was evaluated using the response surface method, which shows that the optimum condition was achieved at a glycerol/FFA ratio of 5 g/ml and a reaction temperature of 90 °C. The experiment carried out under these optimum conditions resulted in 97.5% conversion, while the two-order polynomial model developed using RSM was able to predict the conversion of 96.7% under the same condition.
Comparison of Alum and Poly Aluminium Chloride at Various Doses in Coagulation Process on Color Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 11, No 2 (2022): December 2022 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v11i2.38885

Abstract

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the type and dose of coagulants on the color removal of POME through the coagulation process. The coagulants used in this study were alum and poly aluminium chloride (PAC). The dose of coagulants was varied to 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/L. The results of this study showed that the optimum dose for coagulant of alum was 6 g/L and the optimum dose for coagulant of PAC was 8 g/L, in which these doses resulted in color removal efficiencies of 80.65±10.30% and 94.12±1.00%, respectively. The PAC coagulant was more effective than the alum coagulant. The kinetic models used to predict the color removal efficiencies were the first- and second-order kinetic models. Based on the kinetic analysis, the MAPE of the first and second-order kinetic models was 9.17-28.28% and 5.48-21.62%, respectively. It means that the second-order kinetic model can predict with higher accuracy than the first-order kinetic model. By the second order kinetic model, the reaction kinetic constant of the coagulation process at alum coagulant of 6/L and PAC coagulant of 0.021 and 0.057 /min, respectively.

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