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Aflatoxin Problems in Poultry Feed and Its Raw Materials in Indonesia Sjamsul Bahri
Media Veteriner Vol. 5 No. 2 (1998): Media Veteriner
Publisher : Media Veteriner

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Contamination of aflatoxins in animal feeds is one of a major problem in the development of poultry industry in Indonesia. Aflatoxins may lead to losses in animal productivity, aflatoxicosis and residue in animal products. A series of investigation on aflatoxin contamination in animal feed in poultry had been carried out at Research Institute for Veterinary Science (Balitvet) between 1984 to 1995. It showed that more than 80 % of commercial chicken feeds were contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (AFBI) within a wide range of concentration. Besides AFB1, other aflatoxins such as AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were also found. The level of AFB1 more than 200 ppb was found in 13.5 % out of 193 feed samples, whilst 23.3 % and 63.2 % of samples showed concentration 100-200 ppb and 400 ppb respectively. It had approved from the investigation that corn was the most frequent foodstuff contaminated by aflatoxins compared to other animal foodstuff. Most of corn used for chicken feeds appeared to be the major source of aflatoxin contamination, where it could be indicated visually in bad or good kernel appearance. The levels of AFB1 contamination seemed to be higher in the wet season (39.5 ppb) than in the dry season (19.5 ppb) as well as at the lower altitude (39.8 ppb) was higher than at the higher altitude (24.13 ppb). Based on this view, further studies are required to control of the aflatoxins problems in poultry feed in Indonesia.Key words: aflatoxins, animal feeds, poultry

Studies on the susceptibility of ostriches (Struthio camelus) to the Indonesian velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus Darminto .; Sjamsul Bahri
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 2, No 4 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Susceptibility of ostriches (Struthio camelus) to the Indonesian velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated by artificial infection . Twelve - 5 to 6 week old ostriches were divided into 3 groups each containing 4 birds . The first group was inoculated through respiratory system by dropping directly the virus solution into the nostrils, while the second group was inoculated through digestive system by dropping directly the virus solution into the oesophagus, with the dose of infection 106ELDSo (50%-embryo lethal dose) per bird . Meanwhile, the third group was treated as uninfected control . All infected birds developed antibody responses, but only two inoculated birds from the first group and two inoculated birds from the second group developed clinical signs of Newcastle disease (ND), with no specific pathological alterations . Infected birds, either sicks or healthy, excreted the challenge viruses through the respiratory system and still be detected up to the end of this experiment, ie . 15 days post-inoculation . The challenge viruses can be re-isolated from the brain, trachea, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, cecal-tonsil, and proventriculus of the infected birds . This study concludes that: (1) the ostriches are susceptible to the infection of the Indonesian velogenic strain ofNDV; (2) all infected birds developed immune responses, but only half of them develops el jtigi aj i disease ; (3) the infected birds excreted the challenge viruses for a considerable long time which may play role as the Mginiseti.ce ofinfectron the other healthy ostriches ; and (4) the challenge viruses can be re-isolated from various organs of the birds . . Keywords : Newcastle disease vir4, 9strich, immune response, artificial infection

Serological study against transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus in several area in Indonesia Indrawati Sendow; Tatty Syafriati; Sjamsul Bahri; Antonius Sarosa
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

A number of 1,168 pig and dog sera from 8 provinces in Indonesia were tested serologically for transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) antibodies using serum neutralisation test to detect the prevalence of TGE in Indonesia. The sera were obtained from serum bank at Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor. All sera collected before 1995 were negative antibody to TGE. However, sera collected from 2 provinces Sumatera Utara and Sulawesi Utara in 1996 had antibodies against TGE virus (14.03%). Titration of reacted sera showed varied between titres of 8 to 128. Key words: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, serum neutralization test

The effect of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) on chick embryo Sjamsul Bahri; R Widiastuti; Y Mustikaningsih
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 10, No 2 (2005): JUNE 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds which occurred in cereals especially low qualities corn and peanuts. Aflatoxins are mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. The presence of aflatoxin in food including derived food in Indonesia had been observed, however, the observation on its toxicity effect is still limited. This research was conducted to study the effect of innoculation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the development of embryonic chicken egg, mortality and hatchability. The AFB1 was innoculated 10 μl in each 5 days age embryonic egg through air sacs dosaged 0; 15,6; 31,2; 62,5; 125 and 250 ng. The results showed that hatchability of those embryos were 66, 28, 26, 16, 0 and 0% respectively for 0; 15,6; 31,2; 62,5; 125 and 250 ng innoculation of AFB1. Innoculation of AFB1 caused malformation of the embryos, malabsorbtion of the yolk egg. The weight of hatched eggs was not significantly different in each group, eventhough there was a tendency that high AFB1 innoculation will decreased the live weight. Key Words: Aflatoxin B1, Toxicity, Chick Embryo

The detection antibody of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig sera in Eastern part of Indonesia Indrawati Sendow; Sjamsul Bahri; Antonious Sarosa
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 2, No 3 (1997)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v2i3.68

Since the early 1980's, a new and highly contagious disease syndrome of pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), has been spreading through major pig producing areas in the world . It is suspected that the disease has occurred in Indonesia.To confirm the presence of PRRS infection in Indonesia, a serological survey in pig was conducted between 1993 and 1995 in some areas in Eastern Indonesia to detect antibodies against PRRS virus using ELISA test . The results indicated that a total of 822 pig sera were tested and 8% of these sera had antibodies against PRRS virus . Pig sera which were collected from slaughter house in Jakarta showing the highest prevalence (30%) of reactor. However, there was no antibody was detected from pig sera originated from Irian Jaya since 1993 . Key words: PRRS, prevalence, ELISA test, antibody

Protective antibody titre against Newcastle disease in ostriches (Struthio camelus) Darminto .; Sjamsul Bahri; N. Suryana
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 3, No 4 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The aim of this study was to define an estimated antibody titre which was considered to be protective against Newcastle disease (ND) virus infection in ostriches. Eighteen young ostriches of 4 days of age were divided into two groups each containing 9 birds. The first group was unvaccinated and the second group was vaccinated against ND virus twice at 4 and 14 days of age. Antibody titres were monitored at 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 85 days of age by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. All birds were then challenged with a velogenic strain of ND virus, Ita strain, at 42 days of age. The excretion of the challenge virus were monitored daily after challenge up to the end of this experiment. Several organs such as brain, trachea, lungs and spleen were collected from died birds for re-isolation of the challenged virus. Results indicated that all unvaccinated birds succumbed to the challenged virus, except one bird that survived challenged. In contrast to the unvaccinated birds, all vaccinated birds survived challenged, except two birds with low antibody titres succumbed challenged. All birds with antibody titres of 4 (HI-log2) or greater survived challenged. All challenged birds excreted the challenged virus through out their oropharyngs. Moreover, challenged virus can be successfully re-isolated from most organs of the died birds. This study concludes that : (a) the estimated protective titre against ND in ostriches is 4 (HI-log2), (b) the immune status for ostrich with antibody titre less the 4 (HI-log2) could not be defined, and (c) vaccination against Newcastle disease in ostriches could successfully prevent birds from sick and died of ND, but unable to prevent virus infection and unable to stop carrier status after infection. Key words : Newcastle disease, ostrich, antibody, protective titre

Aflatoxin contamination in feeds and feed ingredients from Lampung and East Java provinces Sjamsul Bahri; R Maryam; R Widiastuti
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 10, No 3 (2005): SEPTEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

In the last few years, poultry industries (broiler and laying hens) in Indonesia are faced on several problems, vaccination for instance, which suspected relate to highly-contaminated aflatoxins in feeds. The aim of this study is to give recent information on aflatoxin contamination in feeds, feed ingredients, and foods originated from some districts in Lampung and East Java provinces. The results of the study indicated that the percentage of aflatoxin B1 contamination in corn, commercial feeds, and peanuts in Lampung were 86.7, 70.0 and 80.0% with the average levels of 31.5, 13.5 and 32.2 μg/kg, respectively. Low levels of the other aflatoxins (AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) were also detected in the samples. The highest percentage of aflatoxin contamination was found in samples from retailer (100%), followed by samples from traditional markets (91.7%), poultry shops (76.9), and a feed company (33.3%). The average levels of aflatoxin found were 58.8, 34.3, 17.8 and 2.9 μg/kg, respectively. In East Java, AFB1 was detected in all samples (corn, rice bran, concentrate and commercial feeds) on the average levels of 25.4, 69.7, 134.2 and 30.7 μg/kg respectively. The levels of AFG1 on the samples from East Java were much more higher than those of from Lampung, as well as the percentage. Key Words: Aflatoxins, Feed, Feed Ingredients, Lampung, East Java

Pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi (Melia azedarach) leaf Yulvian Sani; Sjamsul Bahri
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 1, No 2 (1995)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi leaf (Melia azedarach) on skeletal muscle and myocardial tissues . Fifty two male Wistar rats weighing 140 g to 240 g were intoxicated in 20%; 25% and 40% diet of mindi leaf ad libitwn for 25 days . Clinical signs did not appear the intoxication of mindi leaf. Specific pathological changes were not found macroscopically except cachexia and paleness . Skeletal muscle lesions on the other hand, were consistently noted microscopically . There were degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of muscle fibres ; enlargement of nuclei ; fibrosis; oedema and hyalination . The hyalination was prominent and appeared to be more. progressive two weeks after dosing . Following the skeletal muscle lesions, myocardial showed degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of fibres ; enlargement of nuclei and hypercellularity . Regeneration of skeletal muscle developed on day-5 after the substitution of mindi diet by normal diet indicated by disappearing of hyalin tissues . But, myocardial appeared to be regenerated two days after the substitution of diet . Enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAI) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were not affected. Both enzymes in treated animals were lower than the control . The substitution of diet showed an increased of enzymatic activities during the first two weeks of feeding then reduced at the subsequent weeks . However, these enzymes increased on day-3 after substitution and appeared to maximum followed by a reduction of enzymatic activities in week-4 . On the other hand, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was affected in which higher level was noted in treated groups than control . Substitution of diet has led to the reduction of cpc level on day-2 and appeared to reach the same level as in control group on day-21 . The control group was not affected either clinically, pathologically or biochemically . It remained normal throughout the experimental period .

The Development of Japanese Encephalitis in Indonesia Indrawati Sendow; Sjamsul Bahri
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 3 (2005): SEPTEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic viral disease which causes encephalitis in children (5-9 years old) . The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. The presence of JE virus, vector and reservoir host in Indonesia, will increase the concern of the possibility of JE outbreak in Indonesia. JE infection in human was reported by clinical and serological findings. Recently, JE case in Bali was declared as hyperendemic (usually sporadic) . In animals, JE infection has been confirmed by serology and viral isolation, while JE vector had been found in different species of mosquitoes by successful viral isolation from those mosquitoes. The prevention and control of JE are conducted by socialization about JE to the society, by cutting the JE transmission cycle (virus, vector and host), including pig farm relocation . The development of regional laboratories (facilities and human resources) to diagnose JE and the establishment BSL of 3 laboratory in the central laboratory institute to isolate the JE virus and to conduct further JE research on the role of animal in transmitting JE to human, must be conducted . Key words : Japanese encephalitis, epidemiology, diagnose, animals, human

Anticipating the Emerging of Some Strategical Infectious Animal Diseases in Indonesia Related to The Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change Sjamsul Bahri; T Syafriati
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 1 (2011): MARCH 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The effect of global warming and climate change is changing the season, included flooding in one area and very dry in other area, changing the temperature and humidity. These changes will trigger changing of the life of biological agent (virus, bacteria, parasites and so on), variety of animal species, variety of vectors as reservoir host of animal with the role of transmitting the disease to other animal species, This condition will trigger the new animal disease (emerging disease) or old disease will be re-emerged (re-emerging diseases). This paper will discuss the effect of global warming and climate change on animal diseases in Indonesia such as Bluetongue (BT), Nipah, Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The climate changes such as increasing the earth temperature and rainfall will cause extremely increase of vector population for BT, JE, WN and RVF. In addition, animal transportation and bird migration from one country to others or region will cause changing of ecological system and will open the chance to distribute the diseases. Hence, anticipation on those disease outbreaks should be taken by conducting the surveilance and early detection to those diseases. The possibility of entering Nipah disease in Indonesia should be anticipated because the avaibility of Nipah virus and the reservoir host (Pteropus spp) and also pigs as amplifier host in the surrounding area. Other diseases such as, leptospirosis, anthrax and avian influenza (H5N1) are also have a wider potential to distributing the disease related to the climate change in Indonesia. Key words: Global warming, climate change, zoonotic disease

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