Supriadi Supriadi
Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute

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EFFICACY OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA IN REDUCING PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE Pratylenchus brachyurus Rita Harni; Supramana Supramana; Supriadi Supriadi
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 15, No 1 (2014): April 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v15n1.2014.p29-34

Abstract

Pratylenchus brachyurus is a major parasitic nematode on patchouli that reduces plant production up to 85%. The use of endophytic bacteria is promising for controlling nematode and promoting plant growth through production of phytohormones and enhancing the availability of soil nutrients. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of endophytic bacteria to control P. brachyurus on patchouli plant and its influence on plant productions (plant fresh weight and patchouli oil). The study was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Garden and Laboratory of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor, West Java. The experi-ment was designed in a randomized block with seven treatments and eight replications; each replication consisted of 10 plants. The treatments evaluated were five isolates of endophytic bacteria (Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK and Bacillus subtilis NJ57), synthetic nematicide as a reference, and non-treated plant as a control.  Four-week old patchouli plants of cv. Sidikalang were treated by soaking the roots in suspension of endophytic bacteria (109 cfu  ml-1) for one hour before trans-planting to the field. At one month after planting, the plants were drenched with the bacterial suspension as much as 100 ml per plant. The results showed that applications of the endophytic bacteria could suppress the nematode populations (52.8-80%) and increased plant weight (23.62-57.48%) compared to the control. The isolate of endophytic bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2 was the best and comparable with carbofuran.
POTENTIAL USE OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA TO CONTROL Pratylenchus brachyurus ON PATCHOULI Rita Harni; Supramana Supramana; Supriadi Supriadi
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 13, No 2 (2012): October 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v13n2.2012.p86-95

Abstract

Pratylenchus brachyurus is an important parasitic nematode which significantly decreases quality and quantity of patchouli oil. One potential measure for controlling the nematode is by using endophytic bacteria. These bacteria also induce plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of endo-phytic bacteria to control P. brachyurus. The experiments were carried out in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, Bogor Agricultural University, and the Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute from April to December 2007. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of patchouli plants sampled from various locations in West Java. Antagonistic activity of the isolates were selected against P. brachyurus and their abilities to induce plant growth of patch-ouli plants. Isolates having ability to control P. brachyurus and promote plant growth were identified by molecular techniques using 16S rRNA universal primers. The results showed that a total of 257 isolates of endophytic bacteria were obtained from patchouli roots and their population density varied from 2.3 x 102 to 6.0 x 105 cfu g-1 fresh root. As many as 60 isolates (23.34%) were antagonistic against P. brachyurus causing 70-100% mortality of the namatode, 72 isolates (28.01%) stimu-lated plant growth, 32 isolates (12.47%) inhibited plant growth, and 93 isolates (36.18%) were neutral. Based on their antago-nistic and plant growth enhancer characters, five isolates of the bacteria, namely Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK, and Bacillus subtilis NJ57 suppressed 74.0-81.6% nema-tode population and increased 46.97-86.79% plant growth. The study implies that the endophytic bacteria isolated from patchouly roots are good candidates for controlling P. brachyurus on patchouly plants. Bahasa IndonesiaPratylenchus brachyurus adalah nematoda parasit pada tana-man nilam yang dapat menurunkan hasil dan kualitas minyak nilam. Salah satu cara pengendalian yang potensial terhadap nematoda tersebut adalah menggunakan bakteri endofit. Selain dapat membunuh nematoda, bakteri endofit juga dapat meng-induksi pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk  mengevaluasi potensi bakteri endofit yang berasal dari tanaman nilam untuk mengendalikan namatoda parasit P. brachyurus. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor, serta di  laboratorium dan rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, pada bulan April sampai Desember 2007. Bakteri endofit diisolasi dari sampel akar tanaman nilam dari beberapa lokasi di Jawa Barat. Isolat-isolat bakteri endofit diseleksi kemampuannya untuk membunuh P. brachyurus dan menginduksi pertumbuhan tanam-an nilam. Isolat bakteri endofit yang potensial selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara molekuler menggunakan primer universal 16S rRNA. Penelitian memperoleh 257 isolat bakteri endofit dengan kerapatan populasi 2,3 x 102 sampai 6,0 x 105  cfu g-1 berat basah akar. Enam puluh isolat (23,34%) di antaranya bersifat antagonis terhadap P. brachyurus dengan mortalitas 70-100%, 72 isolat (28,01%) dapat memacu pertumbuhan tanaman nilam, 93 isolat (36,18%) bersifat netral, dan 32 isolat (12,47%) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman. Berdasarkan hasil peng-ujian antagonis dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, lima isolat bakteri, yaitu Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16,  Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK, dan Bacillus subtilis NJ57 dapat menekan populasi nematoda 74,0-81,6% dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan nilam 46,97-86,79%. Penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri endofit dari tanaman nilam berpotensi mengendalikan P. brachyurus pada tanaman nilam.
AFLATOXIN OF NUTMEG IN INDONESIA AND ITS CONTROL / Aflatoksin pada Pala di Indonesia dan Pengendaliannya Supriadi Supriadi
Perspektif Vol 16, No 2 (2017): Desember 2017
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v16n2.2017.102-110

Abstract

Indonesia produces the largest amount of nutmeg in the world, accounted for 66-77% of the world market. Most nutmeg plantations (99.3%) are cultivated by small holders, mainly in five provinces, i.e. North Moluccas, Moluccas, Aceh, North Sulawesi, and West Papua. Ironically, during the last 17 years (2000-2016), exported nutmeg are detected to be contaminated with aflatoxins, especially those entering the European Market, as the result 53 out 80 (62%) cases of imported nutmegs were rejected. Aflatoxin contaminating nutmeg is found in every level of market chains in the country, from the farmers, collectors and exporters, representing that aflatoxin in nutmeg is common and serious. Aflatoxins are produced mainly by two species of fungi, i.e. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Five groups of aflatoxins are known, i.e. aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, but the international legislations are concerned on the maximum limit of aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2) that should not exceed of 5 and 10 µg/kg, respectively. Aflatoxin in agriculture products including nutmeg can be detected by various methods, mainly by a thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC), andenzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA). Minimizing aflatoxin in the nutmeg should be properly managed at every level of the production processes from harvesting, drying, and packaging. Drying is the most critical one; nutmeg should be dried as soon as being harvested to keep its water content below 10%, then it be kept in a very dry condition (10oC and air humidity< 65%).  ABSTRAK Indonesia merupakan penghasil pala terbesar di dunia yang memasok sekitar 66-77% pasar dunia. Sebagian besar perkebunan pala (99,2%) dibudidayakan oleh petani kecil, terutama di lima provinsi, yaitu Maluku Utara, Maluku, Aceh, Sulawesi Utara, dan Papua Barat. Ironisnya, selama 17 tahun terakhir (2000-2016), ekspor pala, terutama ke pasar Eropa, terdeteksi mengandung aflatoksin sehingga 53 dari 80 (62%) kasus pala dari Indonesia ditolak. Biji pala yang tercemar aflatoksin ditemukan pada setiap tingkat rantai pasar dalam negeri, mulai dari petani, pengumpul, dan eksportir.  Hal ini menunjukan bahwa aflatoksin pada pala sudah umum dan sangat serius. Aflatoksin diproduksi terutama oleh Aspergillus flavus dan A. parasiticus. Dikenal ada 5 kelompok aflatoksin, yaitu aflatoksin B1, B2, G1, G2, dan M1, tetapi peraturan perundang-undangan Inernational hanya fokus pada batas maksimum aflatoksin B1 dan jumlah aflatoksin (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) yang masing-masing tidak boleh melebihi dari 5 dan 10  µg/kg. Aflatoksin dalam produk pertanian, termasuk biji pala, dapat dideteksi dengan berbagai metode, terutama kromatografi lapis tipis (TLC), HPLC, dan  ELISA.   Upaya meminimalkan aflatoksin pada biji pala harus dilakukan secara  baik pada setiap tingkat proses produksi, mulai dari panen, pengeringan, dan kemasan. Pengeringan adalah proses paling penting, oleh karena itu biji pala harus dikeringkan segera setelah dipanen untuk menjaga kadar airnya di bawah 10%.  Selanjutnya biji pala kering harus disimpan dalam kondisi yang sangat kering (10oC dan kelembaban udara <65%). 
Research Innovation to Support the Commersialization of Biopesticides in Indonesia Supriadi Supriadi
Perspektif Vol 14, No 1 (2015): Juni, 2015
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v14n1.2015.15-25

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe economic value of biological pesticides outside Indonesia is quite high, reaching US $ 1.8 billion, however, in Indonesia, the value is insignificant. The paper was aimed to discuss the commercialization of biological pesticides and research innovation to support its development. The biological pesticide formulation in Indonesia is limited; only 30 formulas (0.6%) are registered of the total 2475 registered pesticide formulations in 2012. The Ministry of Agriculture has produced 39 biological pesticide formulations that could be developed by pesticide companies for commercialization. The limited number of the registered biological pesticides shows serious constraints on their commercialization. One of the important constraint is lacking of standardization of the active ingredients and the formulations are short life. The Government, through The Ministry of Agriculture, emposes the Permentan no.39/ Permentan/SR.330/7/2015 in effort to encourage the commercialization of biological pesticides. The registrartion of biological pesticide do not require acute oral and dermal toxict data as that applied to synthetic pesticides. In addition, any government agency that has the duty and function of plant protection can apply for registration of biological pesticide. To improve the quality of biological pesticides that will attract investors, the role of research programs related to improving the quality of the biological pesticide formulation is needed.Keywords: Biological pesticides, innovation, research innovation 16 Volume 14 Nomor 1, Juni 2015 : 15 -25 Inovasi Hasil Penelitian untuk Mendukung Komersialisasi Pestisida Biologi di IndonesiaABSTRAKNilai ekonomi pestisida biologi di luar negeri cukup tinggi, yaitu mencapai US$ 1,8 milyar, tetapi di Indonesia nilainya belum memadai. Makalah ini membahas kendala komersialisasi pestsida biologi dan dukungan inovasi penelitian untuk pengem-bangannya. Jumlah formulasi pestisida biologi di Indonesia masih terbatas; hanya 30 (0,6%) dari total 2475 formulasi pestisida yang terdaftar pada tahun 2012. Kementerian Pertanian telah menghasilkan 39 inovasi formulasi pestisida biologi yang siap dikembangkan oleh perusahaan pestisida untuk komersialisasi. Terbatasnya formula pestisida biologi yang diperdagangkan menunjukkan adanya kendala dalam komersialisasinya. Kendala utamanya adalah belum adanya standardisasi mutu bahan aktif dan masa simpan bahan aktif sangat pendek (short life). Upaya Pemerintah untuk mendorong komersialisasi pestisida biologi ditunjukkan dengan terbitnya Permentan No.39/Permentan/SR.330/7/2015. Dalam Permentan tersebut, pendaftaran pestisida biologi tidak mensyaratkan data hasil uji toksisitas akut oral dan akut dermal sebagaimana diberlakukan untuk pestisida sintetis. Di samping itu, instansi Pemerintah yang mempunyai tugas dan fungsi perlindungan tanaman dapat mengusulkan pendaftaran untuk pestisida biologi. Untuk meningkatkan mutu pestisida biologi yang masih beragam perlu dibuat standar bakunya sehingga keefektifannya bisa terjamin sehingga akan menarik investor untuk mengembangkannya. Oleh karena itu, peran penelitian berkaitan dengan peningkatan mutu formulasi pestisida biologi sangat diperlukan.Kata kunci: Pestisida biologi, inovasi, dukungan penelitian