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MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION ON CORN USED BY FEED MILLS IN INDONESIA Tangendjaja, Budi; Rachmawati, Sri; Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 9, No 2 (2008): October 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Mycotoxins which are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxin contamination on local and imported corn samples collected from different feed mills in Indonesia. Three hundred fifty six of corn samples (0.50 kg each) were sent by several feed mills to the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production during 2005-2006. The background information accompanied with each sample was country/province of origins, harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, moisture levels, grades, and varieties. The samples were analyzed for various mycotoxins, i.e aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin (OCRA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin using commercial kits, except for AFLwhich was analysed using a kit developed by the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science. The results showed that average AFL level in the contaminated corn originated from Indonesia was 59 Âµg kg-1, almost 7 times higher than that imported from the USA or Argentina. Among the types of mycotoxins detected, FUM was the highest with an average of 1193 Âµg kg-1, followed by DON, ZEN and OCRA at level of 324, 22 and 2 Âµg kg-1, respectively. Mycotoxin levels in the contaminated local corn samples varied depending on the province of origins as well as harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, and moisture contents. The least mycotoxin contaminations were found on corn originated from NorthSumatra and Lampung with the AFL levels were < 20 and < 50 Âµg kg-1, respectively, lower than those from East Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi (64-87 Âµg kg-1). Mycotoxin levels, however, were less affected by grading made by feed mills and corn varieties. It is indicated that AFL was the most important mycotoxin as far as for animal feeding concerned, as itcontaminated almost 50% of local corn with the level of contamination above the Indonesian National Standard, i.e. 50 Âµg kg-1. The study suggests that postharvest methods of local corn must be improved to reduce mycotoxin contamination.

Environmental Management for Poultry Farm Rachmawati, Sri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Attention has to be given to farming management, housing and waste handling in order to achieve an efficient farming and also to maintain a good environmental quality. A literature review was conducted to find out kinds of waste discharged from poultry farm, the effect of waste to environment and health and its handling and monitoring methods. Environmental problem of poultry farm comes from manure that causes bad odor. The source of odor is from the formation of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases, nitrate, and nitrite during decomposition process of manure. Air polluted by those gases can cause disturbance to chicken health and people who live near the farm. Ammonia can inhibit the growth of chicken and cause eyes irritation and respiratory problem to human being. Methods of odor handling using zeolite, lime, and microorganism have been attempted. Those materials, which are added into manure, can reduce the formation of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. The manure can also be used as an organic fertilizer, and the farmer obtains good benefit from it, because it has high nitrogen content. To maintain a good environmental quality, especially from manure odor, continuous environmental monitoring has to be done that involving people who live around the farm. Their perception about manure odor has to be taken into consideration and they are also asked to report any problems caused by the pollution of manure odor. Â Key words: Handling, manure, monitoring

Aflatoxin in Animal Feed in Indonesia: The Regulation on The Toxic Content and The Development of Detection Technique Rachmawati, Sri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities including feedstuff potentially occurs in Indonesia, and can cause problem to animal health and productivity . To minimize the impact of such contamination to both human and animal health, regulations regarding feed quality have been issued by the government . A continuous monitoring of the contamination using a simple, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective method is greatly needed. This paper contains some information about the current situation of aflatoxin contamination in feed and its ingredient (corn), the regulation related to aflatoxin contamination and the development of detection technique for analysis aflatoxin B, in feedstuffconducted by Research Institute for Veterinary Science (RIVS). From research results, inter laboratory studies and collaboration research conducted in Indonesia, they indicate that poultry feed collected from different areas of Indonesia is contaminated by aflatoxins . Results of inter laboratory study and collaborative research with Feed Lab, Directorate General for Livestock Services (DGLS) showed that 14 .0% of 207 feed samples from different sources contain aflatoxin above the standard determined by Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) . Regulations related to aflatoxin content in feed are compiled in the SNI (revised formed), the Minimum Technical Requirement of feed concentrate for ruminant and non ruminant, and the regulation from DGLS, letter No 524/TN .250/Kpts/DJP/Deptan/1997. RIVS developed an ELISA technique for analysis aflatoxin in feed and corn, which was involving some steps of activities include hapten synthesis, production and characterization of antibody, development of assay performance, designing a method as a prototype kit . For validation of this technique, RIVS has conducted a training workshop and a field trial . Rapid assay ELISA kit has been designed with incubation time of 5 minutes for conjugate and 10 minutes for substrate . Antibody response was specific to AFB, (100%) with cross reactivity of 0 .9, 3 .5 and 1 .6% for aflatoxins B,, G, and G,, respectively . The limit of detection of AFB, was 0 .3 ppb . The range of analysis is from 0 .3 ppb up to 30 ppb . An ELISA kit composed of seven bottles of AFB, standards solution of 30 . 10, 3 .3, 1 .2, 0 .4, and 0 .12 ppb and blank (0 ppb AFB,), a conjugate of AFB I-HRPO, a substrate, a stopping solution, an antibody coated plate, and one mixing plate . The kit was stable at 4 Â°C for two months . The field trial of ELISA kit showed an accurate result and when comparing the ELISA method with the standard method of HPLC, a consistent result was also found . With the information given above, people or farmers should be aware of the danger of aflatoxin and should take precaution to prevent aflatoxin contamination . RIVS ELISA kit is a useful technique to detect aflatoxin in feedstuff and, hence, controlling the aflatoxin contamination . Keywords: Aflatoxins, ELISA, detection, feed

Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) for reducing aflatoxsins contamination in commercial chicken feed Rachmawati, Sri; Arifin, zainal; Zahari, Paderi
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Indonesian climate condition is suitable for growing of mold such as Aspergillus flavus. The mold grown in feed and feed ingredients cause aflatoxins contamination of the feed. Sambiloto has been reported to reduce the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins production in feed isolate. The aim of the study was to find the used of sambiloto in reducing aflatoxins contamination in commercial chicken feed. The feed was homogenously mixed then divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates. The samples were treated with sambiloto 0.04%, 0.08% and 0.16% respectively into the feed, except for the control feed sambiloto was not added. Into these feed 4 ml of Aspergillus flavus suspension was also added. Then the feed in each group was incubated at room temperature for 10 days. Samples were collected from each group at days 0, 5 and 10 of incubation times for aflatoxins analysis. Samples were extracted and aflatoxins were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Observation results indicated that sambiloto concentration of 0.16% in feed can inhibit the total aflatoxins production of 16.46% and gave the inhibitation percentage of aflatoxin B1 of 45.39%. Statistical test showed that the used of sambiloto in feed for 5 days incubation times gave significant result in reducing aflatoxins production. However the 10 days incubation times of the feed with sambiloto gave in significant result. It is suggested that to get optimum inhibition of aflatoxins production, sambiloto added in feed should be higher than 0.16%. Â Key words : Feed, aflatoxin, sambiloto

Effects of zinc and calcium minerals intake on cadmium accumulation in the liver of broiler chicken Rachmawati, Sri; ., Darmono; Arifin, Zainal
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 3 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Cadmium is a heavy metal which can accumulate in animal tissues, may have an effect the growth of chicken, causes a residual problems and is danger for human consumption. Study on evaluating the effect of mineral zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) intake on cadmium (Cd ) accumulation in the liver of broilers and their growth was carried out. One hundred and eighty of day old chicks (DOC) were divided into 6 groups, group I was used as control, group II, III, IV, V and VI were given feed containing of 5 ppm Cd, 5 ppm Cd and 10 ppm Zn, 5 ppm Cd and 15 ppm Zn, 5 ppm Cd and 10 ppm Ca, 5 ppm Cd and 15 ppm Ca respectively in their feed. Cd, Zn and Ca were added as CdCl2, ZnCl2 and CaCl2. During the experiment, at week -0, -1,-2,-3 and -4, five chickens from each group were weighed and then they were slaughtered and livers were collected. The liver samples were analyzed for Cd content by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result indicated that Cd exposed to chickens caused the accumulation of that Cd in their liver. The addition of 15 ppm Zn in feed reduced the accumulation of Cd in liver significantly (P<0.05). However the addition of Ca in chicken feed gave greater effect in reducing the Cd accumulation in liver compared to that of Zn supplementation. 10 ppm Ca and 15 ppm Ca in chicken feed caused the accumulation of Cd in liver chicken significantly decreased (P<0.05). Ca supplementation also caused of increasing body weight of chickens. The body weight of five weeks old chickens given 15 ppm Ca in their feed as in average of 1,820 grams is higher than that of chickens in control group, which was 1,761 grams. Whereas the body weight of chickens in group IV, which was given with 15 ppm Zn in their diet was in average of 1,745 grams. It was concluded that Zn and Ca can reduce the accumulation of Cd in broiler chicken liver. Â Key words : Zinc, calcium, accumulation, cadmium

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