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Perubahan Hirarki Kota Menengah Di Pulau Jawa Ritohardoyo, Su; Murtomo, Rafeal
Majalah Geografi Indonesia Vol 6, No 9 (1992)
Publisher : Majalah Geografi Indonesia

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Penulisan hti merupakan basil perrelitian perubaharr hirarki kola di whirr& pilau lawn dari Minor 1930-1990. Tujuan penelitian mengkaji besarrrya peringkat perubahan hirarki kola alas dasar jurnialr penduduk, dart menghitung peringkat kola alas dasar inns lahan perkotatur taint?! 1980. Disamping itu penelitian bertujnan menghitung Inns lalran perkotaan tairun 1990. Penelitian ini dilakukan &organ menggimakan analisis data sekunder, &Nut, dengan teknikanalisis data statistik. Hasil perrelitian menunjukkan balrwa pencrapan konsep peringkat (hirarki) wilayah perkotaan menurut Zipf, di Indonesia (terutama di lawn) secara minim tidak scsuai lagi. Ketidnicsesunian sebagni akibat adanya kecerrderungan di be.berapa wilayah perkotaan memiliki purdah penduduk yang hampir santa, kecuali di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, terdapat perbedaan yang sangat nyata antara peringkat wilayah perkotaan daerah kota madya, dengan wilayah perkotaan di daerah kabupaten. Besarnya peringkat wilayah perkotaan menurut luas lahan kota tidak memiliki perbedaab yang nyata, dengan peringkat wilayah perkotaan menurut jumlah penduduk perkotaan. Secara umum dapat dikemukakan bahwa makin tinggi peringkat perkotaan menurut jumlah penduduk, maka makin tinggi pula peringkat perkotaan menurut luas lahan kotanya. Walaupun pengaruh laju pertumbuhan penduduk (baik dalam jiwa maupun rumah tangga) terhadap perubahan peringkat wilayah perkotaan di setiap kota di Jawa tidak cukup kuat, tetapi laju pertumbuhan rumah tangga lebih tinggi, dari pada pengaruh pertumbuhan penduduk dalam jumlah jiwa. Perkembangan penduduk perkotaan di Jawa, pada dasarnya mencerminkan perkembangan wilayah perkotaan setiap kota di Jawa. Walaupun tidak menampakkan pola yang jelas, perubahan peringkat wilayah perkotaan selama tahun 1980-1990, menunjukkan perkembangan wilayah perkotaan dipantai Utara Jawa.

Contributions of Non-Farm Employment Opportunities on Household Income: Study on Itinerant Vegetable Traders in Sumowono Village Hardati, Puji; Rijanta, R; Ritohardoyo, Su
KOMUNITAS: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE Vol 7, No 1 (2015): Komunitas, March 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/komunitas.v7i1.3599

This study aims to analyze the contribution of non-farm employment opportunities to household income. The experiment was conducted in the Sumowono Village, Semarang Regency Central Java province. Respondents were itinerant vegetable traders and community leaders. Data collection is carried out by means of in-depth interviews. The analysis showed that non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas conducted by itinerant vegetable traders became one of alternative employment and contribute to labor force participation. Generally itinerant vegetable vendor is male. Mostly are married, have an average of two children, and only 20 percent is unmarried. The majority of junior high school education is finished. Reach of the work area is varies, begin from the surrounding villages in the sub-district, outside the district, regencies and outside the province. Motorcycle become one of the means of transportation used. The outpouring of working time each day an average of 9 hours. Contribution to household income by 70 percent.Â Â Â Â Â Â Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis kontribusi kesempatan kerja non-pertanian terhadap pendapatan rumahtangga. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Sumowono Kabupaten Semarang provinsi Jawa Tengah. Responden adalah pedagang sayur keliling dan tokoh masyarakat. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan cara wawancara mendalam. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwaÂ kesempatan kerja non-pertanian di perdesaan yang dilakukan oleh pedagang sayur keliling menjadi salah satu alternatif kerja dan berkontribusi terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja. Umumnya pedagang sayur keliling berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Sebagian besar berstatus kawin, dengan rata-rata memiliki anak 2 orang, dan hanya 20 persen bujang. Pendidikan mayoritas adalah tamat sekolah lanjutan pertama. Jangkauan wilayah kerja bervariasi, mulai dari desa sekitar satu wilayah kecamatan, luar kecamatan, luar kabupaten dan luar provinsi. Sepeda motor menjadi salah satu alat transportasi yang digunakan. Curahan waktu kerja setiap hari 9 jam. Kontribusi terhadap pendapatan rumahtangga sebesar 70 persen.

Public Participation in Reforestation (Case at Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province) Ritohardoyo, Su; Prakosa, B S
Forum Geografi Vol 16, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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Popular participation is a determinant indicator of reforestation. The important of it is due to the fact, that the people who will take the conservation innovation, adopt the technology, and bear the impact of conservation. However, there are many cases indicate the failure of reforestation project because of low popular participation. In this regard, this research is conducted to expose spatially the people knowledge, perception, and participation on reforestation. This research is carried out in the Gunungkidul district employing survey method primary data is collected from 180 rspondents are households who as participant of reforestation project, and household who are classified as self sufficient. The respondent sample is selected on the basis of stratified random sampling, according to physiography and the existing of forestation programme of the area. Three villages sample selected in this research are 1) Tegalrejo, in the physiography of Baturagung Range; 2) Gedangrejo, in the physiography of Wonosari Plateau; 3) Banjarejo, in the physiography of Gunungsewu Mountain. The measurement of people knowledge, perception, and participation on reforestation is performed through Likert Scale technique. Data analysis makes use of tabulation statistic technique espeially t test, variance, and rank correlation.The result of research shows that most people gain the reforestation knowledge from Foresty Extension Service or RLKT, whereas the knowledge of the larger part of self sufficient household comes from village officers. Though the category of their degree of knowledge are high, however there are quiet different according to physiography area. This fact determines the level of popular participation in the perspective physiography unit. It means that the higher the degree of knowledge on reforestation leads to the higher the perception on forestation. Moreover, the different in physiography of the area, or participation in the project determines also the difference in perception. The degree of popular participation on self sufficient reforestation or reforestation project is high. Popular participation is varied to either physiography condition or among participant of reforestation project. Participation of participant of reforestation project is higher than participation of self sufficient group.Â The difference in the involvement of every reforestation of ativities (planning, implementation, and the use of out come) isÂ a direct consequence of the different in physical as well as socio â economic condition of the community. Physical constraints of up land area, and low level of socio â economic condition, have stimulated popular participation on reforestation. In addition, the level of popular participation is very much influenced by knowledge on reforestation and perception on reforestation. This means that, the higher the knowledge of farmer on implementation and utilization of reforestation and the higher the farmer perception on reforestation programme, then the higher the level of farmer participation on reforestation in eah different physiography.

Occupation Change of Farmer to Fishermen: A case in Coastal Rural Area in Gunungkidul District Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 16, No 1 (2002)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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Utilization of marine resource is one of type of farmer coping with critical land in coastal 47% The consequence of this, is the change in their occupation status from the farmer to ï¬sherman However the change does not always mains that their poverty status may also changes. This factual problem is the base for research objectives, with the main emphasis on understanding farmer motives of changing occupation to fisherman, process variation of occupation change, and the impact of this process to household incomeThe research was carried out in six coastal village of Gunungkidul Distric. Survey method was employed by collecting data from respondents. The population of respondents amounted to 341 households (HH) working as ï¬sherman Sampling technique was proportionally simple random in which 120 HH was taken as mpondents sample. They were representazivis of Kanigoro, Pucung, Kemadang, Ngestiharjo, Sidoharjo, and Purwodadi villages. Data on socio economic structure of the household, the process of occupation change, and household income were collected by mean of structured interview. Data analysis was performed through descriptive technique in which frequencies and cross tabulation were mostly used.The research results indicate that the motive of local farmer to become fisherman are various, but the main motive (81,7%) to increase household income. The major cause of this is physical environment pressure of the area (ie. critical land and backward village). This leads ï¬irmer to low level of accissebility to socio-economic inï¬asructure, and low level of economic status or very poor category. The majority of farmer (58,3%) carried out transitional occupation beï¬are becoming ï¬sherman. This encompass activities as ï¬shing or collecting sea shell and lsea algaemn the sea front Intermediary activitis being perï¬mned a form of adaptation to marine environment (sea water) from agricultural land environment. This means that most farmers search and gain skill and experiences related to fishery. Occupation change from farmer to ï¬sherman has significant impact in the betterment of income. In average, the ï¬sherman monthly income is Rp 531,375 which is much higher than the minimum level of basic need in Yogyakarta Povince (Rp 266,870.). In the other word the occupation change from farmer to ï¬sherman driven by motive to increasses household income is proven to be capable to statisfy the need if household economy.

New Settlement Areas at Forbiden Zone of Merapi Volcano (Case at Srumbung, Magelang) Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 14, No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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One of the chronicle problem in the disaster control of volcano eruption is the resettlement of relocated or transmigrated people to prohibitive region of the volcano. The more serious problem is happened when some of the labourers sand and stone mining living in those prohibitive region. Starting from those stated sttlement problem, this research aims at exposing the change, process, and continuity of setlement in the prohibitive region. This study employs so called sampling technique. Quota sampling is carried out according to village type. Two agricultural and mining village types in the prohibitive region are selected representing the sampling areas, encompassed administrative divisions of Srumbung subdistrict. The number of respondents are 60 households, selected unproportionally based on the village type. Primary data is collected diret communication with informants are key persons. Data analysis employs frequenccy and cross tabulation, and t test analysis. The study reveals that settlement changes in prohibitive region of Merapi vulcano has been fluctuatively recorded since 1006 based on the strength of Merapi vulcano eruption. However intensively settlement changes as an impact of the Merapi vulcano eruption have been recorded sine 1930 up to 1975 followed by more than 1742 people be dead as a victims and environment deterioration. The eruptions in 1954 and 1969 have resulted in drastically changes of physical and administrative condition village of Kaligesik and Gimal. At least 9 hamlets in both villages have been destroyed by ânue ardenteâ and cold lava. Those eruptions have than change the administrative status of villages to be. Resettlement process within two hamlets in prohibitive region have taken place due to differences in origin area of the shelter, motivation to settle, and settlement pattern. Those two settle in mining villages are mining are mining labourer and mostly comes from outer subdistricts or districts, whereas those who stay in agriculture village are local people. The latter mostly joined transmigration program, which are supposed to stay in outer islands. A part from origin area, the difference of two settlers is also indicated by motivation. Economic motives are more dominant for those who settle in mining village than those who settle in agriculture village. The latter tend to have social motives to stay. The difference in settlement pattern between the vilages lays in âintermediary settlementâ. This means that mining settlers have previously stayed in transmigration area. The duration to stay is between 15 to 20 years as compared toÂ mining settlers whose duration to stay are between 5 to 10 years. Although the average household monthly inomeÂ in the respective two vilages is relatif the same (i.e. Rp 323,366 in Kaligesik and Rp 335,557 in Sumberejo), the physical condition of housing in Sumberejo look a little better than in Kaligesik. Despite the respective differences, people in the two villages tend to stay permanently. This means that the effort to vacant these prohibitive region will become more difficult.

The Utilization of Rawa Pening Swamp Area for Fisheries Ritohardoyo, Su; Sontosudarmo, Alip
Forum Geografi Vol 11, No 1 (1997)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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This article concern with the impact of the fishery âkarambaâ system on socio-economics of fishermen in the Rawa Pening Environs. The aim of the study is to appraise the activities of fishery âkarambaâ system. In the relationship with loccal fishermen income, and labor force employment. To some extent, the research is directed to study on income differentation based on job status as fishermen and âkarambaâ farmers. Differentation of tools kinds for fishing, and seasonal variation. Survey method is employed in this research, whether it is for karamba farmer or local fishermen. Respondent number about 187 consists of 139 fishermen, 28 âkarambaâ labors, and 20 âkarambaâ farmers. Technical of tabulation and âtâ test statistical use for data analysis.The research shows that fishery âkarambaâ system so much decreases on the activities, number of facilities, and it fish production. Decreasing of those are mainly caused by uncontrolled growth of âeceng gondokâ (Eichornia crassipes), capital constrain, and security constraint especially stealing of fish production. The existing of fishery âkarambaâ system employs 68,00% labors are local fishermen, and 32,00% are not fishermen come from other areas. Viewed by the job opportunities most of part contribute âkarambaâ farmers (55%) who ome from out of the area, and 45% âkarambaâ farmer are local people. Really affect of the fishery âkarambaâ system to the local fishermen is decreasing of fish production. Fish production of local fishermen has been lower since fishery âkarambaâ system be carried out in this lake. Though the fish production of fishery âkarambaâ system decreases, however income average of the âkarambaâ farmer is higher (Rp 1,849,000/annum) than the income average of local fishermen. The average of fishermen income who using fish grasper is higher (Rp 1,401,000/annum) than the average of fishermen income who using fish trap (Rp 1,21,000/unnum) and who using fish grasper and fish trap (Rp 1,349,000/annum). Nevertheless the average of fishermenâs income is higher than âkarambaâsâ labor (Rp 897,000). This research is also finding wether it is average production or income of the âkarambaâ farmer are not seasonal, and those are quite difference with local fishermen. The average of fish production on dry season (825 kg) are higher than on wet season (625 kg). Therefore, the average of income on dry season are higher than that on wet season.

Regional Inventory Approach for Paddy Plantation Area Estimation at Yogyakarta Special Province Noorhadi, Noorhadi; Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 16, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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Generally agricultural data could be collected by several techniques, i.e. rural statistic, sensus, administrative by product, multiple frame samplingÂ surcey, and frame sampling survey regional inventory. However this research aim was stressed on applying of regional inventory for estimating of rice planting area. This research was carried out in Yogyakarta Special Region. Survey method was employed by data collecting from field observation of land cover on seleted area sample. Proportion of the land over was extrapolated for grasping every kind of land covers on population area. Several steps of research are land stratification, composting of frame sampling, segment sample extraction, field works, and data analysis. Digital Map of Rie Field Standard sacle 1:100.000 used for land stratifying, result three polygons are wetland arable, dry land arable, and highland arable. Based on the frame sampling and its extraction used Systemic Aligned Random Sampling, were selected 53 segment sample distributed in 32 sub districts. Data analysis was performed through desriptive technnique in which mathematically analysis was mmostly used. Result of the research indicates that the regional inventory approach is suitable enough for estimation of rice planting area. However several modifications need to be adapted to the region characteristic. The result of the estimatio shows that the rice planting area on the first period since land preparation up to harvest season (May 2002) is 23,694 ha. Generative phase of rice planting is dominant on the riice field. This phase indicates that the area prediction of rice harvest on July 2002 is about 10,028 ha. The acumulative area of rice harvest on period May â September 2002 is estimated about 22,269 ha. The result of this research finds out that the rice planting area on the second period (July 2002) is predicted about 12,780 ha. On this period, the area is dominated by the phase of rice harvest about 7,015 ha. Based on the rice planting area at phase generative on this period can be predicted that rice harvest area up to September 2002 is about 2,743.7 ha. The acumulative area of rie havest on period July up to the end of November 2002 is estimated about 5,764.87 ha. In generally, regional inventory approach is suitable for estimating for rice planting area.

Influence of Private Forest Land to Farmers Welfare in Yogyakarta Special Province Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 13, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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Forest people land use pratices with economic and ecological orientation have been developed in the vicinity of forest areas. Nevertheless, policy makers view this development as detrimental to the forest it self. Forestry programs directed to accommodate public participation are uniformly designed and implemented, ignoring the physical and social variantion of rural areas. Thus there is a need for research on spatial variation of the social forestry program especially related to its success and impact on welfare. The research is carried out in Yogyakarta speial province employed a survei method and spatial approach. Stratified cluster sampling is used on the basis of variations in physiographic characteristics. Secondary data are also collected in forms of literatures and previous research in the field. Primary data are obtained through a structured interview using a set of questionnaires. Data are analyzed using simple tabulation method as well as statistical techniques.The research shows that in general people forest land use has been sucessfully implemented in the province. It is important to note that a more successfull implementation of people forest land use is found in the private rather than government initiated forest. In the less accessible areas people forest land use activities are much more successfull than in the accessible ones. Social forestry land use in the volcanic slope physiography is much better than that in either undulating or karst areas. Among important factors affecting the success of people forest land use are land ownership, education level, technology, land accessibility and percentage of plant growth. It is also confirmed that accessibility is the most important factor affecting the success of an people forest land use. The research also reveals that people forest land use has been very important in improving the farmers welfare. A composite indicator shows that the welfare of farmers is much improved after the adoption of people forest land use, with the highest achievement is obtained by farmers in the volcanic slopes.

Utilization of Tidal Land of The Wonogiri Reservoir Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 13, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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ManagementÂ of water dam often failures due to the limited attention to the socio-economic activities of the local population. This research is conerned with agricultural land utilization practiced by the local inhabitants in the vicinity of the dam. Special attention is devoted to characteristics and motivation of the farming households, the way in which lands are utilized, as well as the contribution of the activities to the welfare of the households. The research combines secondary data analysis and a household survey. Primary data are collected via a household survey covering a sample of 150 households cultivating the draw down land of the dam. These households are taken by a simple random sampling, representing some 5,890 hhouseholds living in the vicinity of the dam. Data analysis are executed using various statistical techniques in order to test differences and correlation.The study reveals that the tidal areas of the Wonogiri Dam fluctuate from 1,300 to 6,400 hectares, within 1 to 7 moths period per annum. The cultivator of the tidal area consist of the farmer inhabitants of the dam prior to the construction (81,3 percent) and inhabitants of the surrounding areas of the dam and new omers from other areas (18,7 percent). These farming households are pushed to cultivate these lands due to limited control over land resources in their areas of origin ( averaged 1,057 m2). Variations in the areas of origin and motivation in utilizing of the lands do not lead to significant differences in the size of land cultivated in the tidal areas. Most of these lands are devoted to ultivate rice as stapleÂ food (1,470 m2), rather than to cultivate cash crops (palawija) (1,118 m2). Farming techniques employed in these areas are much more simple than those prior to the construction of the dam or those elsewhere at present in the district. The most important factor affecting incomes in this activity is the amount of capital cost spent. These incomes comprises some 60 percent of the farming households.

The Distribution of Rural Settlement Environmental Quality (Case at Bantul, DIY) Ritohardoyo, Su
Forum Geografi Vol 11, No 2 (1997)
Publisher : Forum Geografi

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The housing environment problem is the inreased population and housing densityÂ in certain areas, as a consequence of the high population growth rate. This situation has brought about the unavailability of the existing public facilities. Such as the evironmental problem is also faced by Bantul regency. Starting from those stated environment problems, this study has in phased its general objectives on to comprehend the variation of housing environmental quality within various topographical, and to comprehend environment factors influencing the housing environmental quality within various topographial background.this study employs so-called sampling technique. Area sampling is carried out aording to topographical condition. Ten villages are randomly selected representing the sampling areas. The number of respondent is 300 households, selected proportionally based on the area stratification. Primary data is collected direct communication with informants are key persons. Data analysis employed simple correlation technique, multiple regression analysis, and one way variance analysis. The study reveals that differences in topographical characteristics are strongly associated with the differences in the quality of housing environment. The level of village development is also the main variable determining the quality of housing environment. A significant different of housing environment quality both among various topographical zones and various level of village development is reported. The achievement of programs oriented to village environment improvement is varying according to the distribution of village on the topographical zone. A greater success is commonly achieved by villages located in the upland and low land than those in the hilly areas. The social-economic condition of the dwellers is determining the quality of housing environment. Nevertheless, differences in the contribution of various variables to housing environment are encountered. In the whole areas, whether it is lowland, hilly or uplands areas, the family inome to be the first important facctor determining the housing environment quality.

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