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EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian; Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 6, No 2 (2005): October 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalenganand Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals areused intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore,pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurredin agricultural products and environments. The study aimed toassess farmersâ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducingpesticide residues in animal and food crops products, andinvestigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. Itwas an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved inthe study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaireand interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan andLembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds,cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis.Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effectsof pesticides in both animal and human health. There wasmisinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides wereregarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increaseproductivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor)were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9-11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. BothOCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a rangeof 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There werepesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan(8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppbchlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane,2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM).Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detectedin organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher(3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were notdetected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organiccabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fedon non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The presentstudy indicates that the organic farming practice may reducepesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmersappreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on theirproducts (95.2%) and affected public health and environment(92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert theiragricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).

Pesticide Residues in Animal Products: Problems and its Alternative Prevention ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Pesticides as agrochemicals are used to control plant diseases, however the use of pesticides may cause poisoning for human health and non-target animals, residual formation in animals and crops, and environmental contamination (soils and water). The impacts of pesticide are generally due to excessively or inappropriate use of pesticides. The surveillance on pesticide residues and/or contamination in animal products, crops and environment conducted in West Java and Lampung shows that some pesticide residues were detected in milk from West Java (Bogor and Pangalengan) including lindane, heptachlor, diazinon and endosulfan. In general, the pesticide residues in milk ofBogor were below the maximum residue limits (MRL), but two pesticide residues in milk of Pangalengan: diazinon (239 ppb) and heptachlor (60,3 ppb) appeared to be sufficiently high for human consumption. Some pesticide residues were also detected in meat, liver and fat of cattle in Bogor and Lampung. Both organochlorine and organophosphate residues were detected in samples of Bogor including: lindane (not detected/nd-135,5 ppb) and diazinon (nd-754,4 ppb) in meat; lindane (nd-16,7 ppb), diazinon (nd-969 ppb) and endosulfan (nd-191,8 ppb) in liver; and diazinon (nd-908,1 ppb) in fat. The residue level of diazinon detected in meat, liver and fat appeared to be higher than the MRL level. On the other hand, there was only organochlorine being detected in meat of Lampung. Regarding to pesticide residues being detected in soils, the source of contamination was then suspected from the contaminated soils where fodders being grown (grass, cabbages and corn). By-products of cabbage and corn are commonly used as animal feed for dairy and beef cattle respectively. The organic fanning system can be used as an alternative to minimise agricultural land contamination and pesticide residues in agricultural products. The low pesticide residues in agricultural by-products were able to reduce pesticide residues in animal products (meat and milk). The possibility of pesticide contamination should be taken into account in using agricultural by-products for animal feed to prevent pesticide residual effects in animal products. Key words: Residue, pesticides, minimalization, animal, organic

Factors Affecting Food Safety of Animal Origin in Indonesia Bahri, Sjamsul; Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Based on the Indonesian Regulation Number 7 year 1996, food is defined as everything derived from biological sources and water, either processed and non-processed materials to be used as food and drinks, including food additives, food raw materials and other materials for preparation process, processing and production of food or drinks . Furthermore, food safety is a condition and an approach required to prevent the food from contamination of pathogenic microbes, toxic compounds and other xenobiotics that may affect and hazardous to human health . Food safety is basically a complexity and close related to policy . toxicity, microbiology, chemicals, nutrition status, health and public welfare . On the other hand, food safety problem is a dynamic process following the changing of public society including socioculture, health, development of science and technology as well as everything related to human life . In general, there are three main stages of process as the critical point in food safety of animal origin, namely : (1) preharvest ; (2) production ; and (3) postharvest . The main factors of these stages are discussed in this paper . Â Key words : Food safety, livestock, preharvest, harvest, post harvest

Animal Health and Productivity Status of Cattle After The Eruption of Mount Merapi Sani, Yulvian; Estuningsih, E S
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 4 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The eruption of Merapi from October 26th to November 6th, 2010 has affected social life and environment around the Merapi. The eruption has caused destruction of land and water resources, plants, death of animals and human casualities. The lava, dust and stones released from the eruption of Merapi had caused residential destruction, casualities, agricultural land and plants destruction, and contamination of water. The eruption has directly affected 4 districts including Sleman (Yogyakarta), Magelang, Boyolali and Klaten (Central Java) categorized as Disaster Risk Area (DRA). The purpose of this assessment is to analyse the impacts of Merapi eruption in animal health and productivity in particular for dairy and beef cattle. A total of 2.828 heads of cattle was reported died during the eruption of Merapi, and 1.962 heads died at the time of eruption and 36 heads at the arrival on evacuation areas. Animal that found died including 423 heads of beef cattle (0.13%) and 2.405 heads of dairy cattle (3.2%). Clinical sains noted after the eruption were reduction of milk production, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, respiratory disturbances, mastitis and collapse. The main problems for livestock were reduction of milk production, collapse of dairy milk corporation activities and contamination of water resources. Other than dairy cattle mortality, the reduction of milk production may be caused by subclinical mastitis and environmental distress due to temperature and noise of eruption for few days. The subclinical mastitis should be further investigated to establish rehabilitation programme for dairy milk agribussiness activity in particular around the DRA of Merapi. Key words: Health, productivity, cattle, disaster, Merapi

Pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi (Melia azedarach) leaf Sani, Yulvian; Bahri, Sjamsul
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 1, No 2 (1995)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The purpose of this study was to investigate pathological and biochemical changes in intoxication of mindi leaf (Melia azedarach) on skeletal muscle and myocardial tissues . Fifty two male Wistar rats weighing 140 g to 240 g were intoxicated in 20%; 25% and 40% diet of mindi leaf ad libitwn for 25 days . Clinical signs did not appear the intoxication of mindi leaf. Specific pathological changes were not found macroscopically except cachexia and paleness . Skeletal muscle lesions on the other hand, were consistently noted microscopically . There were degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of muscle fibres ; enlargement of nuclei ; fibrosis; oedema and hyalination . The hyalination was prominent and appeared to be more. progressive two weeks after dosing . Following the skeletal muscle lesions, myocardial showed degeneration, necrosis and fragmentation of fibres ; enlargement of nuclei and hypercellularity . Regeneration of skeletal muscle developed on day-5 after the substitution of mindi diet by normal diet indicated by disappearing of hyalin tissues . But, myocardial appeared to be regenerated two days after the substitution of diet . Enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAI) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were not affected. Both enzymes in treated animals were lower than the control . The substitution of diet showed an increased of enzymatic activities during the first two weeks of feeding then reduced at the subsequent weeks . However, these enzymes increased on day-3 after substitution and appeared to maximum followed by a reduction of enzymatic activities in week-4 . On the other hand, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was affected in which higher level was noted in treated groups than control . Substitution of diet has led to the reduction of cpc level on day-2 and appeared to reach the same level as in control group on day-21 . The control group was not affected either clinically, pathologically or biochemically . It remained normal throughout the experimental period . Key words : Melia azedarach, intoxication, pathology, biochemistry, skeletal muscle, myocardial

The hepatotoxicity of Ageratum conyzoides leaf in experimental rats Sani, Yulvian; Bustami, saumtira; Grindra, Aisjah
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 1 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Five extracts were obtained from Ageratum conyzoides leaf extracted in methanol-water (4 :1). They were neutral extract (in ethyl acetate), moderately polar extract (in chloroform); basic extract (in chloroform-methanol), polar extract (in methanol), and filtrate. Three extracts were tested biologically and the moderately polar extract was found to be most toxic for female Wistar rats . While the toxicity of neutral extract was mild and other extracts were non-toxic. Therefore, the moderately polar extract was investigated for the hepatoxicity effects in the present study. Intragastric dosing of this extract in rats has caused mortality with clinical signs of weakness, low activity and death. Pathological examination showed mottling on the capsular surface of liver. Microscopically showed anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation and necrosis . Multiple dosing of this extract may lead to liver and lung injury showing anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation, centrolobular necrosis, vacuolisation, mitotic figures and mononuclear cells infiltration in the liver and epithelialisation of alveolar walls, thickening of alveolar walls and oedema in the lungs. Liver regeneration occurred 7 days after the last dosing showing mitotic figures and return to the normal structure of liver. The average body weight gain reduced during the first 3 weeks of intoxication from 127.6 g. on predosing to 120,4 g. on week-3 followed by an increased on body weight until the last experiment to 130.8 g. when dosing of extract was terminated . There was an increased of alanine amino transferase ( ALAT) during the first 2 days after dosing from 14.6 IU/1 to 23 .0 IU/1 and reduced at the following days to 7.5 IU/1 at day-5 after dosing . Dosing with retrorsin has caused an increased in ALAT consistently during the first 5 days to 8.7 IU/1 . The activity of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT) reduced during the first 3 days after dosing with the extract from 29 .2 IU/1 to 15 .1 IU/I and from 15 .9 IU/1 to 8.9 IU/1 with retrorsin, but both enzymes appeared higher than control rats . The analysis of toxic Â compound in A. conyzoides leaf showed that the Rf value was similar to retrrorsin showing the leaf containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid compounds. Â Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, retrorsine, pathology, regeneration, liver, lungs

The effectiveness of garlic extract (Allium sativum linn) in controlling aflatoxicosis in laying hens Maryam, Romsyah; Sani, Yulvian; Juariah, Siti; Firmansyah, Rachmat; ., Miharja
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 4 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Aflatoxicosis is a disease generated as the consequence of aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), a natural spice known to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins in poultry. Twenty five laying hens were used to study the effectiveness of garlic extract in reducing aflatoxicosis. The animals were divided into 5 groups i.e (1) control group, (2) group treated with 0.4 mg/kg BH, (3) group treated with 0.4 mg/kg BH and 4% garlic extract in feed, (4) group treated with 5 mg/kg BH, and (5) group treated with 5.0 mg/kg BH and 4% garlic extract in feed. Body weight gains, eggs production, and the activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and Î³-glutamytransferase (Î³- GT) enzymes were observed every week. The residue levels of the aflatoxin and metabolites were measured in the eggs using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that group treated with 0.4 mg AFB1/kg BH dan 5.0 mg AFB1/kg BH resulted in decreasing body weight gains, egg production, and increasing the level of GOT, GPT and Î³-GT. The addition of 4% garlic extract in the feed was effective to improve the body weight gain and egg production only in the group of chicken treated with 0.4 mg AFB1/kg BH. However, it decreased the enzymes activities of the GOT, GPT, and Î³-GT, as well as reduced the aflatoxin residues and metabolites in the groups at both aflatoxin levels (0.4 and 5.0 mg/kg BH). Aflatoxin residues decreased up to 42.2% for the group treated with the low dose of AFB1 (0.4 mg/kg) and 49.0% for the group treated with the high dose of AFB1 (5 mg/kg). Â Key words: Garlic, aflatoxicosis, laying hens, aflatoxin residues

Organophosphate poisoning in Ongole cattle in Sukamandi Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 3 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An integrated farming system between rice and beef cattle was initiated in 2000 in Sukamandi, West Java. However, since 2002 some cattle were suffering from neurological and ophthamological signs, and some of them were found dead after consuming rice straws. Field studies showed that 6 out of 12 cattle were suffered from eye disorders such as blindness, corneal opacity and sereous lacrimation. Two of 6 cattle were severely affected. But, neurological signs were not found during field observation. Pesticide analysis in rice straws shows that both groups of pesticide, organochlorines (OP) and organophosphates (OP) were detected. Residues of OC were higher than OP as shown as 14.41 vs 2.84 ppm (before processing) for OC and 1.80 vs 0.0003 ppm (processed) for OP consisting aldrin, lindane, dieldrin, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos methyl. There was only OC detected in sera consisting lindane (0.6â37.6 ppb); heptachlor (0.03â4.4 ppb); and aldrin (0.8â20.4 ppb) with an average total of 21,4 ppb. The neurological and ophthalmological signs were suspected to be due to organophosphates (OPs) contaminated-rice straws and any other factors such as insufficient vitamin A, magnesium and calcium. Feed replacement with fresh grasses for two cattle reduced corneal changes. Similar symptoms were also reproduced in Wistar rats dosed intraperitoneally with chlorpyriphos methyl. Clinical signs included incoordination, cachexia, eye disorder and corneal opacity. Necropsy showed hepatic injury (hepatic necrosis, mottling of hepatic surface and pale); pale kidneys; swollen of spleen and hyperaemic brain. Microscopic changes were found in brain, liver and eyes. Hepatic changes included haemorrhages, centrolobular hepatic necrosis and focal coagulative necrosis. Brains were showing focal necrosis, haemorrhages, vacuolisation, neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis and nucleolysis. Eyes appeared to have necrosis of tunica muscularis, haemorrhages and eosinophilic infiltration. The study indicates that organophosphates contamination in rice straws as animal feed may lead chronic neurological and ophthalmological symptoms. Â Â Key Words: Contamination, Pathology, Organophosphates, Rice Straws, Cattle

Pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in Lembang ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of pesticides to control plant diseases may cause residual formation in crops, its byproduct and environmental. Furthermore, the use of agriculture byproduct as animal feed may cause poisoning or residual formation in animal products. The purpose of this study is to investigate of pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in relation to animal feed as a contamination source. Samples consisted of animal feeds (19 samples of fodder and 6 samples of feed), 31 samples of sera and 25 samples of brain tissues of dairy cattle collected from Lembang, West Java. Feeds and fodders were collected from dairy farms located in Lembang. Sera were directly collected from 31 heads of Frisien Holstein (FH) cattle from the same location, while brain tissues of FH cattle were collected from a local animal slaughtering house. Pesticide residues were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). Both residues of organochlorines and organophosphates were detected from brain tissues with average residue concentration OP was 22.7 ppb and OC was 5.1 ppb and a total residue was 27.8 ppb. The pesticide residues in brain tissues are new information that should be taken into consideration since the Indonesian consumed this tissues as an oval. Although pesticides residue concentration was low, pathological changes were noted microscopically from the brain tissues including extracellular vacuolisation, focal necrosis, haemorrhages, dilatation of basement membrane without cellular infiltration. Both pesticide residues were also detected in sera, where OP (9.0 ppb) was higher than OC (4.9 ppb). These pesticides were also detected in animal feeds consisting fodders and feeds. Residues of OP (12.0 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8 ppb) in feeds, but residues of OP (16.8 ppb) were lower than OC (18.7 ppb) in fodders. Although, pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) of fat, the presence of pesticides in brain tissues should be taken into consideration as their effects in brain lesions. There was a correlation between contaminant found in animal feeds and pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues of dairy cattle. Key Words: Pesticides, Residues, Brain, Dairy Cattle

Neuropathology of organophosphate poisoning in dairy cattle Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The purpose of this study is to investigate pathological changes in brain tissues of Frisien Holstein dairy cattle affected by organophosphate (OP). The study was directed to anticipate spongiform encephalopathy. Samples consisted of animal feeds, sera and brain tissues were collected from Lembang, West Java.Â Animal feeds (fodders and commercial feed) were collected directly from the dairy farms around Lembang. Sera (31 samples) were from dairy cattle owned by the local farmers and brain tissues were from the local animal slaughter house. Pesticide residues were analysed following a standard procedure using gas chromatography (GC). There was an interaction between pesticide residues in animal feeds, residue level of pesticides in sera and brain tissues to cause encephalopathy in dairy cattle. Pesticide contamination in animal feeds was regarded as the source of encephalopathy in dairy cattle. The total average of OP residues (16.8 ppb) were lower than organochlorines/OC (18.7 ppb) in fodder, showing that pesticides were originated from the contaminated soils. On the other hand, the total average of OP residues in commercial feeds (12.0 ppb), sera (85.6 ppb) and brain tissues (22.7 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8; 16.7; and 5.1 ppb). The OP appears more frequently used for dairy farm activity as insecticides. Histopathological examination for brain tissues of dairy cattle showed that most cattle were diagnosed as encephalopathy with microscopic changes of vacuolation, neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis of neurons and nucleolysis of neurons. The encephalopathy was confirmed in rats intoxicated with chlorpyrifos methyl as severe brain damage with spongiform-like lesions. Key Words: Encephalopathy, Organophosphates, Cattle

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