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KAJIAN KEBIJAKAN PIJAR DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KOMODITAS UNGGULAN DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP EKONOMI RUMAHTANGGA (KASUS PETANI JAGUNG DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR) Anwar Anwar; Hirwan Hamidi; Bambang Dipokusumo; Muhammad Zubair
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 16 No 1 (2015): JURNAL ILMIAH AGRIIMANSION APRIL 2015
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v16i1.14

Abstract

ABSTRAK Petani yang mengikuti Program PIJAR jagung di Kabupaten Lombok Timur menghadapi persoalan pemasaran. Kelembagaan pasar jagung yang dibangun pemerintah nampaknya belum mampu mengakomodir produksi jagung yang ada khususnya produksi jagung yang diprodruksi pada lahan sawah. Oleh karena itu penelitian tahap II dengan judul Kajian Kebijakan PIJAR dalam Pengembangan Komoditas Unggulan dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Ekonomi Rumahtangga (Kasus Petani Jagung di Kabupaten Lombok Timur) memiliki tujuan khusus adalah: (a) Mengkaji struktur pasar jagung di Kabupaten Lombok Timur, dan (b) mendesain pola pemasaran dan kemitraan kelompok petani jagung dengan kelembagaan pasar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) pada pelaksanaan Program PIJAR. Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran bahwa struktur pasar jagung di Pulau Lombok adalah oligopsoni dengan melibatkan kelembagaan pasar seperti pedagang antar pulau, kelompok tani, pedagang pengumpul desa dan koperasi (iPasar). Temuan lainnya, berdasarkan hasil analisis AHP dapat disimpulkan bahwa petani lebih memilih untuk bermitra dengan pedagang antar pulau dalam bentuk contract farming termodifikasi daripada kelembagaan pasar lainnya. ABSTRACT The famers who has allowed and involped on PIJAR Program in East Lombok District has several problems not only the marketing but also the institutions that developed by the government. It has lack capable to accomudate all product of corn produced on dry land and wet land. Based on the fact, so that this reseach to be importan to be conducting. The aims of the researh are to study market structures of corn in East Lombok District and to design of market structure of corn and the collaborating among farmers-farmer institution/collectors and traders. Tembeng Putik Village is sample area of this research and farmers sample were farmers that involving in PIJAR Program. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method involved in this research and then AHP (Analytical Heirarchy Process) tool and analiytical concentration ratio that used to analysize the data. The result that olygopsoni is the market structuer of corn in East Lombok District and the kind of the collaboration is modified contract farmyng.
DAMPAK DEREGULASI PERDAGANGAN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN USAHATANI JAGUNG DI PULAU LOMBOK Hirwan Hamidi; Bambang Dipokusumo; anwar anwar
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 18 No 1 (2017): Jurnal Imiah Agrimansion
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v18i1.22

Abstract

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis keunggulan komparatif usahatani jagung di Pulau Lombok, (2) menganalisis dampak deregulasi perdagangan terhadap pengembangan usahatani jagung di Pulau Lombok. Metode yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan tersebut adalah survei sampel terhadap petani dan pedagang jagung. Model analisis yang digunakan Analisis Matriks Kebijaksanaan (Policy Analysis Matriks=PAM) yang meliputi: rasio biaya sumberdaya domestik (DRCR), koefisien proteksi input nominal (NPCI), koefisien proteksi output nominal (NPCO), dan koefisien proteksi efektif (EPC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pengembangan usahatani jagung di Pulau Lombok memiliki keunggulan komparatif cukup tinggi seperti terlihat dari nilai DRCR 0,144; (2) dampak kebijakan pemerintah dalam subsidi input (pupuk) saat ini kurang nyata memberikan insentif terhadap petani jagung, sebab harga input yang diterima petani lebih tinggi daripada harga sosial yang seharusnya, seperti tercermin dari nilai NPCI 1,024 dan IT 49.814; (3) dampak kebijakan pemerintah dalam pasar output berpengaruh negatif terhadap harga jagung, sebab harga jagung yang diterima petani lebih rendah daripada harga sosial yang seharusnya, seperti tercermin dari nilai NPCO 0,922 dan OT -150.489; (4) dampak kebijakan pemerintah dan mekanisme pasar input-output yang berlaku kurang memberikan rangsangan (disinsentif) terhadap produsen jagung di Pulau Lombok, sehingga nilai tambah yang diperoleh petani, lebih rendah daripada yang seharusnya diterima, sebagaimana tercermin dari nilai EPC 0,915 dan EPR -0,198. ABSTRACT This study aims to: (1) analyze the comparative advantage of maize farming in the island of Lombok, (2) to analyze the impact of deregulation of trade to the development of maize farming in the island of Lombok. The method used to answer the purpose was a sample survey on farmers and corn traders. The analysis used the model of Matrix Analysis Policy, covering domestic resource cost ratio (DRCR), input nominal protection coefficient (NPCI), output nominal protection coefficient (NPCO), and effective protection coefficient (EPC). The results showed that: (1) the development of maize farming in the island of Lombok has a comparative advantage is fairly high as seen from DRCR of 0.144; (2) the impact of government policies on input subsidies (fertilizer) is currently less tangible to growers of corn, because input prices received by farmers is higher than the social price that should be, as reflected in the value of IT NPCI 1.024 and 49 814; (3) the impact of government policy on output market negatively affect the price of corn, because corn prices received by farmers is lower than the social price that should be, as reflected in the value NPCO 0.922 and OT -150 489; (4) the impact of government policies and market mechanisms input-output prevailing provide less incentives for corn producers in the island of Lombok, so the added value obtained by farmers, lower than it should be accepted, as reflected in the value of EPC 0.915 and EPR -0.198.
6. PERUBAHAN POLA HUBUNGAN PRODUKSI MASYARAKAT PERAJIN DALAM PERKEMBANGAN INDUSTRI GERABAH (Studi Kasus di Desa Banyumulek Lombok Barat NTB) Siti Nurjannah; Anwar Anwar; Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 4 No 2 (2004): JURNAL AGRIMANSION MEI 2004
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v4i2.119

Abstract

ABSTRAK Pengembangan industri gerabah di Desa Banyumulek telah membawa perubahan pada pola hubungan produksi antara berbagai pihak yang terlibat dalam industri gerabah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami pola hubungan produksi sebelum pengembangan industri gerabah, dan memahami perubahan pola hubungan produksi dalam pengembangan industri gerabah. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan strategi studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola hubungan produksi sebelum pengembangan industri gerabah yang bersifat egaliter, yang lebih mengutamakan saling tolong menolong dalam keluarga inti, mulai terkikis dengan semakin berkembangnya industri gerabah, dan semakin luasnya pemasaran. Fakta menunjukkan bahwa kelompok pedagang menguatkan posisinya dalam proses pemasaran. Perubahan yang nampak dalam pola hubungan produksi setelah pengembangan industri gerabah, bahwa hubungan pedagang dengan perajin semakin eksploitatif. Namun perajin tidak menyadari bahwa sesungguhnya pedagang melakukan eksploitasi terhadap surplus produksi yang dimilikinya, karena yang ditonjolkan adalah hubungan kekerabatan antara pedagang dan perajin. Dengan demikian pedagang dapat mengalienasi perajin dari hasil produksinya, yang dilakukan dengan cara membeli gerabah dengan harga murah, tanpa memperhitungkan tenaga yang telah dikeluarkan perajin. ABSTRACT Development of pottery industry in Banyumulek has led to changes of the patterns of production relations among the various parties involved in the pottery industry. The objectives of this study are to understand the patterns of production relation before pottery industrial development, and to get more insight on some changes of patterns of production relations in the pottery industrial development. This research is designed through the application of qualitative methods, and used of a case study as the main strategy. Results of the study found the changes in the patters of production relation within the pottery industry. Prior to pottery industrial development, production relation was more egalitarian where everyone “help each others” in the nucleus family, and once the industry developed this form of relation has gradually changed to exploitative behaviour of traders over the potters. The traders develop “false consciousness” through which the traders alienated the potters for their products. The traders offer a cheaper price to the product without calculating how much effort and skills has been used for the production.
4. SIMULASI KEBIJAKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI, PROFITABILITAS DAN DAYA SAING UDANG PADA BERBAGAI TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA Halimatus Sa’diyah; Anwar Anwar
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 10 No 1 (2009): JURNAL AGRIMANSION APRIL 2009
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v10i1.214

Abstract

Abstact As an exportable goods, shrimp price was highly determined by international market and exchange rate of domestic currency. Therefore the devaluation of rupiah was expected to be a favorable condition for shrimp culture as indicated by the rise of shrimp production and productivity in 1998. However, it turn back to decline along with the strenghtening of rupiah and international protection policies imposed by importing countries in 2004. In addition, the escalation of regional laws (Perdas) issued at the provincial or district level might increased production costs and local tax, and therefore has decreased profit. The question then, is production of cultured shrimp within unfavorable domestic environment and protectionist international policies still profitable? What policies should be imposed to induce shrimp culture production efficiency, profitability and competitiveness? The objectives of the study were to evaluate shrimp culture profitability, and simulate such policies favorable for the development of shrimp culture. Research was conducted by survey and literature review, while analysis was carried out by applying Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The strong point of this technique is its ability to provide information on policy impacts on farm level profits. Stochastic frontier productivity function (SFPF) model was employed to simulate the impact of several policies. The results showed that based on private prices, shrimp culture in Dompu district still profitable, however, analysis based on social prices the traditional system indicated negative profit. Intensive system produced 1,121.67 kg/ha or Rp 8,089,796 profit, while the traditional one generated only 123.60 ka/ha or Rp 1,661,659 profit. The government therefore was recommended to promote the intensive system after conducting risk assessment both domestic (security, pests, and diseases) and international (health, environmental, and trade policy issues). In addition to this the enforcing law and order is also critical to eliminate fear over uncertainty. The policy simulations indicated that imposing 100 % of technical efficiency is the most favorable policy for semi intensive and intensive shrimp culture, while price and exchange rate policies more favorable for the traditional one.
1. DAMPAK PROYEK PENGEMBANGAN IRIGASI DESA TERHADAP EFISIENSI USAHATANI DI KECAMATAN MASBAGIK LOMBOK TIMUR Anwar Anwar
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 1 No 2 (2001): JURNAL AGRIMANSION MEI 2001
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v1i2.216

Abstract

ABSTRAK Salah satu cara untuk menilai keberhasilan proses produksi usahatani adalah melalui penilaian efisiensi usahatani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak proyek pengembangan irigasi desa terhadap efisiensi ekonomi relatif dan skala usaha petani dalam mengelola usahataninya. Metode analisis data menggunakan fungsi keuntungan Cobb Douglas (UOP) dengan Seemingly Unrelated Regression. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) penggunaan teknologi menunjukkan pencapaian keuntungan dalam kondisi decreasing returns to scale; (2) terdapat perbedaan nyata efisiensi ekonomi relatif baik efisiensi teknis maupun efisiensi alokatif antara usahatani padi di daerah irigasi PID dan non PID. Dalam usahatani palawija terdapat perbedaan tidak nyata efisiensi ekonomi relatif dari sisi efisiensi teknis, namun terdapat perbedaan nyata efisiensi alokatif. ABSTRACT One of the ways to evaluate farm production process is by conducting farm efficiency analysis. The research objectives are to analyze the impact of rural irrigation development project on the relative economic efficiency and returns to scale of farm that carried out by farmers. Cobb-Douglas profit function was used as the method of data analysis by the Seemingly Unrelated Regression. The results of this research indicated that (1) the utilization of technology have resulted in maximum profit under then decreasing returns to scale condition; (2) there were significant differences on relative economic efficiency of rice as a main foodcrop both for technical efficiency and allocative efficiency, between rural irrigation development area and non-rural irrigation development area. In contrast, there was no significant difference on the relative economic efficiency of a second foodcrop for the technical efficiency. However, in term of allocative efficiency the difference was significant.
6. STUDI KEBIJAKAN PRODUKSI PANGAN HUBUNGANYA DENGAN KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAHTANGGA DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR (Kasus Rumahtangga Petani Konservasi Kecamatan Jerowaru) Bambang Dipokusumo; Anwar Anwar; Hirwan Hamidi; Suparmin Suparmin
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 19 No 3 (2018): JURNAL AGRIMANSION DESEMBER 2018
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v19i3.252

Abstract

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu ; 1. Mengkaji kebijakan pemerintah dan bentuk implementasinya program yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan produksi pangan dan ketahanan pangan di Kecamatan Jerowaru, 2. Mengkaji ketahanan pangan rumahtangga petani konservasi di Kecamatan Jerowaru, dan 3. Mengkaji hubungan pendapatan dan ketersediaan pangan rumahtangga petani konservasi di Kecamatan Jerowaru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teknik observasi, desk study dan teknik survei. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah Desa Sekaroh dan Desa Pemongkong yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Responden penelitian berjumlah 40 rumahtangga petani sampel yang dipilih secara quota sampling. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan cara; 1) analisis isi, 2) analisis pendapatan dan pengeluaran rumahtangga petani, 3)pola konsumsi pangan rumahtangga petani serta 4) analisis ketahanan pangan rumahtangga serta analisis korelasi spearman. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa: (1) kebijakan pemerintah dibidang produksi pangan memepengaruhi ketersediaan pangan dan ketahanan pangan rumahtangga petani konservasi, (2) tingkat ketahanan pangan rumahtangga petani konservasi adalah lemah ditunjukkan oleh sebagian besar rumahtangga berada pada tingkat rentan pangan, (3) pendapatan rumahtangga memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan ketahanan pangan rumahtangga dengan nilai korelasi (r) yaitu 0,29. ABSTRACT The issue of food production policy is interested to be discussedtoday because it is relate to sustainable of production and farmer’s household wellfare and behind to increase food security until the household. So that, this research has several objectives are (1) to learn government policy that relate to food availability and food security at Jerowaru District; (2) to learn level of food security farmer’s household conservation at Jerowaru District; (3) to learn correlation of household farmer income with food security of conservation farmer household at Jerowaru District. Descriptive method was used with involved of observation technique, desk study and survey. Sekaroh and Pemongkong villages as sample areas was choosed by purposive sampling within 40 farmers to be the responden chossed by quota sampling. Deskriptive analysis, content analysis and consumption analysis and corelation analysis were involved in this research.The results showed: (1) The production policy were able to provide the food for farmer household, so influenced the food security of the farmers household conservation, (2) Levels of household food security atJerowaru District was still weak was 14 (35%), 4 (10%) was, vulnerable and 11 (27.5%) was strong. Futhermore, proportion of food expenditure (PFE) more than 60% and the rate of consumption of energy (RCE) less than 80% of the amount of nutritional adequacy (NA), (3) the food avaibility has a weak relationship to food household security with value of correlation (r) was 0.29.
DAMPAK KONVERSI LAHAN PERTANIAN TERHADAP POLA PRODUKSI DAN POLA KONSUMSI RUMAHTANGGA PETANI DI KOTA MATARAM Andini Fitria Utami; Candra Ayu Candra Ayu; Anwar Anwar
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 20 No 1 (2019): Jurnal Agrimansion April 2019
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v20i1.257

Abstract

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Mataram periode 2014-2017 dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui dampak konversi lahan terhadap pola produksi rumahtangga petani, untuk mengetahui dampak konversi lahan terhadap pola konsumsi rumahtangga petani dan untuk mengetahui masalah yang dialami petani akibat konversi lahan. Kecamatan Sekarbela dan Kecamatan Sandubaya adalah lokasi penelitian, dengan jumlah petani responden sebanyak 30 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, konversi lahan berdampak menambah ragam kegiatan ekonomi produktif keluarga namun mengakibat-kan penurunan kontribusi pendapatan usahatani Rp 4.427.128/tahun atau menurun 18,51 % dari total pendapatan rumahtangga petani. Konversi lahan juga berdampak terhadap pola konsumsi pangan dan terhadap pola pola konsumsi non pangan keluarga petani. Masalah yang dihadapi petani setelah konversi lahan adalah harga pangan pokok yang tinggi, nilai tukar petani rendah, serangan hama/penyakit dan kesuburan tanah yang kurang baik. ABSTRACT This research was conducted in Mataram City for the period of 2014-2017 with the aim to know the impact of land conversion on farmer’s household production pattern, to know the impact of land conversion to farmer household consumption pattern and to know problem experienced by farmer due to land conversion. Sekarbela Sub-District and Sandubaya Sub-District are the location of research. Respondents studied were 30 farmers. The result of the research shows that, the impact of land conversion is the addition of various productive economic activities in the farmer's household and decreased contribution of farming income Rp 4,427,128/year or decreased 18,51 % from total household income of farmer. Impact of land conversion to food consumption pattern that is change of consumption pattern Food and impacts on non-food consumption patterns. Problems experienced by farmers after land conversion are high staple food prices, low farmer exchange rates, poor pest/disease and soil fertility.
ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH PENGERINGAN IKAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR Gita Arum Putri; Bambang Dipokusumo; Anwar Anwar
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 20 No 2 (2019): Jurnal Agrimansion Agustus 2019
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v20i2.299

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) Mengkaji struktur biaya pada usaha pengeringan ikan di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. (2) Menganalisis nilai tambah dari usaha pengeringan ikan di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. (3) Mengetahui kendala yang dihadapi nelayan dalam pengeringan ikan di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik survei. Hasil penelitian nilai tambah pengeringan ikan menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Struktur biaya pada produk ikan kering terdiri dari biaya vaiabel dan biaya tetap. Biaya variabel untuk cumi kering utuh sebesar Rp 3.341.857 (95,99%) dan biaya tetap sebesar Rp 9.357 (0,27%), biaya variabel untuk cumi kering belah sebesar Rp 1.565.674 (94,13%) dan biaya tetap sebesar Rp 6.524 (0,39%), biaya variabel untuk teri kering sebesar Rp 1.586.667 (99,75%) dan biaya tetap sebesar Rp 4.030 (0,25%), biaya variabel untuk udang rebon sebesar Rp 1.430.028 (99,87%) dan biaya tetap sebesar Rp 1.808 (0,13%), (2) Nilai tambah untuk cumi kering utuh sebesar Rp 28.728/kg bb, cumi kering belah sebesar Rp 30.913,04/kg bb, teri kering sebesar Rp 7.424,24/kg bb, dan untuk udang rebon sebesar Rp 5.250/kg bb, (3) Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi nelayan dalam usaha pengeringan ikan yaitu kendala bahan baku, kendala cuaca, kurangnya teknologi dan minimnya modal.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHATANI SAYURAN HIDROPONIK DI KOTA MATARAM Ria Septiana Sasmita Putri; Anwar Anwar; Addinul Yakin
JURNAL AGRIMANSION Vol 20 No 3 (2019): Jurnal Agrimansion Desember 2019
Publisher : Department of Agricultural Social Economics Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/agrimansion.v20i3.305

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis: (1) besar pendapatan petani berdasarkan analisis struktur biaya, produksi dan penerimaan di Kota Mataram, (2) kelayakan usahatani sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram dan (3) kendala-kendala yang dihadapi oleh petani sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan unit analisis petani sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram. Lokasi penelitian ditetapkan secara “purposive sampling” atas pertimbangan bahwa kecamatan yang terpilih terdapat petani yang sudah memproduksi sayuran hidroponik dengan skala komersial. Jumlah responden ditetapkan secara “sensus” sebanyak 4 orang. Analisis yang digunakan adalah: analisis pendapatan, analisis break event point, analisis revenue cost ratio, analisis revenue on investment. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu; (1) Sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram yang diproduksi diantaranya basil 36,75 kg dengan pendapatan yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 511.848; selada keriting 37,25 kg dengan pendapatan yang diperoleh sebesar Rp 268.964; selada merah 86 kg dengan pendapatan sebesar Rp 2.143.914; pakcoy 150 kg dengan pendapatan sebesar Rp 256.297. (2) Kelayakan usahatani sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram berdasarkan BEP pada sayuran basil diperoleh BEP harga Rp 22.322/kg, BEP produksi 23 kg, nilai R/C 1,53, ROI 53,18 %; selada keriting dengan BEP harga Rp 19.030/kg, BEP produksi 27 kg, R/C 1,33 dan ROI 32,86 %; selada merah diperoleh BEP harga Rp 10.071/kg, BEP produksi 25 kg, R/C 3,48, ROI 247,54 %, pakcoy dengan nilai BEP harga Rp 8.291, BEP produksi 124 kg, R/C 1,21 dan ROI 20,61 %. Nilai BEP lebih kecil dari nilai rata-rata yang berlaku, nilai R/C > 1, nilai ROI > 3,00%. Artinya bahwa usahatani sayuran hidroponik di Kota Mataram layak untuk diusahakan. (3) Kendala yang dihadapi dalam usahatani sayuran hidroponik ini terbagi menjadi 2 kriteria yaitu secara teknis (instalasi irigasi, hama dan penyakit) dan non teknis (pestisida, pengetahuan, pemasaran dan fluktuasi harga).