Rangga Vandy Wardana
Universitas Brawijaya

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IMO’s Guidelines on Particular Sensitive Sea Areas toward the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage Dhiana Puspitawati; Rangga Vandy Wardana
Media Iuris Vol. 5 No. 1SpecialIssue (2022): MEDIA IURIS
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mi.v5i1SpecialIssue.38306

Abstract

As an international organization established with the aim of improving maritime safety and security of international shipping, IMO sets up various guideline in assuring the establishment of international shipping. One of the those guidelines is the Guidelines for the Identification and designation of Particular Sensitive Areas (PSSAs). This article aims to analyse whether it is possible that the in situ of underwater cultural heritage can be included as PSSAs. This way would implied restrictions to international shipping in order to protect and preserve underwater cultural heritage. This research conducted through legal analyses of relevant legal documents. The method used in this paper is normative legal research with in-depth literature studies. This paper argued that while it is possible to include in situ location of underwater cultural heritage as PSSAs, however, conflicting interpretation between national and international law as well as disputes between States are imminent. Thus, IMO should play decisive role in properly co-ordinated and decide which marine areas requires restrictions in relation to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage. The restrictions to international shipping with regard to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage should not in any way prevent other legitimate uses of the sea as envisages under the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), especially on the freedom of navigation regimes. Thus co-operation and communication between IMO, other international organization and coastal State is crucial.
Pengaturan Aktifitas Marine Bioprospecting Di Wilayah Laut Diluar Yurisdiksi Nasional Dhiana Puspitawati; Rangga Vandy Wardana; Sarah Savira
JATISWARA Vol. 38 No. 3 (2023): Jatiswara
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jtsw.v38i3.541

Abstract

Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk menganalisa aktifitas bioprospecting yang dilakukan di ABNJ. Baik UNCLOS 1982 maupun Convention on Biodiversity 1992 (CBD) tidak mengatur tentang aktifitas bioprospecting ini. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) mengatur bahwa di wilayah laut diluar yurisdiksi nasional berlaku beberapa macam kebebasan, diantaranya adalah freedom of fishing dan freedom of scientific research. Penelitian ini merupakan tulisan hukum yang menggunakan metode yuridis normative, yang berangkat dari kekosongan hukum yang mengatur tentang aktifitas bioprospecting, khususnya di ABNJ. UNCLOS 1982 selanjutnya juga membedakan sumber daya alam sebagai sumber daya alam hayati (living resources) dan sumber daya alam non-hayati (non-living resources). Dalam perkembangannya, eksploitasi yang dilakukan negara terhadap sumber daya alam di laut berkembang dengan dilakukannya aktifitas bioprospecting, yang menghasilkan apa yang disebut sebagai marine genetic resources (MGRs), yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan umat manusia. Apakah bioprospecting dapat dikategorikan sebagai aktifitas fishing atau scientific research? Jika fishing, kenyataannya MGRs bukan ikan. Sedangkan jika scientific research, pada umumnya bioprospecting akan menghasilkan commercial benefit sehingga bukan riset murni sebagaimana diatur dalam UNCLOS 1982. Selanjutnya apakah MGRs dikategorikan sebagai sumber daya alam hayati atau non-hayati? jika hayati, apakah atas MGRs yang dihasilkan dari bioprospecting tersebut diberlakukan rejim freedom of high seas? jika demikian, maka akan menimbulkan adanya potensi komersial yang dikuasai oleh negara tertentu saja. Dengan demikian dibutuhkan pengaturan yang pasti akan aktifitas bioprospecting yang dilakukan di ABNJ.