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Jurnal Rekayasa Proses
Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada
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Articles 5 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 3, No 1 (2009)" : 5 Documents clear
Biosorpsi Pb (II) Pada Jamur Trichoderma Asperrellum TNJ-63 Desi Heltina; Evelyn; Renny Indriani
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (286.366 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.558

Abstract

Logam berat Pb2+ merupakan senyawa yang sangat beracun dan sangat berbahaya bagi makhluk hidup. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulanginya adalah dengan biosorpsi menggunakan jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kapasitas jerap maksimum dan model kesetimbangan biosorpsi Pb2+dengan menggunakan jamur Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63. Sejumlah jamur Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer yang berisi larutan Pb2+ 100 ppm pada suhu ruang dengan massa jamur yang divariasikan. Lama waktu tercapainya kesetimbangan dipelajari dengan memvariasi lama waktu penjerapan dan kecepatan pengadukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa maksimum penjerapan Pb2+ pada jamur Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 adalah sebesar 98,24%. Mekanisme proses biosorpsi Pb2+ pada Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 mengikuti model isoterm Freundlich. Kata kunci: logam berat, biosorpsi, jamur Trichoderma asperellum, isoterm Freundlich Heavy metal Pb2+ is a highly toxic substance and is very dangerous for living creatures. Biosorption with fungi is one of the abatement methods to reduce the metal contaminant in environment. The present study aimed at determining the maximum biosorption capacity and the equilibrium model of Pb2+ biosorption by Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63. Some Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 varied in amount were put into an erlenmeyer flask containing a solution of Pb2+ with an initial concentration of 100 ppm at room temperature. Variation of stirring speeds (80, 130 and 180 rpm) was also carried out to study its effect on the time required to reach equilibrium. The result showed that Pb2+ could be effectively adsorbed by Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 as the biosorbent and its biosorption could reach its maximum by as much as 98.24% (w/w). Calculation result showed that the mechanism of Pb2+ biosorption on Trichoderma asperellum TNJ-63 followed Freundlich isotherm model with an average error of 0.098%. Keywords: heavy metal, biosorption, Trichoderma asperellum, Freundlich isotherm
Pengaruh Penambahan Nutrisi Terhadap Efektifitas Fitoremediasi Menggunakan Tanaman Enceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Terhadap Limbah Orto-Klorofenol Is Sulistyati Purwaningsih
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (240.252 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.559

Abstract

Limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas mengandung senyawa-senyawa fenol dan klorofenol yang sangat berbahaya jika dibiarkan berada di perairan. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut sangat beracun dan sulit untuk didegradasi. Fitoremediasi terbukti merupakan metode yang efektif dan ekonomis untuk mereduksi konsentrasi polutan di sistem perairan. Pada penelitian ini tanaman enceng gondok dipilih untuk meremediasi air yang terkontaminasi o-klorofenol. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan 2 reaktor batch yang diberi perlakuan berbeda, yaitu tanpa dan dengan penambahan nutrisi dengan variasi konsentrasi kontaminan 0 hingga 20 mg/L. Remediasi o-klorofenol oleh enceng gondok dipengaruhi oleh besarnya konsentrasi awal o-klorofenol. Semakin besar konsentrasi awal o-klorofenol maka laju remediasi semakin besar. Dari penelitian diperoleh remediasi o-klorofenol terbesar terjadi pada konsentrasi awal 20 mg/L, laju remediasinya 4,59 kali lebih cepat daripada konsentrasi awal 5 mg/L. Laju remediasi o-klorofenol dengan penambahan nutrisi lebih cepat daripada tanpa penambahan nutrisi. Dari penelitian diperoleh remediasi o-klorofenol dengan penambahan nutrisi lebih cepat 1,23–1,33 kali daripada fitoremediasi tanpa penambahan nutrisi. Selain itu, pada fitoremediasi selama 48 jam setiap 500 gram enceng gondok mampu menjerap o-klorofenol sebanyak 41-59% dari konsentrasi awalnya. Kata kunci: enceng gondok, fitoremediasi, o-klorofenol, nutrisi. Pulp and paper wastewater contains a vast variety of chemicals including phenolic and chlorinated phenolic compounds. The toxicity of these two phenolic compounds in water has led to environmental problem due to resistance or complete recalcitrance to metabolic breakdown by the majority of living species. Phytoremediation is one of the most effective and economic way of reducing the toxic compounds in wastewater system. In this research enceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) was choosen as ortho-chorophenol phytoremediation agent. Experiment was conducted in 2 batch reactor systems; one reactor without nutrient addition and the other one with 1.06 mg/L of NPK addition as nutrition. Both systems were carried out over range of pollutan concentration of 0 -20 mg/L. Experimental result showed that the remediation of o-chlorophenol using enceng gondok was influenced by the initial concentration of pollutan. The rate of o-chlorophenol uptake increased when o-chlorophenol concentration higher. It was shown that the highest o-chlorophenol uptake rate reached at 20 mg/L of initial concentration, in which its uptake rate was 4.59 times faster compared to uptake rate at 5 mg/L of o-chlorophenol concentration . With nutrient addition, the rate of o-chlorophenol uptake was 1.23 – 1.33 times faster than the process without nutrient addition. Experimental result also indicated that after 48 hours remediation , every five hundreds (500) gram of enceng gondok was able to adsorp more than 50 % of o-chlorophenol from its initial concentration. Keywords: Eichhornia crassipes, o-chlorophenol, phytoremediation, nutrion
Pemutihan Daun Nanas Menggunakan Hidrogen Peroksida Jayanudin Jayanudin
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (226.786 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.560

Abstract

Daun nanas mengandung selulosa sekitar 69,5% - 71,5%, sehingga dapat dijadikan bahan baku alternatif pembuatan kertas. Kualitas kertas dapat ditingkatkan dengan melakukan proses pemutihan mengunakan H2O2 karena senyawa ini lebih ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum yaitu waktu dan suhu pemutihan. Tahapan penelitian ini adalah daun nanas kering dihidrolisis memakai larutan NaOH dengan konsentrasi 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 dan 0,35 N sebanyak 400 mL dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan pendingin balik pada suhu 100°C. Proses pemutihan menggunakan H2O2 konsentrasi 2% pada suhu 40°C, 60°C dan 80°C selama 1, 1,5 dan 2 jam. Pulp hasil pemutihan dianalisis menggunakan Colorgard System 2000 Colorimeter Byk Garder dengan parameter L*, a* dan b*. Kondisi optimum proses pemutihan pada suhu 60°C dan waktu perendaman selama 1,5 jam. Parameter yang didapat yaitu L* = 95,14%; a* = -2,15 dan b* = 5,42 yang memenuhi syarat derajad putih industri.Kata kunci: daun nanas, hidrolisis, hydrogen peroksida, pemutihan, selulosa A pineapple leaf contains approximately 69.5% - 71.5% cellulose, which makes it a good alternative raw material in paper production. The quality of paper produced can be enhanced by bleaching process with the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an environmentally friendly bleaching agent. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum temperature and duration of the soaking or bleaching process of pineapple leaves. Dried pineapple leaves were hydrolyzed in a solution of NaOH with a varying concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.35 N at 100°C in a 400 ml three-neck flask equipped with a cooler. The bleaching process was conducted in the presence of 2% H2O2 at 40C, 60C and 80C for a varying time duration of 1, 1.5 and 2 hours. The resulting pulp was analyzed by the Colorgard System 2000 Colorimeter Byk Garder using parameters L*, a* and b*. The optimum bleaching process was achieved at 60C with a soaking time of 1.5 hours where the values of parameter L*, a* and b* were 95.14%, -2.15 and 5.42, respectively. Keywords: pineapple leaf, hydrolysis, hydrogen peroxide, bleaching, cellulose
Kinetika Reaksi Heterogen Etanolisis Minyak Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis) dengan Katalisator Zeolit Klinoptilolit Ratna Sri Harjanti; Sarto
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (300.892 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.561

Abstract

Minyak jarak kepyar mempunyai potensi untuk dijadikan biodiesel melalui proses alkoholisis katalitik. Zeolit alam klinoptilolit berpotensi digunakan sebagai katalisator dalam alkoholisis tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, alkoholisis minyak jarak dilakukan pada suhu tinggi dengan katalisator zeolit alam klinoptilolit dalam sebuah reaktor autoklaf yang dilengkapi dengan manometer, termometer, kran pengambil cuplikan, dan pemanas. Data percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pada kisaran waktu tertentu, peningkatan suhu dan putaran autoklaf mengakibatkan peningkatan konversi gliserid. Hasil analisis kinetika reaksi menunjukkan bahwa reaksi kimia pada permukaan katalisator merupakan langkah yang mengendalikan kecepatan reaksi keseluruhan. Kondisi proses yang relatif optimum terjadi pada waktu 60 menit, suhu 120°C dan kecepatan putaran autoklaf 110 rpm dengan perbandingan alkohol-minyak 12,56 mgek/mgek dan prosentase katalisator 2,56 %. Pada keadaan ini konversi gliserid mencapai 0,73 bagian. Ester dari minyak jarak yang diperoleh memiliki viskositas 8,0 cst, titik tuang -16,6°F, titik nyala 215°F, warna ASTM 1, dan nilai kalor 19.119 Btu/lb. Kata kunci: alkoholisis, klinoptilolit, minyak jarak, zeolit Castor oil of Ricinus communis has potential as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis through catalytic alcoholysis process. Clinoptilolite type natural zeolite is one of solid catalysts that can be used in the alcoholysis process. In the present work, the alcoholysis was carried out in an autoclave reactor equipped with manometer, thermometer, sampling valve, and heating element. The reaction occurred at elevated temperatures with the use of clinoptilolite as a solid catalyst. The experimental data indicated that in a certain reaction time range, an increase in temperature and autoclave rotation speed lead to the increase of reaction conversion. Calculation results showed that the overall reaction rate was controlled by chemical reaction at the catalyst surface. The optimum condition of the alcoholysis process was obtained at reaction time of 60 minutes, temperature of 120C and autoclave rotation of 110 rpm with the use of alcohol-oil ratio of 12.56 mgek / mgek and 2.56% (w/w) catalyst. At the optimum condition, the conversion could reach as high as 0.73. The obtaining esters had a viscosity of 8.0 cst, -16.6°F pour point, 215°F flash point, ASTM color of 1, and heating value of 19,119 Btu/lb. Keywords: alcoholysis, clinoptilolite, castor oil, zeolite
Optimasi Struktur Proses dan Penerapan Metodologi Six Sigma di Unit NPK Phonska – PT Petrokimia Gresik Arief Setyanto; F Purwanto; Dwi Satrio Anurogo
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (159.333 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.562

Abstract

PT Petrokimia Gresik mempunyai tujuh Unit Pabrik Pupuk NPK dengan total kapasitas produksi saat ini adalah dua juta ton per tahun. Kapasitas terpasang tersebut jauh lebih tinggi dibanding kapasitas desain awalnya. Upaya peningkatan kapasitas produksi dilakukan secara simultan dengan optimasi proses, modifikasi peralatan serta perbaikan metode kerja. Salah satu unit pabrik yang digunakan sebagai studi kasus adalah Unit Pabrik NPK Phonska II yang telah berhasil meningkatkan kapasitas produksi dari 1.320 ton per hari menjadi 2.400 ton per hari, atau 182% dari kapasitas desain awalnya. Optimasi proses menghasilkan penyederhanaan jalur reaksi sehingga didapatkan pengurangan struktur proses. Modifikasi peralatan dilakukan menyesuaikan dengan proses terbaru, sedangkan perbaikan metode kerja dilakukan dengan penerapan metodologi six sigma. Keseluruhan tahapan dilakukan oleh engineer dan teknisi PT Petrokimia Gresik, sehingga pencapaian yang didapatkan merupakan kebanggaan bersama. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi pupuk yang signifikan itu juga memberi sumbangan berarti bagi upaya negara dalam mencapai dan mempertahankan swasembada pangan. Kata kunci: phonska, struktur proses, jalur reaksi, optimasi, modifikasi, six sigma PT Petrokimia Gresik has seven NPK fertilizer plants with total production capacity of two million tons per year. The existing capacity is much higher in comparison with its design capacity. An effort to increase the production capacity was done simultaneously by process optimization, equipment modifications and operational method improvement. The present work was a case study from NPK Phonska Plant II; one of the plants that has already successfully increased its capacity from 1,320 tons / day to 2,400 tons / day or 182% of its original design capacity. The process optimization resulted in reduction of reaction path and process structure. Equipment modifications were done according to the new process, meanwhile improvement ofthe operational method was done through six sigma's methodology implementation. All improvement steps were done by local engineers and technicians of PT Petrokimia Gresik andthe achievement therefore becamea pride of all constituents involved in the project. The significant improvement in fertilizer production capacity also gave large contribution to the national effort in achieving and keeping self-sufficient foodstoke. Keywords: Phonska, process structure, reaction path, optimization, modification, six-sigma

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