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JURNAL MAGISTER HUKUM UDAYANA
Published by Universitas Udayana
ISSN : 25023101     EISSN : 2302528X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Social,
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana adalah jurnal ilmiah hukum yang mempublikasikan hasil kajian bidang hukum yang diterbitkan secara online empat kali setahun (Februari-Mei-Agustus-Nopember). Redaksi menerima tulisan yang berupa hasil kajian yang berasal dari penelitian hukum dalam berbagai bidang ilmu hukum yang belum pernah dipublikasikan serta orisinal. Jurnal ini selain memuat tulisan / kajian dari para pakar ilmu hukum (dosen, guru besar, praktisi dan lain-lain.) juga memuat tulisan mahasiswa Magister Ilmu Hukum baik yang merupakan bagian dari penulisan tesis maupun kajian lainnya yang orisinal. Tulisan yang masuk ke Redaksi akan diseleksi dan direview untuk dapat dimuat
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Articles 16 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 12 No 1 (2023)" : 16 Documents clear
Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Sumber Daya Alam antara Nelayan dan Penambang di Bangka Belitung Syafri Hariansah; Atma Suganda
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p12

Abstract

This research examines the implementation of restorative justice approach in resolving conflicts between fishermen and miners in the natural resources sector in Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of restorative justice in comparison to the formal legal system in resolving these conflicts. Data was collected through interviews with fishermen, miners, and relevant stakeholders involved in the conflict resolution process. The findings indicate that restorative justice has several advantages over the formal legal system, including greater participation of the parties involved, increased communication, and a focus on repairing harm rather than punishing offenders. The results also highlight the importance of community involvement in the conflict resolution process and the need for improved education and awareness of restorative justice approaches among stakeholders. The study concludes that restorative justice can be a valuable tool in resolving conflicts in the natural resources sector and recommends further research to explore its potential in other contexts. nelitian ini mengeksplorasi implementasi pendekatan keadilan restoratif dalam menyelesaikan konflik antara nelayan dan penambang di sektor sumber daya alam di Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi efektivitas keadilan restoratif dalam membandingkan dengan sistem hukum formal dalam menyelesaikan konflik tersebut. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan nelayan, penambang, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait dalam proses penyelesaian konflik. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadilan restoratif memiliki beberapa keuntungan dibandingkan dengan sistem hukum formal, termasuk partisipasi yang lebih besar dari pihak yang terlibat, peningkatan komunikasi, dan fokus pada perbaikan kerusakan daripada menghukum pelaku. Hasil penelitian juga menyoroti pentingnya keterlibatan masyarakat dalam proses penyelesaian konflik dan perlunya peningkatan pendidikan dan kesadaran terhadap pendekatan keadilan restoratif di kalangan pemangku kepentingan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keadilan restoratif dapat menjadi alat yang berharga dalam menyelesaikan konflik di sektor sumber daya alam dan merekomendasikan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengeksplorasi potensinya dalam konteks lain.
Local Government Policies Related to Simplification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Licensing Nurmayani Nurmayani; Ati Yuniati; Yusdiyanto Yusdiyanto; Madinar Madinar; Marlia Eka Putri
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p03

Abstract

There are obstacles for business actors in establishing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or MSMEs. It is related to the many conditions in permissions of establishments MSMEs that make it difficult for business actors to establish MSMEs. Even it has an impact on the low interest of investors to invest. Therefore, in the government's efforts to overcome the issue of licensing for MSMEs is the establishment of Job Creation Law aims to simplify licensing for MSMEs. The research method used is Normative Juridical with a statue approach. In this study, it is known that the policies implemented in the regions are in accordance with Government Regulation No. 6 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Business Licensing in the Regions must be in the form of a regional regulation which must be harmonized with the currently valid Government Regulations, and implemented the Online Single Submission Permission System in Lampung Province. However, currently there are no recent regional regulations that are in accordance with Government Regulations on the Implementation of Business Licensing in the Regions.
Pengambilalihan Agunan Kredit Macet oleh Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Ida Ayu Padma Trisna Dewi; Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p08

Abstract

This paper aims to provide the understanding and knowledge of the takeover of an non performing loan collaterals by Rural Banks through auctions after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 102/PPU-XVIII/2020. This paper uses a normative legal research type and examines the arrangements for conducting auctions and taking over bad credit collateral by BPR after the Constitutional Court's decision Number 102/PUU-XVIII/2020 using the Statue Approach and the Conceptual Approach. The results of this study conclude that the submission of a judicial review of Article 12A paragraph (1) of the Banking Law by PT. BPR Lestari Bali is inseparable fromithe existence of the "Commercial Bank" clause in that article is considered to be in conflict with several provisions ofothe article in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is discriminatory towards the rights of Rural Banks to participate as auction buyers for non performing loan collaterals. The submission of a judicial review by PT. BPR Lestari Bali provides and then provides convenience in providing legal certainty for the takeover of bad credit collateral through auctions or outside auctions for BPR, in which this decision then states that the phrase "Commercial Banks" in Article 12A paragraph (1) of the Banking Law has no binding legal force as long as is not interpreted as "Commercial Banks and Rural Banks" so that BPR can then participate in buying part or all of the collateral for debtors who do not fulfill their obligations either through auction or outside the auction. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman serta pengetahuan terhadap pengambilalihan agunan kredit macet oleh Bank Perkreditan Rakyat melalui lelang pasca putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 102/PPU-XVIII/2020. Tulisan ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normative dan mengkaji pengaturan pelaksanaan lelang serta pengambilalihan agunan kredit macet oleh BPR pasca putusan MK Nomor 102/PUU-XVIII/2020 dengan menggunakan pendekatan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan (Statute Approach) dan Pendekatan Konseptual. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengajuan judicial review terhadap pasal 12A ayat (1) Undang-Undang Perbankan oleh PT. BPR Lestari Bali ini tidaklah terlepas dari pandangan bahwa keberadaan klausula “Bank Umum” dalam pasal ini dianggap mengalami pertentangan dengan beberapa ketentuan pasal dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia dan bersifat diskriminatif terhadap hak Bank Perkreditan Rakyat untuk turut serta menjadi pembeli lelang terhadap kredit debitur yang mengalami macet. Pengajuan judicial review yang dilakukan oleh PT. BPR Lestari Bali kemudian memberikan kemudahan dalam pemberian kepastian hukum pengambialihan agunan kredit macet melalui lelang maupun diluar pelelangan bagi BPR, yang mana putusan ini kemudian menyatakan bahwa frasa “Bank Umum” dalam Pasal 12A ayat (1) UU Perbankan tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat sepanjang tidak dimaknai sebagai “Bank Umum dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat” sehingga BPR kemudian dapat turut serta membeli sebagian atau seluruh agunan debiturnya yang tidak melakukan kewajiban baik melalui lelang maupun diluar lelang.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penyewa Bangunan yang Berdiri diatas Tanah yang Hendak di Eksekusi Made Helena Putri Laksmi; I Gede Yusa
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p13

Abstract

The purpose of writing is to analyze the legal protection of the tenants of the building that stands on the land to be executed. This research uses normative legal research. Legal Effects The principle of horizontal separation of land is a principle that divides, limits, and separates ownership of a plot of land and everything related to the land horizontally, which means that the principle of horizontal separation has legal consequences in terms of building ownership. building owner. Legal Protection for Tenants of Buildings Standing on Land To be Executed, namely if someone builds a building on vacant land on the basis of a lease agreement with a certain period of time made between the owner of land rights and the owner of the building, then based on the principle of horizontal separation of land and buildings, the difference is ownership rights. In relation to rent, it’s an agreement with one party to bind himself to provide enjoyment of an item to another party for a certain period of time, with the payment of a price agreed by that party. One of the obligations of the owner of land rights is to give the building owner the right to enjoy the leased goods during the lease period. After the lease runs, the leased land is used as collateral for mortgage rights by the owner of the land rights. those on it get legal certainty and no party is harmed, the owner of the building and the owner of land rights. juan penulisan yaitu untuk menganalisa tentang perlindungan hukum terhadap penyewa bangunan yang berdiri diatas tanah yang hendak di eksekusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Akibat Hukum Asas Pemisahan Tanah Horizontal merupakan asas yang membagi, membatasi, dan memisahkan pemilikan atas sebidang tanah berikut segala sesuatu yang berkenaan dengan tanah tersebut secara horizontal yang artinya asas pemisahan horizontal memiliki akibat hukum segi kepemilikan bangunan adalah bahwa asas pemisahan horizontal memisahkan antara pemilik tanah dengan pemilik bangunan. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penyewa Bangunan Yang Berdiri Diatas Tanah Yang Hendak Di Eksekusi yaitu apabila seseorang mendirikan bangunan di atas tanah kosong atas dasar perjanjian sewa dengan jangka waktu tertentu yang dibuat antara pemilik hak atas tanah dengan pemilik bangunan maka berdasarkan asas pemisahan horizontal tanah dan bangunan tersebut berbeda hak kepemilikannya. Terkait dengan sewa, merupakan suatu persetujuan dengan pihak yang satu mengikatkan diri untuk memberikan kenikmatan suatu barang kepada pihak yang lain selama waktu tertentu, dengan pembayaran suatu harga yang disanggupi oleh pihak tersebut. Adapun salah satu kewajiban dari pemilik hak atas tanah adalah memberikan hak kepada pemilik bangunan untuk menikmati barang yang disewakan itu dengan tentram selama masa sewa. Setelah berjalannya sewa, tanah yang disewakan tersebut dijadikan jaminan hak tanggungan oleh pemilik hak atas tanah. yang ada diatasnya mendapatkan kepastian hukum dan tidak ada pihak yang dirugikan baik pemilik atas bangunan dan pemilik hak atas tanah.
Guarding the Political Assembly : The Reasons and Assesing Impeachment Clause in Indonesia Idul Rishan; Dian Kus Pratiwi
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p04

Abstract

In deliberative democracy, a constitution provides formal procedures for discharging the president and/or vice president during his/her term of office This research aims to reveal two things. First, the reasons why discharging the president or vice president during his/her term of office is more political than legal. Second, assessment of provisions on discharging the president and/or vice president during his/her term of office. This is a doctrinal legal research using secondary data, and analyzed by the method of statutory approach, historical method, and conceptual method. This study has found that the political forum in MPR cannnot be separated from the presidential system, characterized by political and government stability. Therefore, bipartisan decision making in MPR needs strengthening. However, DPR has unwittingly acted as prosecutors as well as justices at the MPR level. In addition, the provisions of Articles 7A-8 of the constitution should be stipulated further.
Aspek Hukum Dari Perbuatan "Spoiler" Film pada Platform Sosial Ketut Braditya Pradnyana Putra; Marwanto Marwanto
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p09

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the regulation of copyright for film works in Indonesia and to examine the legal aspects of film spoilers on social platforms based on Law 28/2014 through normative legal research methods. The analysis process on legal issues is carried out with the following approaches: historical, statute and conceptual approach until it is found that the legal arrangements related to the copyright of film works in Indonesia have undergone several changes until the last one was promulgated Law 28/2014 as a legal umbrella which formulates the protection of film copyrights. as part of the protected object of cinematographic creation. Furthermore, the act of spoiling a film uploaded on social media can be interpreted as an act of announcing a creation in accordance with Article 9 paragraph (2) of Law 28/2014 so that if it is carried out for commercial purposes and without the permission of the copyright holder or creator, it can be threatened with in accordance with Article 113 of Law 28/2014. As for the act of film spoilers that are uploaded in full on social media with a profit orientation, it can also be considered as an act of film piracy, then the provisions of Article 113 paragraph (4) of Law 28/2014 apply. Tujuan dari dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaturan hak cipta karya film di Indonesia dan menelaah aspek hokum dari perbuatan spoiler film di platform social berdasarkan UU 28/2014 melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun proses Analisa atas permasalahan hukum dilakukan dengan pendekatan: historical, statute dan conceptual approach hingga didapati yakni pengaturan hukum terkait hak cipta karya film di Indonesia mengalami beberapa kali perubahan hingga yang terakhir diundangkan UU 28/2014 sebagai payung hukum yang dimana merumuskan perlindungan karya cipta film sebagai bagian dari objek ciptaan karya sinematografi yang dilindungi. Selanjutnya, perbuatan spoiler film yang diunggah pada media sosial dapat ditafsirkan sebagai perbuatan pengumuman ciptaan sesuai Pasal 9 ayat (2) UU 28/2014 sehingga bilamana dilakukan dengan tujuan komersial dan tanpa seizin pemegang hak cipta atau pencipta dapat diancam ketentuan Pasal 113 UU 28/2014. Adapun perbuatan spoiler film yang diunggah secara penuh pada media sosial dengan profit orientation juga dapat termasuk sebagai perbuatan pembajakan film, maka terhadapnya berlaku ketentuan Pasal 113 ayat (4) UU 28/2014
Reformulasi Undang-Undang Narkotika Sebagai Proyeksi Persoalan Overcrowding Rutan di Indonesia Ramadan Tabiu; David Hardiago
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p14

Abstract

This legal research aims towards analyzing and presenting prognosis in order to answer the problems on prison overcrowding in indonesia which is carried out through the reformulation of Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics. As a normarice legal research, this research uses several approaches, those include statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. This research concluded that excessive imprisonment towards narcotics abuser and prison overcrowding have a causal relationship. Therefore, alternative punishment that involved no jail time is deemed necessary. Furthermore, for this alternative punishment to be effective, it is important to form a special task force aimed towards supervising the enforcement of the punishment so that it is adequetly executed. Penelitian hukum ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan memberi proykesi dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan overcrowding rutan/lapas di Indonesia yang dilakukan dengan mekanisme reformulasi Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika. Sebagai penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa pendekatan diantaranya statute approach, conceptual approach, dan comparative approach. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa mekanisme pemidaan yang berlebih terhadap pengguna narkotika memiliki hubungan yang kasual dengan terjadinya overcrowding rutan di Indonesia. Sehingga, reformulasi alternative pidana non-pemenjaraan terhadap beberapa jenis tindak pidana narkotika penting untuk diperhitungkan. Selain itu, guna efektifitas pelaksanaan alternative pidana selain pemenjaraan tersebut, penting kirannya untuk dilakukan pembentukan divisi khusus yang bertujuan mengawasi pelaksanaan pidana tersebut agar dapat berjalan secara efektif.
Penguatan Konstruksi Hukum Perihal Perlindungan Data Pribadi I Nyoman Putu Budiartha; I Made Pria Dharsana; Indrasari Kresnadjaja
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p05

Abstract

Advances in technology and electronic transmission in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 are currently having an impact on various fields, especially in social life. Without exception in Indonesia, the government has addressed this condition by establishing various legal regulations related to electronic information. However, the new personal data is regulated in the form of law specifically through Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. So, this paper is directed to discuss the essence of personal data and strengthening efforts to protect it. This is normative legal research using statutory approach, conceptual approach, and analytical approach. The study indicated that Personal Data is defined as data about an identified or identifiable individual individually or in combination with other information either directly or indirectly through electronic or non-electronic systems. It is important to pay attention to this in addition to other elements of legal construction, namely structures/institutions related to personal data protection, as well as other elements, namely increasing legal awareness related to personal data protection (both public legal awareness in general and law enforcement awareness). Kemajuan teknologi serta transmisi elektronik pada era revolusi industri 4.0 saat ini membawa dampak pada berbagai bidang utamanya pada kehidupan sosial. Tanpa terkecuali di Indonesia, kondisi ini telah ditanggulangi pemerintah dengan membentuk berbagai aturan hukum terkait dengan informasi elektronik. Namun perihal data pribadi baru diatur dalam bentuk undang-undang secara khusus melalui Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Maka pada tulisan ini diarahkan untuk membahas esensi dari data pribadi serta penguatan upaya perlindungannya. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan: peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep, serta pendekatan analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Data Pribadi diartikan sebagai data tentang orang perseorangan yang teridentifikasi atau dapat diidentifikasi secara tersendiri atau dikombinasi dengan informasi lainnya baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui sistem elektronik atau nonelektronik. Hal ini penting diperhatikan selain elemen konstruksi hukum yang lain yaitu struktur/ kelembagaan yang terkait dalam perlindungan data pribadi, serta elemen lainnya yaitu peningkatan kesadaran hukum terkait perlindungan data pribadi (baik kesadaran hukum masyarakat secara umum maupun kesadaran hukum penegak hukum).
Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum Pemilu (Peran Bawaslu Kota Sungai Penuh dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Tahun 2020) Ansorullah Ansorullah; Iswandi Iswandi; Firmansyah Putra
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p10

Abstract

The holding of elections is inseparable from electoral institutions, namely the General Election Commission and the Election Supervisory Body in accordance with the Election Law and the Pilkada Law. Seeing the legal facts that occur in Indonesia and especially the Election of Regional Heads in the City of Sungai Penuh, a problem that always arises and occurs and this becomes an interesting discussion for organizers and the public is the effectiveness of law enforcement, especially election crimes. This study aims to examine the implementation of Bawaslu's authority in terms of handling election crimes and the effectiveness of law enforcement regarding criminal acts in the 2020 Regional Head election in Sungai Penuh City. The research method used is empirical juridical, using primary data and secondary data which is then analyzed using qualitative data analysis. The results of this study conclude that there are several problems in election law enforcement, namely: The regulation is still weak regarding mechanisms and procedures in law enforcement on election crimes. Differences in viewpoints regarding roles, authorities and responsibilities between The General Election Supervisory Agency, the Police and the Attorney. Community participation is still not optimal in the framework of election supervision. Facilities and infrastructure as well as recalculating the cost of organizing in handling cases of election violations. Penyelenggaraan pemilu tidak terlepas dari lembaga kepemiluan yaitu oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum dan Badan Pengawas Pemilu sesuai dengan UU Pemilu dan UU Pilkada. Melihat fakta hukum yang terjadi di Indonesia dan khususnya Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Kota Sungai Penuh, permasalahan yang selalu muncul dan terjadi serta hal ini menjadi diskusi menarik bagi penyelenggara dan masyarakat adalah efektivitas penegakan hukum khususnya tindak pidana pemilu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pelakasanaan kewenangan Bawaslu dalam hal penanganan tindak pidana pemilu dan efektivitas penegakan hukum atas tindak pidana pemilu Kepala Daerah di Kota Sungai Penuh Tahun 2020. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris, dengan menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa masalah dalam penegakan hukum pemilu, yaitu: Masih lemahnya pengaturan terkait mekanisme dan prosedur dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana pemilu. Perbedaan sudut pandang tentang peran, wewenang dan tanggung jawab antara Bawaslu, Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan. Partisipasi masyarakat yang masih belum optimal dalam rangka pengawasan pemilu, serta menghitung kembali biaya pengorganisasian dalam penganan kasus pelanggaran pemilu.
Internalization of Pancasila Values as an Effort to Prevent Corruption in Indonesia Joko Sriwidodo
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 12 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : University of Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2023.v12.i01.p01

Abstract

The problem of corruption in Indonesia is complicated. Even though, laws and regulations have been made that regulate sanctions for corruption, there are still many corruptors emerged. Various attempts were made to prevent and eradicate corruption, as a result all the efforts were in vain. So, it is necessary to research discusses "Internalization of Pancasila Values as an Effort to Prevent Corruption Crimes in Indonesia". The purposes in this research are to describe the efforts of Indonesia government to resolve corruption that have been implemented so far in Indonesia and to analyze the internalization of Pancasila values as an effort to prevent corruption in Indonesia. This research uses a descriptive normative research method with a qualitative approach. The results of this research are that various efforts are needed to resolve corruption in Indonesia. There are several efforts to eradicate corruption, including through preventive, deductive and repressive strategies. Corruption has an impact on various aspects such as corruption can hinder development, the economy, and weaken the character of the Indonesian nation. Therefore, to deal with corruption, the Indonesian people must further strengthen the values of Pancasila in their personalities and in their daily lives. As for the internalization of Pancasila values in the prevention of corruption in the form of moral and legal norms through the system at various levels of education and learning.

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