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Journal : Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research

Risk, Causality and Management of Severe Allergic Reactions of RNA Messenger SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Mini Review Dwitya Elvira; Raveinal
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 6 No. 4 (2022): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v6i4.475

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a health problem throughout the world, including Indonesia with high rates of morbidity (more than 3 million confirmed case) and mortality (more than 80 thousand) due to COVID-19 since it was announced as pandemic in March 2020. Vaccination is one of the efforts to eliminate the pandemic, and just recently Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) and Indonesian Government have granted approval for emergency use of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines. Allergic reactions after vaccination are rare adverse events, including severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in mRNA vaccines is thought to be a hidden allergen that trigger allergies. Screening of individuals with a previous history of allergies is necessary to prevent reaction. Experienced health workers are also needed to provide adequate management in the event of a severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis after COVID-19 vaccination. Aim of this review is to look at the risk of allergy of mRNA vaccine SARS CoV-2; possible causes of allergies and management of individuals with severe allergies/anaphylaxis.
HIV Drug Resistance Mutations Rizka Nadia; Dwitya Elvira; Raveinal
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 6 No. 7 (2022): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v6i7.547

Abstract

ART resistance, according to WHO, is the presence of one or more mutations in HIV that reduces the ability of certain drugs or drug groups to inhibit viral replication. According to the 2019 HIV Drug Resistance Report issued by the WHO, the prevalence of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) drug resistance is 3%-29%. The prevalence of HIV drug resistance varies by country. In developed countries, the prevalence ranges from 6.6% to 11%. There are two types of resistance to ART: primary and secondary resistance. Primary resistance reflects the acquisition of drug-resistant strains in individuals who have recently been infected and have not received therapy. Secondary resistance occurs after treatment with ART. Resistance to antiretroviral therapy, mainly NRTIs, NNRTIs, and protease inhibitors, is caused by continuous inhibition of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended two NRTIs plus Lopinavir or Atazanavir as a second-line regimen for individuals who have failed treatment with efavirenz or dolutegravir; two NRTIs plus Darunavir and Lopinavir plus Raltegravir are recommended as an alternative due to cost constraints and the fact that Darunavir is unstable in moderately hot conditions.
The Differences in Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 Plasma Activity of HIV-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and HIV-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis Roza Kurniati; Dwitya Elvira; Rido Wandrivel
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 6 No. 14 (2022): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v6i14.659

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death in HIV patients. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the immune response to TB and HIV infection. Increased plasma IDO1 activity in TB patients can be a promising marker for the diagnosis of TB, especially in HIV patients. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 plasma of HIV-positive pulmonary TB with HIV-negative pulmonary TB patients. Methods: This study is an analytic observational study. Plasma IDO1 activity was assessed by calculating the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (K/T ratio). This indicator was assessed on 28 lung TB patients divided into two groups, HIV-positive pulmonary TB and HIV-negative pulmonary TB group. Results: Twenty-eight subjects were included in this study with a mean age of 42,96 (16,17) years, with more males than females. This study's mean K/T ratio was 0.18 (0.16), with HIV-positive pulmonary TB is higher than HIV-negative pulmonary TB (0.24 vs 0.12, p = 0.027). Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plasma in HIV-positive pulmonary TB and HIV-negative pulmonary TB groups. Thus the IDO1 plasma can be used as a new biomarker in diagnosed TB in HIV patients.
Allergy on HIV Infections: A Narrative Literature Review Muhammad Iqbal Andreas; Dwitya Elvira; Raveinal
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 7 No. 2 (2023): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v7i2.771

Abstract

HIV infection causes not only immune insufficiency but also immune dysregulation. Following HIV infection, cytokine profiles change, with a production of IL-4 rising along with IL-5 and a decrease in INF-g. This literature review aimed to describe allergy on HIV infection. At the initial phase after infection, cytokines produced by Th1 and Th2 are balanced, but later as the infection progresses, cytokines produced by Th2 will rise, while cytokines produced by Th1 will fall. Elevation of IL-4 will make B cells produce more IgE. Patients with even lower CD4 still have this allergic phenomenon caused by IgE. Allergic manifestations of HIV include rhinitis, asthma, adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDR), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, hyperallergic state (IRIS), and atopic dermatitis. In conclusion, it is important to consider allergic manifestations even in AIDS patients, especially incidents of ACDR and IRIS, which can be life-threatening.
Characteristics of Adult Sepsis Patients Admitted to Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia Elvia Fataya; Fadrian; Mustafa Noer; Dwitya Elvira; Yuliarni Syafrita; Netti Suharti
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 7 No. 3 (2023): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v7i3.791

Abstract

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock is the most dangerous complication of sepsis, characterized by abnormalities in the circulatory and metabolic systems. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of adult sepsis patients admitted to the department of internal medicine of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. Methods: This research was a descriptive study and used secondary data from medical records. Samples in this study were medical record data from the medical record installation of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were adult patients aged more than 18 years old, diagnosed with sepsis, and hospitalized in the department of internal medicine for the period of January 2020 to December 2021. Results: Most of the sepsis patients were mostly aged more than 60 years old (51.7%), female (57.2%), and had normal BMI scores (59.3%). The infections mainly originated from the lungs (80%), the most common comorbid disease was chronic kidney disease (26.4%), the most frequent causing microorganism was Escherichia coli (15.9%), the frequent degree of severity was a septic shock (60%), and cefepime was used as the initial empirical antibiotic (44.8%). Conclusion: Most sepsis patients were adults aged more than 60 years old and females, with the focus on infection originating from the lungs, degree of severity in the form of septic shock, and the most used initial empirical antibiotic, namely cefepime.
Target Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Narrative Literature Review Muhamad Delfin; Raveinal; Dwitya Elvira
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 7 No. 10 (2023): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v7i10.876

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against cells and involves many organ systems in the body. The Lupus Foundation of America estimates that around 1.5 million cases occur in America and at least 5 million cases occur worldwide. Every year it is estimated that there are around 16 thousand new cases of SLE. Various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF), interleukin-10, B cell activating factor (BAFF), interferon-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-23 play an important pathogenic role. Disruption of apoptotic cells and immune complexes is an important contributor to the development of this disease. Loss of immune tolerance increases antigenic load, excessive role of T cells, impaired B cell suppression and impaired transition of the immune response from T helper 1 (Th1) to Th2 which causes hyperactivity of B cells and produces pathogenic autoantibodies. The management of cases of severe or refractory SLE to conventional therapy has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, so that many researchers have developed several targeted therapies that have been tested on SLE, such as anti-CD 20 and CD 22 antibodies and BAFF inhibitors found in B lymphocyte cells. The Rituximab anti-CD 20 antibody target has been clinically proven to be able to improve the severity of SLE, while the effectiveness of other targeted therapies is still under research.